{"id":15723,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ate-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:48:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:48:15","slug":"ate","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/ate\/","title":{"rendered":"Ate"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15723\" class=\"elementor elementor-15723 elementor-2043 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ate \u2013 bogini tradycji greckiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bogini za\u015blepienia, nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia i fatalnych decyzji.<\/strong> Ate jest mroczn\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 w greckiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologii<\/span>, nie z\u0142\u0105, lecz zgubn\u0105.<\/p><p>Zsy\u0142a szale\u0144stwo i b\u0142\u0119dne os\u0105dy w serca bohater\u00f3w i kr\u00f3l\u00f3w. Jej kroki s\u0105 ciche, jej wp\u0142yw \u2013 podst\u0119pny. Chodzi po ziemi i wiedzie ludzi ku katastrofom, m\u0105c\u0105c ich os\u0105d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ Bogini: Uosobiona najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury, o okre\u015blonych kompetencjach: si\u0142y natury, los, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczona przez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">Bogini<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/grecja\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia i mitologia staro\u017cytnej Grecji od epoki myke\u0144skiej po p\u00f3\u017an\u0105 staro\u017cytno\u015b\u0107.\">Grecja<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Es wurden keine \\u00dcberschriften auf dieser Seite gefunden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSpis tre\u015bci\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_ate-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130592\" alt=\"Ate - bogowie z tradycji greckiej, ilustracja historyczna\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_ate-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_ate-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_ate-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_ate.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><strong>Ate w Iliadzie Homera: bogini za\u015blepienia i zag\u0142ady<\/strong><\/p><p>Homerowa <em>Iliada<\/em> 9.502-512 zawiera klasyczne uj\u0119cie: Zeus wyja\u015bnia, \u017ce Ate, bogini za\u015blepienia i z\u0142ych rad, samego go zwiod\u0142a i dlatego zosta\u0142a wygnana z Olimpu. Ate uosabia niemo\u017cno\u015b\u0107 przewidzenia nast\u0119pstw oraz pokus\u0119 fa\u0142szywych decyzji.<\/p><p>W 19.85-138 opisana jest szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo jako bogini, kt\u00f3ra lekko biega po ziemi i niszczy ca\u0142e ludy, wnikaj\u0105c w zmys\u0142y \u015bmiertelnych i za\u015blepiaj\u0105c ich.<\/p><p>Ta bogini jest dla Homera si\u0142\u0105 kosmologiczn\u0105. Nie ocenia jej moralnie, przyjmuje j\u0105 jako rzeczywisto\u015b\u0107 ludzkiej podatno\u015bci na b\u0142\u0119dy. Uosabia tragiczny los pomy\u0142ki, zw\u0142aszcza w wojnie, gdzie b\u0142\u0119dny rozkaz kosztuje tysi\u0105ce istnie\u0144.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u00f3tki profil: Ate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Personifikacja<br><strong>Tradycja:<\/strong> Grecka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 przekazanych opowie\u015bci o bogach danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span><br><strong>Klasa:<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 szkodliwe lub niejednoznaczne dzia\u0142anie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Demon<\/span>\/G\u00f6ttin<br><strong>Rola:<\/strong> Za\u015blepienie, zb\u0142\u0105dzenie, szale\u0144stwo<br><strong>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a:<\/strong> Hezjod Theogonia 230, 232, Homer, Apollodoros, Platon<br><strong>Zakres dzia\u0142ania:<\/strong> Rozum, zdolno\u015b\u0107 os\u0105du, moralne zagubienie<br><strong>G\u0142\u00f3wny konflikt:<\/strong> Wola boska a ludzki rozum<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hezjoda Theogonia ~700 p.n.e. \u2013 najstarsze \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o (Ate c\u00f3rka Zeusa). Homer Iliada IX, 500, 512 rozszerza charakterystyk\u0119. Grecka tragedia V w. p.n.e. (Sofokles, Ajschylos) wykorzystuje Ate jako si\u0142\u0119 dramaturgiczn\u0105. P\u00f3\u017aniej: Platon, Plutarch, stoicy (Ate jako wewn\u0119trzne zaciemnienie).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ate nale\u017cy do og\u00f3lnogreckiego zasobu mit\u00f3w i nie jest zwi\u0105zana z \u017cadnym konkretnym sanktuarium ani krajobrazem. Po\u015bwiadczona jest przede wszystkim w poezji epickiej i tragicznej \u2013 od Homera przez Hezjoda po Ajschylosa \u2013 kt\u00f3rej teksty rozpowszechnione by\u0142y w ca\u0142ym greckim \u015bwiecie \u015br\u00f3dziemnomorskim. W\u0142asne miejsce kultu Ate nie jest potwierdzone; w Ilionie lokalna tradycja wi\u0105za\u0142a jednak pewne wzg\u00f3rze z jej upadkiem z Olimpu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a pierwotne:<\/strong><br><em>Hezjod, Theogonia<\/em> 230, 232<br><em>Homer, Iliada<\/em> IX, 500, 512<br><em>Sofokles, Elektra<\/em> 621<br><em>Ajschylos, Agamemnon<\/em><br><strong>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a wt\u00f3rne:<\/strong> Burkert, Griechische Religion 1977; Bremmer, Greek Religion 1994; Pauly, Der kleine Pauly; Graf, Greek Mythology 1993<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ate rzadko bywa przedstawiana obrazowo, gdy\u017c jej moc jest niewidzialna. Opisywana jest jako zwinnoga, niekiedy z szale\u0144stwem w spojrzeniu, a czasem jako \u017ce\u0144ski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"W staro\u017cytnej grece istota po\u015brednia mi\u0119dzy bogiem a cz\u0142owiekiem, rozumiana cz\u0119sto jako duch opieku\u0144czy lub wewn\u0119trzny geniusz.\">Daimon<\/span> o mrocznym blasku. Jej symbolami s\u0105 zam\u0119t, fa\u0142szywe s\u0142owo i zgubna decyzja.<\/p><p>Bywa przedstawiana jako wci\u0105gana w g\u00f3r\u0119 ku niebu (wed\u0142ug Homera), gdzie Litai (modlitwy o przebaczenie) biegn\u0105 za ni\u0105, by naprawi\u0107 wyrz\u0105dzone szkody. Jej obecno\u015b\u0107 to zmiana atmosfery, zaciemnienie os\u0105du.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Charakterystyka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ate jest obiektem l\u0119ku i przeciwdzia\u0142ania, nie za\u015b czynnej czci. Przyzywana jest w modlitwach o ochron\u0119 przed za\u015blepieniem. Jest si\u0142\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 trzeba rozpozna\u0107 \u2013 Sofokles i inni tragicy mistrzowsko ukazuj\u0105 jej wp\u0142yw na bohater\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Zsy\u0142a <em>at\u00ea<\/em> (za\u015blepienie, g\u0142upot\u0119) prowadz\u0105ce do ruiny. W tragedii jest cz\u0119sto ukryt\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 stoj\u0105c\u0105 za upadkiem bohatera. Jej kult polega raczej na rytualnym odwracaniu jej wp\u0142ywu: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu, by wyrazi\u0107 wdzi\u0119czno\u015b\u0107, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiarach<\/span> dla przeb\u0142agania Litai i modlitwach o jasno\u015b\u0107 umys\u0142u.<\/p><p><strong>Wygl\u0105d i symbolika<\/strong><\/p><p>Ate przedstawiana jest cz\u0119sto jako \u015blepa lub lekkostopa bogini, kt\u00f3ra szybko przemyka po ziemi i Olimpie, nie zawracaj\u0105c. Homer opisywa\u0142 j\u0105 jako z\u0142otow\u0142os\u0105, zwodz\u0105c\u0105 i uwodzicielsk\u0105. Niekiedy przypisywano jej skrzyd\u0142a, podkre\u015blaj\u0105ce jej ulotno\u015b\u0107.<\/p><p>W przeciwie\u0144stwie do uosobionej z\u0142o\u015bliwo\u015bci, by\u0142a raczej widzialnym wcieleniem samego ludzkiego za\u015blepienia. Jej atrybutami by\u0142y zam\u0119t, podst\u0119p i zaciemnienie rozumu. Pozostawa\u0142a w \u015bcis\u0142ym zwi\u0105zku z Nemezis (odwetem), kt\u00f3ra cz\u0119sto sz\u0142a za ni\u0105 \u2013 kto da\u0142 si\u0119 uwie\u015b\u0107 Ate, musia\u0142 znie\u015b\u0107 kar\u0119 Nemezis.<\/p><div><p><strong>Ate u Hezjoda i ajschylosowa interpretacja<\/strong><\/p><p>Hezjodowa <em>Theogonia<\/em> wymienia Ate (niekiedy uto\u017csamian\u0105 z Eris) jako c\u00f3rk\u0119 Nocy lub siostr\u0119 Aresa. Nie jest tak wyrazi\u015bcie uosobiona jak Ate Zeusa u Homera, lecz jej dzia\u0142anie jest obecne: sieje niezgod\u0119 i nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.<\/p><p>Ajschylos u\u017cywa Ate w swoich tragediach jako koncepcji motywuj\u0105cej; <em>Agamemnon<\/em> jest na wskro\u015b przesi\u0105kni\u0119ty Ate: kr\u00f3l zostaje za\u015blepiony przez pych\u0119 (<em>hybris<\/em>), przez co bezcze\u015bci <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni\u0119<\/span> i przeklina swoj\u0105 rodzin\u0119.<\/p><p>Ajschylos czyni z Ate ogniwo \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce win\u0119 z kar\u0105 \u2013 jako wewn\u0119trzne moralne zam\u0105cenie, nie za\u015b zewn\u0119trzn\u0105 moc. To nadaje kszta\u0142t greckiej tragedii w og\u00f3le: Ate nie jest przeznaczeniem w sensie zwyk\u0142ej nieuchronno\u015bci. Jest raczej za\u015blepieniem, kt\u00f3re przygotowuje win\u0119 i umo\u017cliwia zag\u0142ad\u0119.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Ate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ate jest w greckiej mitologii personifikacj\u0105 za\u015blepienia, kt\u00f3re sk\u0142ania bog\u00f3w i ludzi do nierozwa\u017cnych czyn\u00f3w. Homer nazywa j\u0105 c\u00f3rk\u0105 Zeusa, u Hezjoda pojawia si\u0119 jako c\u00f3rka Eris, bogini niezgody. Jej pole dzia\u0142ania to chwila decyzji, w kt\u00f3rej zawodzi zdolno\u015b\u0107 os\u0105du i umiaru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Genealogia:<\/strong> C\u00f3rka Zeusa i Temidy (bogini porz\u0105dku). Antyteza: porz\u0105dek rodzi zam\u0119t. Ate istnieje jako autonomiczna kosmiczna si\u0142a, starsza ni\u017c \u015bwiadoma decyzja. Dzia\u0142a na umys\u0142, zanim nast\u0105pi poznanie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dotyczy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Funkcja:<\/strong> Ate powoduje za\u015blepienie (\u1f04\u03c4\u03b7), kognitywno-moralne zaciemnienie. Niezamierzona si\u0142a kosmiczna, nie z\u0142a w aktywnym sensie. Dotyka przede wszystkim w\u0142adc\u00f3w i kr\u00f3l\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rych b\u0142\u0119dne decyzje wyzwalaj\u0105 zbiorowe katastrofy. W tragedii: przekraczaj\u0105ce pokolenia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Formu\u0142a s\u0142owna, za pomoc\u0105 kt\u00f3rej ma by\u0107 sprowadzone nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie na osob\u0119 lub rzecz.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekle\u0144stwo<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Greka sztuka nie wykszta\u0142ci\u0142a sta\u0142ego ikonograficznego wizerunku Ate; pozostaje ona przede wszystkim postaci\u0105 poezji. Homer opisuje j\u0105 jako lekkostop\u0105: zamiast dotyka\u0107 ziemi, kroczy nad g\u0142owami ludzi i m\u0105ci ich zmys\u0142y. Iliada podaje te\u017c, \u017ce Zeus po oszustwie przy narodzinach Heraklesa chwyci\u0142 j\u0105 za w\u0142osy i zrzuci\u0142 z Olimpu na ziemi\u0119 \u2013 odt\u0105d dzia\u0142a w\u015br\u00f3d ludzi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mityczne dzia\u0142anie:<\/strong> Iliada Homera: Ate za\u015blepia Zeusa, kt\u00f3ry sk\u0142ada nie\u015bwi\u0119ty przysi\u0119g\u0119, co wyzwala wojn\u0119 troja\u0144sk\u0105. Ajschylosa Agamemnon: Ate Klytajmestry i Agamemnona = rodzinne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Formu\u0142a s\u0142owna, za pomoc\u0105 kt\u00f3rej ma by\u0107 sprowadzone nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie na osob\u0119 lub rzecz.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekle\u0144stwo<\/span> domu Atreusa. Przyk\u0142ady: Faeton (konie s\u0142oneczne), Penteus (Bachantki), Ajaks (szale\u0144stwo). Zakres: wojna, krew, \u017ca\u0142oba, katastrofy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki ochronne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jako si\u0142y ochronne przeciw Ate Iliada wymienia Litai \u2013 uosobione pro\u015bby, c\u00f3rki Zeusa, kt\u00f3re pod\u0105\u017caj\u0105 za za\u015blepieniem i \u0142agodz\u0105 jego nast\u0119pstwa. Kto okazuje Litai cze\u015b\u0107 i prosi o przebaczenie, mo\u017ce wed\u0142ug Homera ograniczy\u0107 szkody wyrz\u0105dzone przez Ate; kto je odpycha, \u015bci\u0105ga na siebie nowe nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie. \u017baden konkretny amulet przeciwko Ate nie jest po\u015bwiadczony w staro\u017cytnych \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach \u2013 ochrona tkwi w postawie: rozwadze, umiarze i terminowym zado\u015b\u0107uczynieniu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Analogie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pokrewne personifikacje w innych kulturach:<\/strong> Grecki <em>Ate<\/em> jako uosobienie za\u015blepienia zajmuje szczeg\u00f3lne miejsce w my\u015bli helle\u0144skiej, lecz mo\u017cna go funkcjonalnie por\u00f3wna\u0107 z podobnymi koncepcjami innych tradycji.<\/p><p>W Mezopotamii akadyjski <em>Namtar<\/em> pojawia si\u0119 jako uosobiony los; w tradycji hebrajskiej Ksi\u0119ga Przys\u0142\u00f3w (<em>Mishlei<\/em>) zna zatwardzia\u0142o\u015b\u0107 serca jako kar\u0119 bo\u017c\u0105 (por. zatwardzia\u0142o\u015b\u0107 faraona Wj 7-14).<\/p><p>W rzymskiej adaptacji pojawia si\u0119 <em>Discordia<\/em> jako koncepcja siostrzana personifikacjom bliskim Eryniom; <em>Furor<\/em> u Wergiliusza (<em>Aeneis<\/em> I, 294) dramatyzuje por\u00f3wnywaln\u0105 \u015blep\u0105 si\u0142\u0119 pop\u0119dow\u0105. W kr\u0119gu my\u015bli indyjskiej odpowiada temu kompleksowi <em>Moha<\/em> (za\u015blepienie, zam\u0119t) jako jedna z trzech korzeniowych trucizn buddyzmu.<\/p><p>Wa\u017cne jednak: Ate jest czym\u015b znacznie wi\u0119cej ni\u017c zwyk\u0142\u0105 personifikacj\u0105 \u2013 jest moc\u0105 dzia\u0142aj\u0105c\u0105; jej wygnanie przez Zeusa (Hom. Il. XIX, 91-133) wyznacza mityczny prze\u0142om mi\u0119dzy sfer\u0105 bosk\u0105 a ludzkim zb\u0142\u0105dzeniem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona w \u017cyciu codziennym<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rytua\u0142y i ochrona<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, mniej wi\u0119cej od 800 r. p.n.e. do 600 r. n.e.\" tabindex=\"0\">Staro\u017cytno\u015b\u0107<\/span>: przede wszystkim filozoficzno-literacka. Stoicy zalecali opanowanie i wnikliwo\u015b\u0107. Sanktuaria Metis odprawia\u0142y rytua\u0142y dla uzyskania boskiego wgl\u0105du. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu, by wyrazi\u0107 wdzi\u0119czno\u015b\u0107, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ofiary<\/span> sk\u0142adane Zeusowi i Temidzie uchodzi\u0142y za ochron\u0119 przed kl\u0105twami rodzinnymi.<\/p><p><strong>Zakl\u0119cia i inwokacje<\/strong><\/p><p>Niewiele bezpo\u015brednich zakl\u0119\u0107 \u2013 Ate nie jest samodzielnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwem<\/span>. Tragedia: modlitwy do Ateny lub Metis. Filozofowie stoiccy nauczali wewn\u0119trznego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rytua\u0142 s\u0142owny, kt\u00f3ry ma przywo\u0142a\u0107 lub zwi\u0105za\u0107 jak\u0105\u015b moc.\" tabindex=\"0\">zakl\u0119cia<\/span> przez Ratio i cnot\u0119.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety i symbole ochronne<\/strong><\/p><p>Amulet z sow\u0105 (symbol<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Noszony przedmiot, kt\u00f3remu przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie ochronne i odwracaj\u0105ce nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span> Ateny<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119pczy dla jakiego\u015b wyobra\u017cenia lub znaczenia.\" tabindex=\"0\"><\/span>) uchodzi\u0142 za ochron\u0119 przed za\u015blepieniem. Kamie\u0144 \u03bb\u1fc6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd mia\u0142 pomaga\u0107 w odrzuceniu minionej Ate. Rzymskie gospodarstwa domowe: ochrona przed b\u0142\u0119dnym os\u0105dem w rodzinie (amulety Minerwy).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ate \u2013 paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bogowie i demony nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia i za\u015blepienia istniej\u0105 wsz\u0119dzie: Erynie (Grecja, zemsta), Hekate (zam\u0119t i rozstaja), Lilith (tradycja hebrajska, uwiedzenie do b\u0142\u0119du). Funkcja Ate jest zbli\u017cona do sanskryckich koncepcji <em>avidya<\/em> (ignorancja) lub <em>maya<\/em> (iluzja).<\/p><p>Dzieli z Eris (niezgoda) i Nemezis (odwet) rol\u0119 stra\u017cniczki kosmicznej r\u00f3wnowagi, kt\u00f3rej celem jest mniej karanie, a bardziej karcenie hybris. R\u00f3\u017cnica Ate od innych si\u0142 nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia tkwi w jej subtelno\u015bci: zaciemnia zmys\u0142y, nie sam\u0105 \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107.<\/p><div><p><strong>Ate a kosmiczna sprawiedliwo\u015b\u0107 u Eurypidesa i p\u00f3\u017aniejszych autor\u00f3w<\/strong><\/p><p>Eurypides wykorzystuje Ate jako koncepcj\u0119 pog\u0142\u0119biaj\u0105c\u0105 ironi\u0119 ludzkiej tragedii. W <em>Bachantkach<\/em> Penteus wiedziany jest przez Ate jako \u015blepot\u0119 wobec prawdy Dionizosa ku w\u0142asnej zag\u0142adzie. Nie jest to kara zewn\u0119trznego boga \u2013 jest to skutek jego w\u0142asnej niezdolno\u015bci do widzenia.<\/p><p>Platon i p\u00f3\u017aniejsi filozofowie w\u0142\u0105czyli Ate do teoretycznej etyki: jest ona brakiem <em>phronesis<\/em> (m\u0105dro\u015bci praktycznej), niepe\u0142nym rozumieniem, kt\u00f3re zatruwa decyzje.<\/p><p>W tej interpretacji Ate staje si\u0119 wewn\u0119trznym stanem psychologicznym, nie bogini\u0105 \u2013 koncepcj\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 przej\u0119\u0142a nowo\u017cytna psychologia. Mitologicznie pozostaje moc\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 nale\u017cy bra\u0107 powa\u017cnie; teologicznie \u2013 opisem ludzkiej podatno\u015bci na b\u0142\u0119dy.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp328a356 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp328a356\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21dbe71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21dbe71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ate u Homera i upadek z Olimpu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b80bb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7b80bb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff2e3a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpff2e3a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwcze\u015bniejsze szczeg\u00f3\u0142owe przedstawienie Ate znajduje si\u0119 w <em>Iliadzie<\/em>. Wyst\u0119puje tam jako posta\u0107 dzia\u0142aj\u0105ca, wykraczaj\u0105c poza abstrakcyjne poj\u0119cie za\u015blepienia.<\/p><p>W pie\u015bni dziewi\u0119tnastej Agamemnon, t\u0142umacz\u0105c sw\u00f3j sp\u00f3r z Achillesem, opowiada histori\u0119, w kt\u00f3rej Ate jest odpowiedzialna za jego za\u015blepienie. Win\u0119 zrzuca z siebie: Zeus, los i w\u0119druj\u0105ca w mroku Ate mieli zam\u0105ci\u0107 mu rozum.<\/p><p>S\u0142awna jest opowiedziana w tym kontek\u015bcie historia w\u0142asnego upadku Ate.<\/p><p>Homer relacjonuje, \u017ce sam Zeus zosta\u0142 niegdy\u015b zwiedziony przez Ate przy narodzinach Heraklesa i \u017ce w gniewie chwyci\u0142 j\u0105 za w\u0142osy i zrzuci\u0142 z Olimpu mi\u0119dzy ludzi, przysi\u0119gaj\u0105c, \u017ce nigdy nie powr\u00f3ci do nieba.<\/p><p>Od tej chwili, g\u0142osi tekst, Ate w\u0119druje po g\u0142owach ludzi i sieje nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie w\u015br\u00f3d \u015bmiertelnych.<\/p><p>Ta narracja jest istotna dla historii religii, poniewa\u017c opisuje za\u015blepienie jako moc, kt\u00f3ra zdolna by\u0142a przezwyci\u0119\u017cy\u0107 nawet Zeusa, teraz jednak trwale wygnan\u0105 w \u015bwiat ludzki. Ate nie jest ju\u017c moc\u0105 Olimpu, lecz ziemsk\u0105 plag\u0105.<\/p><p>Homer przedstawia Ate jako delikatnostop\u0105 \u2013 zamiast dotyka\u0107 ziemi, kroczy po g\u0142owach ludzi i sprowadza na nich szkod\u0119. W <em>Iliadzie<\/em> zestawione s\u0105 z ni\u0105 <em>Litai<\/em> \u2013 pro\u015bby lub modlitwy pokutne, kt\u00f3re kulej\u0105c i zmarszczone wlok\u0105 si\u0119 za ni\u0105 i pr\u00f3buj\u0105 naprawi\u0107 szkody przez ni\u0105 wyrz\u0105dzone.<\/p><p>Ten obraz \u0142\u0105czy za\u015blepienie z kwesti\u0105 winy, skruchy i zado\u015b\u0107uczynienia oraz czyni z Ate jedn\u0105 z najbardziej wyrazistych postaci alegorycznych eposu homerowego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp148fd64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp148fd64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5ff433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd5ff433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ate w rodowodzie szkodliwych mocy wed\u0142ug Hezjoda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa1df825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa1df825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp536bd53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp536bd53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odmienn\u0105 klasyfikacj\u0119 Ate oferuje Hezjodowa <em>Theogonia<\/em>, wielkie dzie\u0142o o powstaniu bog\u00f3w i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata. Hezjod osadza Ate w genealogii, kt\u00f3ra jasno okre\u015bla, do jakiej sfery j\u0105 zalicza. Ate pojawia si\u0119 tam jako dziecko Eris, bogini sporu i niezgody.<\/p><p>To rodow\u00f3d programowy. Eris wydaje wed\u0142ug Hezjoda ca\u0142y szereg mrocznych mocy, w tym trud, zapomnienie, g\u0142\u00f3d, b\u00f3le, walki, mordy, wa\u015bnie, fa\u0142szywe s\u0142owa, a wreszcie Ate \u2013 za\u015blepienie \u2013 oraz Przysi\u0119g\u0119, kt\u00f3ra karze krzywoprzysi\u0119zc\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Ate nale\u017cy zatem do rodziny obejmuj\u0105cej ca\u0142e pole spo\u0142ecznego nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia \u2013 od niezgody przez k\u0142amstwo po przemoc.<\/p><p>Czyni\u0105c Ate c\u00f3rk\u0105 Eris, Hezjod daje interpretacj\u0119 jej istoty. Za\u015blepienie nie jest przypadkowym nieszcz\u0119\u015bciem, lecz wyrasta ze sporu. Gdzie panuje niezgoda, tam ro\u015bnie za\u015blepienie, a z za\u015blepienia wynikaj\u0105 dalsze z\u0142a. Ta genealogia jest hezjodow\u0105 metod\u0105 przek\u0142adania abstrakcyjnych zale\u017cno\u015bci na relacje pokrewie\u0144stwa.<\/p><p>Warto zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce Homer i Hezjod lokuj\u0105 Ate inaczej \u2013 Homer wi\u0105\u017ce j\u0105 z Zeusem i Olimpem i opowiada o jej upadku, Hezjod umieszcza j\u0105 w drzewie genealogicznym plag zrodzonych przez Eris. Obie narracje nie s\u0105 zasadniczo sprzeczne, lecz o\u015bwietlaj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne aspekty.<\/p><p>Za\u015blepienie jest moc\u0105, kt\u00f3ra niegdy\u015b by\u0142a bliska bogom, lecz ze swej natury nale\u017cy do sfery sporu i ludzkiej samozag\u0142ady. Ta dwoisto\u015b\u0107 kszta\u0142tuje <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka kultury greckiej i rzymskiej, mniej wi\u0119cej od 800 r. p.n.e. do 600 r. n.e.\" tabindex=\"0\">antyczne<\/span> rozumienie Ate a\u017c po p\u00f3\u017aniejsz\u0105 literatur\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8177c43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8177c43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1fe23eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1fe23eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Za\u015blepienie, wina i kara w tragedii attyckiej<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5a0c8fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5a0c8fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22ec60b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22ec60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W attyckiej tragedii V wieku przed nasz\u0105 er\u0105 Ate staje si\u0119 centralnym poj\u0119ciem interpretacyjnym dla zag\u0142ady ludzi i rod\u00f3w. Zw\u0142aszcza u Ajschylosa my\u015bl o za\u015blepieniu przenika ca\u0142e dzie\u0142o.<\/p><p>W <em>Orestei<\/em> i w sztukach teba\u0144skich Ate pojawia si\u0119 jako moc, kt\u00f3ra dziedziczy si\u0119 z pokolenia na pokolenie i wci\u0105ga ca\u0142e rody w przepa\u015b\u0107.<\/p><p>Charakterystyczna dla tragicznego uj\u0119cia jest \u015bcis\u0142a wi\u0119\u017a Ate z dwoma innymi poj\u0119ciami: <em>hybris<\/em> \u2013 nadmiern\u0105 zuchwalstw, oraz <em>nemesis<\/em> lub <em>tisis<\/em> \u2013 wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105c\u0105 kar\u0105.<\/p><p>Tragedia rysuje cz\u0119sto \u0142a\u0144cuch, na kt\u00f3rego pocz\u0105tku stoi dobrobyt, kt\u00f3ry prowadzi do nasycenia, nasycenie rodzi zuchwalstwo, zuchwalstwo poci\u0105ga za sob\u0105 za\u015blepienie, a za\u015blepienie wiedzie do zgubnego czynu i tym samym do upadku.<\/p><p>Ate jest w tym schemacie ogniwem, kt\u00f3re przek\u0142ada wewn\u0119trzny stan cz\u0142owieka na zewn\u0119trzne fatum.<\/p><p>Istotny jest przy tym problem winy. Za\u015blepienie przychodzi z zewn\u0105trz, jest cz\u0119sto opisywane jako zes\u0142ane przez <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwo<\/span>, a jednak za\u015blepiony sam dzia\u0142a i ponosi konsekwencje.<\/p><p>Tragedia \u015bwiadomie utrzymuje to napi\u0119cie \u2013 cz\u0142owiek jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu, by wyrazi\u0107 wdzi\u0119czno\u015b\u0107, pro\u015bb\u0119 lub cze\u015b\u0107.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiar\u0105<\/span> i sprawc\u0105 zarazem. Ate jest poj\u0119ciem, przy kt\u00f3rym zaczepia si\u0119 ten podw\u00f3jny ogl\u0105d.<\/p><p>R\u00f3wnie\u017c u Sofoklesa i Eurypidesa za\u015blepienie pozostaje kluczowym motywem \u2013 tam gdzie bohater lekcewa\u017cy znaki ostrzegawcze i p\u0119dzi ku w\u0142asnej zag\u0142adzie.<\/p><p>Tragedia uczyni\u0142a zatem z homerowej postaci g\u0142\u0119bokie poj\u0119cie ludzkiej egzystencji, kt\u00f3re klasyczni filolodzy i religioznawcy \u2013 m.in. w pracach po\u015bwi\u0119conych greckiemu rozumieniu winy \u2013 badaj\u0105 szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo do dzi\u015b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/hypnos\/\">Hypnos, dawca zapomnienia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/erynie\/\">Erynie, m\u015bcicielki skutk\u00f3w Ate<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/nyx\/\">Nyx, bogini nocy, w kt\u00f3rej mroku dzia\u0142a Ate<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: Griechische Religion. Kohlhammer, 1977<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bremmer, Jan N.: Greek Religion. Brill, 1994<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dodds, E.R.: The Greeks and the Irrational. UC Press, 1951<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Graf, Fritz: Greek Mythology. Johns Hopkins, 1993<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Pauly, Wilhelm: Der kleine Pauly. Dtv, 1979<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1579,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ate","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ate \u2013 bogini za\u015blepienia w greckiej mitologii","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Bogini za\u015blepienia i nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia, c\u00f3rka Eris. Zam\u0119t, fatalne decyzje i kosmiczna sprawiedliwo\u015b\u0107 w Iliadzie.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[27,52,25],"class_list":["post-15723","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goetter","category-griechenland","category-kulturen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ate \u2013 bogini za\u015blepienia w greckiej mitologii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bogini za\u015blepienia i nieszcz\u0119\u015bcia, c\u00f3rka Eris. 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