{"id":15712,"date":"2026-04-27T10:36:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:36:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-buddhismus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:47:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:47:59","slug":"yama-buddhismus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/yama-buddhismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (s\u0119dzia zmar\u0142ych)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15712\" class=\"elementor elementor-15712 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama (buddyzm) \u2013 b\u00f3g tradycji buddyjskiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhismus jest bogiem tradycji buddyjskiej.<\/p><p><strong>Buddyjski b\u00f3g \u015bmierci i s\u0119dzia dusz po \u015bmierci.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama w buddyzmie pe\u0142ni rol\u0119 s\u0119dziego karmy i zarz\u0105dcy \u015bwiat\u00f3w piekielnych.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ bogini: spersonifikowana najwy\u017csza w\u0142adza w panteonie danej kultury, o wyra\u017anie okre\u015blonych kompetencjach \u2013 si\u0142y natury, przeznaczenie, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczony poprzez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/buddyzm\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradycja buddyjska z bodhisattwami, b\u00f3stwami ochronnymi, g\u0142odnymi duchami i stra\u017cnikami piekie\u0142.\">Buddyzm<\/a><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa-smierci\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3stwa \u015bwiata podziemnego i \u015bmierci, w\u0142adcy za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, s\u0119dziowie umar\u0142ych, przewodnicy dusz.\">B\u00f3stwo \u015bmierci<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130516\" alt=\"Jama S\u0119dzia Zmar\u0142ych - bogowie z tradycji buddyjskiej, ilustracja historyczna\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama (buddyzm)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W skr\u00f3cie: Yama (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Buddyjskie g\u0142\u00f3wne b\u00f3stwo (Mahayana, Wad\u017crajana), s\u0119dzia umar\u0142ych i stra\u017cnik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i prawy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 b\u00f3stw danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: buddyzm (wszystkie szko\u0142y), przej\u0119ty z hinduistycznego Yamy<br>Funkcja: s\u0119dzia umar\u0142ych, stra\u017cnik prawa karmy; w tradycji tybeta\u0144skiej b\u00f3stwo gniewu (wrathful deity)<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne atrybuty: Ksi\u0119ga Umar\u0142ych, Zwierciad\u0142o Karmy, miecz (Khadga), lasso (Pasha), czarny baw\u00f3\u0142<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne miejsca kultu: tybeta\u0144skie klasztory Gelug (taniec Czham), Japonia (Enma-O), Wietnam (Yamaraja)<br>R\u00f3\u017cne formy: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tybet), Enma-O (Japonia), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (Chiny)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasyfikacja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama jest przenoszony wraz z buddyzmem z Indii do wszystkich kraj\u00f3w buddyjskich (wedyjski poprzednik w <em>Rygwedzie<\/em>, od 1200 r. p.n.e.). W tradycji palijskiej (Theravada) jest g\u0142\u00f3wnym egzaminatorem w s\u0105dzie nad umar\u0142ymi.<\/p><p>W Mahajanie z w\u0142asnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst nauczaj\u0105cy w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-korpusem (np. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). W Tybecie od VIII w. n.e. jako <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> zajmuje centralne miejsce w panteonach gniewnych b\u00f3stw tradycji Wad\u017crajany. G\u0142\u00f3wny okres rozkwitu: w tybeta\u0144skich klasztorach Gelug \u2013 po dzi\u015b dzie\u0144, z dramatycznymi przedstawieniami ta\u0144ca Czham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0142\u00f3wne miejsca kultu: tybeta\u0144skie <strong>klasztory Gelug<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Tashilhunpo, z ta\u0144cami Czham ku czci Yamy-Dharmaraji), <strong>Japonia<\/strong> jako Enma-O (w ka\u017cdej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span>), <strong>Wietnam<\/strong> jako Diem V\u01b0\u01a1ng. W krajach Theravady (Tajlandia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) jako kosmiczna obecno\u015b\u0107 w tle. W Chinach jako <em>Yanluo<\/em> (osobna strona).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0142\u00f3wne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (palijski), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst nauczaj\u0105cy w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (chi\u0144ski), tybeta\u0144ski <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (&#8217;Tybeta\u0144ska Ksi\u0119ga Umar\u0142ych&#8217; \u2013 klasyczne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o teologii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Naukowa dyscyplina badaj\u0105ca Boga i wiar\u0119 danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Yamy-Dharmaraji<\/span>), teksty tantryczne dotycz\u0105ce sadhany Yamy-Dharmaraji. Literatura wt\u00f3rna: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddyjski Yama jest cz\u0119sto przedstawiany z g\u0142ow\u0105 byka, masyw\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 rogami, przera\u017caj\u0105c\u0105 twarz\u0105 oraz czarn\u0105 lub ciemnoniebiesk\u0105 sk\u00f3r\u0105. Niekiedy posiada dwa lub cztery ramiona. Dzier\u017cy <em>Damaru<\/em> (lask\u0119 z ko\u015bci umar\u0142ych) oraz lasso ze sznura dusz.<\/p><p>Wok\u00f3\u0142 niego ta\u0144cz\u0105 demony i Jaksze. Otacza go ogie\u0144; z jego paszczy kapie krew. W tybeta\u0144skiej sztuce przedstawiany jest cz\u0119sto siedz\u0105cy w jaskini lub w swoim pa\u0142acu w Narace.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cechy charakterystyczne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama w buddyjskiej nauce nie jest kar\u0105, lecz zwierciad\u0142em. S\u0119dzia Yama dzia\u0142a automatycznie: ka\u017cdy czyn (<em>karma<\/em>) przyniesie sw\u00f3j skutek. W praktykach tantrycznych Yamy nie b\u0142aga si\u0119 o \u0142ask\u0119, lecz wizualizuje jako nauczyciela przemijania.<\/p><p>Obrz\u0119dy \u015bmierci w buddyzmie tybeta\u0144skim zwracaj\u0105 si\u0119 do Yamy bezpo\u015brednio, z pro\u015bb\u0105 o otwarcie duszy korzystnej \u015bcie\u017cki w <em>Bardo<\/em>. Praktycy ucz\u0105 si\u0119 spotkania z Yam\u0105 bez l\u0119ku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama (buddyzm)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Yamy (buddyzm) w skr\u00f3cie. Poni\u017csze pola podsumowuj\u0105 pochodzenie, funkcj\u0119, wygl\u0105d, kult, symbole i paralele kulturowe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pochodzenie Yamy (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama jest w buddyzmie przej\u0119ty z hinduistycznego Yamy (wedyjski pierwszy zmar\u0142y), zachowuje funkcj\u0119 s\u0119dziego umar\u0142ych, lecz zostaje buddyjsko zreinterpretowany: nie jest arbitralnym s\u0119dzi\u0105, lecz lustrzanym po\u015brednikiem karmy.<\/p><p>W tybeta\u0144skim systemie Bardo Thodol ukazuje si\u0119 zmar\u0142emu w stanie Bardo \u2013 pomi\u0119dzy \u015bmierci\u0105 a odrodzeniem \u2013 a jego zwierciad\u0142o pokazuje umar\u0142emu jego w\u0142asn\u0105 karm\u0119, bez osobistego os\u0105dzania przez Yam\u0119. Kara wynika z w\u0142asnej reakcji karmicznej. W gniewnej formie jako Yama-Dharmaraja: obro\u0144ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i prawy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span> przed wszelkimi zagro\u017ceniami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kr\u0105g odbiorc\u00f3w Yamy (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0119dzia umar\u0142ych w stanie Bardo. Stra\u017cnik prawa karmy. W tantrycznej tradycji Wad\u017crajany \u2013 ochronny Yidam (b\u00f3stwo medytacyjne) przeciwko wszelkim wewn\u0119trznym i zewn\u0119trznym zagro\u017ceniom, zw\u0142aszcza przed l\u0119kiem przed \u015bmierci\u0105. Patron praktyki badania (rzetelnego ogl\u0105dania w\u0142asnych czyn\u00f3w). W tybeta\u0144skich ta\u0144cach Czham \u2013 rytualne przypomnienie o \u015bmiertelno\u015bci.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwo<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wygl\u0105d Yamy (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W wi\u0119kszo\u015bci tradycji azjatyckich przedstawiany antropomorficznie jako surowy urz\u0119dnik z Ksi\u0119g\u0105 Umar\u0142ych i rylcem. W tybeta\u0144skiej tradycji Wad\u017crajany jako <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: ciemnoniebieska lub czarna gniewna posta\u0107 z g\u0142ow\u0105 bawo\u0142u, tr\u00f3jgiem oczu, p\u0142on\u0105cymi w\u0142osami i p\u0142on\u0105c\u0105 aureol\u0105.<\/p><p>Ozdoby z ko\u015bci, przepaska z tygryskiej sk\u00f3ry. W r\u0119kach trzyma czasz\u0119 (Kapala), Khatvang\u0119 (ber\u0142o z czaszk\u0105), lasso (Pasha) i miecz. Jedzie na czarnym bawole tratuj\u0105cym cz\u0142owieka. Towarzyszy mu jego siostra Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dzia\u0142anie Yamy (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zakres dzia\u0142ania:<\/strong> Yama jest oczekiwany w tybeta\u0144skim Bardo Thodol jako zjawa w stanie Bardo; umieraj\u0105cych przygotowuje si\u0119 na spotkanie z nim. W tybeta\u0144skich ta\u0144cach Czham odbywa si\u0119 rytualna konfrontacja z s\u0119dzi\u0105 umar\u0142ych (z dramatycznymi maskami). W praktyce tantrycznej medituje si\u0119 nad nim jako ochronnym Yidamem. W rytua\u0142ach pogrzebowych Theravady i Mahajany pe\u0142ni rol\u0119 t\u0142a \u2013 po\u015brednika karmy. W Japonii jako Enma-O zajmuje centralne miejsce na ka\u017cdym buddyjskim cmentarzu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ochrona przed Yam\u0105 (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksi\u0119ga Umar\u0142ych, Zwierciad\u0142o Karmy (Karma-Darpana), miecz (Khadga), lasso (Pasha), czarny baw\u00f3\u0142 (wierzchowiec), Khatvanga (ber\u0142o z czaszk\u0105), Kapala (czaszka-czara), g\u0142owa bawo\u0142u (w tybeta\u0144skiej formie gniewnej), trzecie oko, p\u0142on\u0105ce w\u0142osy. Ro\u015bliny \u015bwi\u0119te: brak specyficznych. \u015awi\u0119ty kierunek: po\u0142udnie (w tradycji indyjskiej).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele Yamy (buddyzm)<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hinduizm, \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hinduizm \/ buddyzm), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tybet, gniewna forma Wad\u017crajany), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonia), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Chiny, pierwszy spo\u015br\u00f3d Dziesi\u0119ciu Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w Piekie\u0142), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grecja), <em>Anubis\/Ozyrys<\/em> (Egipt, przewodnik i s\u0119dzia), <em>Hel<\/em> (germa\u0144ski), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztecki). Yama jest jedn\u0105 z najszerzej rozpowszechnionych koncepcji b\u00f3stwa na \u015bwiecie (od Indii przez ca\u0142\u0105 Azj\u0119 a\u017c po Japoni\u0119).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyczne \u015brodki ochronne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rytua\u0142y ochronne<\/strong><\/p><p>Buddyjski rytua\u0142 ochronny przed Yam\u0105<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uporz\u0105dkowana sekwencja symbolicznych czynno\u015bci o znaczeniu religijnym lub kulturowym.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u2013 rytua\u0142<\/span>: recytacja tekst\u00f3w dharani i inwokacji bodhisattw\u00f3w w zagro\u017conych momentach (proces umierania, do\u015bwiadczenia bliskie \u015bmierci). Rytua\u0142y ognia goma (tybeta\u0144skie ofiary ogniowe) skierowane s\u0105 przeciwko karze Yamy. Tradycje \u015bpiewu mantrycznego wykorzystuj\u0105 mantry b\u00f3stw wsp\u00f3\u0142czucia, aby z\u0142agodzi\u0107 wyroki s\u0119dziego Yamy. Chi\u0144sko-buddyjska praktyka ludowa: papierowe banknoty ofiarne w \u015bwi\u0105tyni Cesarza Jadeitu, by przejedna\u0107 s\u0119dziego Yam\u0119.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub wielu b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span>, by u\u015bmierzy\u0107 s\u0119dziego Yam\u0119.<\/p><p><strong>Zakl\u0119cia i inwokacje<\/strong><\/p><p>Mantry Jizo (bodhisattwy piekie\u0142) oraz inwokacje Avalokiteshvary uchodz\u0105 za ochron\u0119 przed kar\u0105 Yamy. Recytuje si\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst nauczaj\u0105cy w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutr\u0119<\/span> Wielkiego Wsp\u00f3\u0142czucia (Karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W hinduizmie i buddyzmie tekst nauczaj\u0105cy w zwi\u0119z\u0142ej formie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutr\u0119<\/span>). Po tybeta\u0144sku: wizualizacja Yamantaki w Guhyasamaja-tantrze, agresywne pokonanie Yamy przez 'Pogromc\u0119 Demon\u00f3w Yamantak\u0119&#8217;. Oryginalny tekst sanskrycki: \u201eOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i prawy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Amulety i symbole ochronne<\/strong><\/p><p>Pos\u0105\u017cki Jizo jako symbole ochronne w \u015bwi\u0105tyniach chi\u0144sko-japo\u0144skich. Buddyjska r\u00f3\u017caniec (mala) ze 108 korali, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nale\u017c\u0105cy do ustalonego religijnego porz\u0105dku czynno\u015bci.\" tabindex=\"0\">rytualnie<\/span> powi\u0105zany z przeb\u0142aganiem stra\u017cnik\u00f3w piekie\u0142. \u015awiadectwa archeologiczne: buddyjskie stele kamienne z VII w. w Chinach i Korei, ukazuj\u0105ce s\u0119dziego Yam\u0119 naprzeciw ratuj\u0105cych bodhisattw\u00f3w.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama (buddyzm) \u2013 paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Buddyjski Yama przypomina hinduistycznego Yam\u0119, jest jednak mniej 's\u0119dzi\u0105&#8217;, a bardziej 'uciele\u015bnieniem prawa&#8217;. Z chrze\u015bcija\u0144sk\u0105 \u015bmierci\u0105 (<em>Thanatos<\/em> lub <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) \u0142\u0105czy go nieuchronno\u015b\u0107.<\/p><p>W kontek\u015bcie tybeta\u0144skim Yama jest Dharmapal\u0105, 'obro\u0144c\u0105 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"W religiach indyjskich: nauka i prawy porz\u0105dek dzia\u0142ania.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmy<\/span>&#8217;, podobnie jak Kali lub Bhairava w hinduizmie. Czarny kolor i dzika posta\u0107 s\u0105 powszechne dla b\u00f3stw \u015bmierci.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama mi\u0119dzy wedyjskim dziedzictwem a buddyjsk\u0105 reinterpretacj\u0105<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddyjska posta\u0107 Yamy nie powsta\u0142a samodzielnie, lecz wywodzi si\u0119 ze starszego indyjskiego <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota czczona jako boska w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwa<\/span>. W wedyjskich Indiach, w hymnach <em>Rygwedy<\/em>, Yama jest pierwszym cz\u0142owiekiem, kt\u00f3ry umar\u0142, a przez to kr\u00f3lem umar\u0142ych, kt\u00f3ry znalaz\u0142 drog\u0119 w za\u015bwiaty.<\/p><p>W\u0142ada nad jasnym obszarem, w kt\u00f3rym gromadz\u0105 si\u0119 zmarli przodkowie, i jest raczej \u017cyczliwym przyjmuj\u0105cym umar\u0142ych ni\u017c karz\u0105cym s\u0119dzi\u0105.<\/p><p>Buddyzm przej\u0105\u0142 Yam\u0119, lecz znacz\u0105co zmieni\u0142 jego funkcj\u0119. W buddyjskiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wyobra\u017cenie o strukturze i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata w obr\u0119bie danej kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologii<\/span> Yama staje si\u0119 panem \u015bwiata podziemnego i s\u0119dzi\u0105, kt\u00f3ry decyduje o odrodzeniu zmar\u0142ych, a zw\u0142aszcza o tym, kto trafia do sfer piekielnych.<\/p><p>To przesuni\u0119cie od przyjmuj\u0105cego b\u0142ogos\u0142awionych do s\u0119dziego winnych wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 z centraln\u0105 buddyjsk\u0105 nauk\u0105 o <em>karmie<\/em>: los po \u015bmierci wynika z czyn\u00f3w, a Yama staje si\u0119 instancj\u0105 reprezentuj\u0105c\u0105 ten zwi\u0105zek.<\/p><p>Istotna jest religioznawcza spostrze\u017cenie, \u017ce Yama w \u015bcis\u0142ym buddyjskim rozumieniu nie s\u0105dzi samowolnie. Teksty wielokrotnie podkre\u015blaj\u0105, \u017ce to sama <em>karma<\/em> wyznacza odrodzenie, a Yama raczej ukazuje zmar\u0142emu jego w\u0142asne czyny.<\/p><p>Znana przypowie\u015b\u0107 z <em>Devaduta Sutty<\/em> kanonu palijskiego ka\u017ce Yamie ukaza\u0107 zmar\u0142emu boskich pos\u0142a\u0144c\u00f3w \u2013 staro\u015b\u0107, chorob\u0119 i \u015bmier\u0107 \u2013 i pyta\u0107, czy nie zauwa\u017cy\u0142 tych ostrze\u017ce\u0144.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama w buddyzmie tybeta\u0144skim i Ko\u0142o \u017bycia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W buddyzmie tybeta\u0144skim Yama zyska\u0142 szczeg\u00f3lnie wyraziste znaczenie ikonograficzne i rytualne. Pojawia si\u0119 tu zazwyczaj jako <em>Shinje<\/em>, w przera\u017caj\u0105cej postaci \u2013 z g\u0142ow\u0105 byka, wie\u0144cem z p\u0142omieni i atrybutami s\u0119dziego umar\u0142ych, cz\u0119sto stoj\u0105cy na byku.<\/p><p>Szczeg\u00f3lnie znane jest jego przedstawienie na tak zwanym Kole \u017bycia \u2013 <em>Bhavachakrze<\/em>. Na tej szeroko rozpowszechnionej kompozycji obrazowej, zdobi\u0105cej wej\u015bcia wielu klasztor\u00f3w, wielka, szczerz\u0105ca z\u0119by istota trzyma w k\u0142ach i pazurach ko\u0142o sze\u015bciu sfer egzystencji.<\/p><p>T\u0119 obejmuj\u0105c\u0105 istot\u0119 zwyk\u0142o si\u0119 interpretowa\u0107 jako Yam\u0119 \u2013 uciele\u015bnienie przemijania i \u015bmierci, kt\u00f3rym podlegaj\u0105 wszystkie uwarunkowane formy istnienia. Obraz wyra\u017ca nauk\u0119, \u017ce ka\u017cda sfera odrodze\u0144, nawet niebia\u0144ska, podlega \u015bmierci, a zatem u\u015bciskowi Yamy.<\/p><p>Ponadto tradycja tybeta\u0144ska zna medytacyjn\u0105 posta\u0107 Yamantaki, kt\u00f3rego imi\u0119 oznacza 'pogromc\u0119 Yamy&#8217; lub 'ko\u0144cz\u0105cego \u015bmier\u0107&#8217;. Yamantaka uchodzi za gniewn\u0105 manifestacj\u0119 bodhisattwy Manjuszriego i uciele\u015bnia m\u0105dro\u015b\u0107 przezwyci\u0119\u017caj\u0105c\u0105 sam\u0105 \u015bmier\u0107.<\/p><p>W tej konstelacji ujawnia si\u0119 ambiwalentna pozycja Yamy: jest panem \u015bmierci, a zarazem moc\u0105, kt\u00f3r\u0105 mo\u017cna pokona\u0107 przez przebudzenie. Badania dostrzegaj\u0105 w bogatej tybeta\u0144skiej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka o tre\u015bciach obrazowych i ich znaczeniu.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografii<\/span> Yamy po\u0142\u0105czenie indyjskich wzorc\u00f3w z lokalnymi tybeta\u0144skimi wyobra\u017ceniami o b\u00f3stwach g\u00f3rskich i b\u00f3stwach \u015bmierci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama we wschodniej Azji: od indyjskiego boga do s\u0119dziego piek\u0142a Enmy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wraz z rozprzestrzenianiem si\u0119 buddyzmu na Chiny, Kore\u0119 i Japoni\u0119 Yama r\u00f3wnie\u017c si\u0119 przemie\u015bci\u0142 i zosta\u0142 g\u0142\u0119boko wpisany w lokalne wyobra\u017cenia za\u015bwiat\u00f3w. W Chinach indyjska posta\u0107 zla\u0142a si\u0119 z wyobra\u017ceniami biurokratycznie zorganizowanego \u015bwiata podziemnego i sta\u0142a si\u0119 Yanluo Wangiem, Kr\u00f3lem Yanluo \u2013 jednym z dziesi\u0119ciu kr\u00f3l\u00f3w piekie\u0142, z kt\u00f3rych ka\u017cdy przewodniczy w\u0142asnemu trybuna\u0142owi podziemnemu.<\/p><p>Owi Dziesi\u0119ciu Kr\u00f3l\u00f3w Podziemia bada zmar\u0142ych w kolejnych instancjach, a umar\u0142y przechodzi przez nie po kolei, zanim zostanie podj\u0119ta decyzja o jego nast\u0119pnej egzystencji. Yanluo Wang zajmuje w tym systemie zazwyczaj pozycj\u0119 pi\u0105tego kr\u00f3la. Ca\u0142y system odzwierciedla do\u015bwiadczenie ziemskiej hierarchii urz\u0119dniczej \u2013 z rejestrami, wyrokami i wymiarami kary.<\/p><p>W Japonii posta\u0107 ta zosta\u0142a przej\u0119ta jako Enma lub Enma-\u014d, w Korei jako Yeomra.<a href=\"\/pl\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> jest w japo\u0144skiej religii ludowej postaci\u0105 dobrze znana, przedstawian\u0105 cz\u0119sto z zaczerwienion\u0105 twarz\u0105, s\u0119dziowskim nakryciem g\u0142owy oraz tabliczk\u0105 lub zwierciad\u0142em, w kt\u00f3rym staj\u0105 si\u0119 widoczne czyny zmar\u0142ego.<\/p><p>Religioznawstwo<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka badaj\u0105ca religie por\u00f3wnawczo i bez zwi\u0105zku z wyznaniem.\" tabindex=\"0\">podkre\u015bla, \u017ce wschodnioazjatyckie formy daleko wykraczaj\u0105 poza indyjski pierwowz\u00f3r i \u017ce Yama sta\u0142 si\u0119 tam sta\u0142ym sk\u0142adnikiem popularnych wyobra\u017ce\u0144 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cych elementy buddyjskie, taoistyczne i ludowo-religijne. Przemiana od wedyjskiej postaci \u015bwiat\u0142a przez indyjsko-buddyjskiego s\u0119dziego po wschodnioazjatyckiego biurokrat\u0119 piekielnego jest przyk\u0142adem religijnego transferu kulturowego.<\/span>Religioznawstwo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/yama\/\">Yama (hinduizm), \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, forma pokrewna<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, forma japo\u0144ska<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, forma korea\u0144ska<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo, forma chi\u0144ska<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/buddyzm\/\">Buddyzm, przegl\u0105d panteonu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa-smierci\/\">B\u00f3stwa \u015bmierci, podkategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura (wyb\u00f3r)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (liczne przek\u0142ady, np. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (has\u0142o 'Yama&#8217;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dalsze pozycje standardowe w <a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">bibliografii<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Buddhismus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 buddyjski b\u00f3g \u015bmierci i s\u0119dzia karmy","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama w buddyzmie: g\u0142owa byka, s\u0119dzia Bardo i egzekwowanie karmy. 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