{"id":15666,"date":"2026-04-27T10:35:30","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T10:35:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/nergal-2\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T14:47:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:47:15","slug":"nergal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pl\/nergal\/","title":{"rendered":"Nergal"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15666\" class=\"elementor elementor-15666 elementor-1962 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal, b\u00f3g tradycji mezopotamskiej<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal jest bogiem tradycji mezopotamskiej.<\/p><p><strong>B\u00f3g wojny, zsy\u0142aj\u0105cy zaraz\u0119, wsp\u00f3\u0142w\u0142adca za\u015bwiat\u00f3w.<\/strong>Nergal jest straszliwym podw\u00f3jnym bogiem Mezopotamii \u2013 w g\u00f3rze oblicze wojny i zarazy, w dole mroczne panowanie nad Irkall\u0105 u boku Ereshkigal.<\/p><p>Pocz\u0105tkowo jest solarn\u0105, dzik\u0105 istot\u0105, lecz przez za\u015blubiny z kr\u00f3low\u0105 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w staje si\u0119 budz\u0105c\u0105 l\u0119k, a zarazem niezb\u0119dn\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 kosmicznego porz\u0105dku. Gdzie Nergal wybucha, tam nast\u0119puj\u0105 zaraza, wojna i wezwanie umar\u0142ych.<\/p><p>Nergal jako b\u00f3g wojny jest zarazem regentem za\u015bwiat\u00f3w u boku Ereshkigal. Ten mezopotamski b\u00f3g \u0142\u0105czy w sobie groz\u0119 zarazy i wojny z nieodzown\u0105 rol\u0105 w kosmicznym porz\u0105dku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3g \/ bogini: spersonifikowana najwy\u017csza moc w panteonie danej kultury, z wyra\u017anie okre\u015blonymi kompetencjami \u2013 si\u0142y natury, przeznaczenie, wojna, p\u0142odno\u015b\u0107. Czczony poprzez kulty, ofiary i instytucje \u015bwi\u0105tynne.\">B\u00f3g<\/span><a href=\"\/pl\/mezopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kolebka udokumentowanej religii \u2013 Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asyria (ok. 3500 p.n.e. \u2013 330 p.n.e.).\">Mezopotamia<\/a><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa-smierci\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bogowie za\u015bwiat\u00f3w i \u015bmierci, w\u0142adcy \u017cycia pozagrobowego, s\u0119dziowie umar\u0142ych, przewodnicy dusz.\">B\u00f3stwo \u015bmierci<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-130520\" alt=\"Nergal - bogowie z tradycji mezopotamskiej, ilustracja historyczna\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_nergal.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szybki przegl\u0105d: Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong>Mezopotamskie b\u00f3stwo g\u0142\u00f3wne, b\u00f3g zarazy, wojny i za\u015bwiat\u00f3w<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 bog\u00f3w danej religii lub kultury.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Sumer, Akad, Babilon (obecny nieprzerwanie)<br>Funkcja: zaraza i choroba, wojna, w\u0142adanie za\u015bwiatami (ma\u0142\u017conek Ereshkigal)<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne atrybuty: maczuga z g\u0142ow\u0105 lwa, podw\u00f3jny miecz, siedmiu demonicznych towarzyszy zarazy<br>G\u0142\u00f3wne miejsca kultu: Kuthu (g\u0142\u00f3wne miejsce kultu), Babilon, Ur<br>Identyfikacja astronomiczna: Mars (Salbatanu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Okres powstania tekst\u00f3w<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal po\u015bwiadczony jest od okresu staroakadyjskiego (III tysi\u0105clecie p.n.e.). Jego centralny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana narracja o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, za\u015blubiny z kr\u00f3low\u0105 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, opowiadany jest w eposie <em>Nergal i Ereshkigal<\/em> (wersja \u015brodkowoasyryjska, ok. XIV w. p.n.e.). W epoce starobabilo\u0144skiej zostaje on rozbudowany o aspekty wojenne; w epoce nowobabilo\u0144skiej Nergal pojawia si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c jako patron kr\u00f3lestwa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zasi\u0119g geograficzny<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0142\u00f3wnym miejscem kultu by\u0142o <strong>Kuthu<\/strong> (dzi\u015b Tell Ibrahim, na p\u00f3\u0142noc od Babilonu), 'miasto Nergala&#8217; \u2013 wed\u0142ug wierze\u0144 babilo\u0144skich brama do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w. Ponadto Babilon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tynia<\/span> w kompleksie Esagila), Ur, Suza (elamicka), Mari. W tradycji biblijnej wzmiankowany jako <em>Nergal<\/em> (2 Krl 17,30), w wykazie bog\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rych asyryjscy deportowani przynie\u015bli do Samarii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stan \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u0142\u00f3wne \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a: epos <em>Nergal i Ereshkigal<\/em> (wersje \u015brodkowoasyryjska i p\u00f3\u017anobabilo\u0144ska), <em>Erra-Epos<\/em> (Nergal jako Erra\/zsy\u0142aj\u0105cy zaraz\u0119), r\u00f3\u017cne teksty zakl\u0119\u0107 (<em>Maqlu<\/em>, <em>, Shurpu<\/em>), inskrypcje z Kuthu i Babilonu. Literatura przedmiotowa: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>; Cagni, <em>L&#8217;epopea di Erra<\/em> (wydanie standardowe); Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nazwa i warianty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal przedstawiany jest w dw\u00f3ch aspektach: powy\u017cej jako umi\u0119\u015bniony, brodaty wojownik w he\u0142mie, z w\u0142\u00f3czni\u0105 i broni\u0105, otoczony p\u0142omieniami lub symbolami zarazy. Poni\u017cej, w Irkalli, zasiada na mrocznym tronie u boku Ereshkigal.<\/p><p>Jego zwierz\u0119ciem herbowym jest lew lub hybrydalnie demoniczna posta\u0107. Jego barw\u0105 jest czerwie\u0144 \u2013 czerwie\u0144 wojny i choroby. Towarzyszy mu <em>Namtar<\/em> (demon<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota duchowa, kt\u00f3rej przypisuje si\u0119 dzia\u0142anie szkodliwe lub ambiwalentne.\" tabindex=\"0\"> zarazy<\/span>), jak r\u00f3wnie\u017c duchy zarazy wyznaczaj\u0105ce jego szlak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cechy charakterystyczne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal reguluje r\u00f3wnowag\u0119 mi\u0119dzy \u017cyciem a \u015bmierci\u0105 poprzez wojn\u0119 i zaraz\u0119. W przypadku choroby wzywano go nie w celu uzdrowienia, lecz przeb\u0142agania, by cofn\u0105\u0142 zaraz\u0119. Na wojnie wojownicy modlili si\u0119 do niego o si\u0142\u0119 zwyci\u0119stwa, lecz obawiali si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c jego nieprzewidywalno\u015bci.<\/p><p>Jego g\u0142\u00f3wne \u015bwi\u0119to odbywa\u0142o si\u0119 w Kuthu, gdzie kap\u0142ani sk\u0142adali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span>, aby u\u015bmierzy\u0107 jego gniew. Poprzez za\u015blubiny z Ereshkigal Nergal staje si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c gwarantem porz\u0105dku w za\u015bwiatach \u2013 nie jest zwyk\u0142ym niszczycielem, lecz konieczn\u0105 si\u0142\u0105 w kosmicznym \u0142adzie.<\/p><h3>Wygl\u0105d i symbolika<\/h3><p><em>Nergal<\/em> przedstawiany jest jako umi\u0119\u015bniony m\u0119\u017cczyzna z grzyw\u0105 lub obliczem lwa, cz\u0119sto otoczony ogniem. Jego sk\u00f3ra mo\u017ce by\u0107 czerwona lub ciemnobr\u0105zowa, a w r\u0119kach trzyma bro\u0144 \u2013 miecz, top\u00f3r lub \u0142uk \u2013 ukazuj\u0105c\u0105 jego wojownicz\u0105 natur\u0119.<\/p><p>W\u0105\u017c cz\u0119sto owija si\u0119 wok\u00f3\u0142 jego cia\u0142a lub ramienia. G\u0142owa mo\u017ce by\u0107 dwulicowa \u2013 jedno oblicze zwr\u00f3cone ku ziemi (b\u00f3g wojny), drugie ku za\u015bwiatom (kr\u00f3l podziemi). Lew i skorpion s\u0105 jego \u015bwi\u0119tymi zwierz\u0119tami. Ogie\u0144 i krew to jego symboliczne barwy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Nergal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze aspekty Nergala na pierwszy rzut oka. Poni\u017csze pola podsumowuj\u0105 pochodzenie, funkcj\u0119, wygl\u0105d, kult, symbole i paralele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst kulturowy<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal jest synem Enlila i Ninlil, bratem Ninurty. W centralnym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana narracja o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">micie<\/span> <em>Nergal i Ereshkigal<\/em> wyrusza do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w; po licznych konfliktach i mediacjach zostaje ma\u0142\u017conkiem kr\u00f3lowej za\u015bwiat\u00f3w i dzieli z ni\u0105 w\u0142adz\u0119 \u2013 jednak tylko przez po\u0142ow\u0119 roku (aspekt sezonowy: w czasie letnich upa\u0142\u00f3w, gdy szerzy si\u0119 zaraza).<\/p><p>W eposie <em>Erra<\/em> dzia\u0142a z w\u0142asnej inicjatywy jako niekontrolowana moc zarazy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grupa docelowa Nergala<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zsy\u0142aj\u0105cy zaraz\u0119 i chroni\u0105cy przed ni\u0105 (podw\u00f3jna funkcja jak Apollon i Sechmet). Patron gor\u0105czki \u015brodka lata (akadyjskie <em>idi\u0161a<\/em>). B\u00f3g wojny i bitew. Jako identyfikacja Marsa wa\u017cny r\u00f3wnie\u017c astronomicznie \u2013 jego gwiazda (Mars) interpretowana jest w babilo\u0144skich tekstach omen\u00f3w jako przynosz\u0105ca nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie. B\u00f3g opieku\u0144czy kr\u00f3lestwa w tradycji babilo\u0144sko-asyryjskiej.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorficzny jako wojowniczy m\u0119\u017cczyzna w wysokim diademacie, w d\u0142ugiej szacie. Charakterystyczne: <em>maczuga z g\u0142ow\u0105 lwa<\/em> i podw\u00f3jny miecz. Cz\u0119sto towarzyszy mu <em>Sebitti<\/em> \u2013 siedmiu demon\u00f3w zarazy. Na niekt\u00f3rych piecz\u0119ciach w formie lwa lub jako cz\u0142owiek-lew-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ca w sobie cechy r\u00f3\u017cnych \u017cywych stworze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">mieszaniec<\/span>. Kolor sk\u00f3ry czerwony lub ciemnoczerwony (gor\u0105czka zarazy, planeta Mars). W epoce nowobabilo\u0144skiej przedstawiany r\u00f3wnie\u017c z wozem zaprz\u0119\u017conym w byki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funkcja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obszar dzia\u0142ania:<\/strong> Nergal wzywany by\u0142 w czasach zarazy i przed bitwami; jego letnie \u015bwi\u0119to przypada\u0142o na coroczny sezon zarazy. Kr\u00f3lowie wznosili stele przed bitwami. W rytua\u0142ach zakl\u0119\u0107 by\u0142 zarazem wzywany i budz\u0105cy l\u0119k (podw\u00f3jna funkcja). Kuthu by\u0142o miejscem pielgrzymek w zwi\u0105zku z obrz\u0119dami dla umar\u0142ych i rytua\u0142ami uzdrowicielskimi. W osobistym <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulcie<\/span> s\u0142u\u017cy\u0142 r\u00f3wnie\u017c ochronie przed zbrodniarzami i rabusiami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u015arodki ochronne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maczuga z g\u0142ow\u0105 lwa, podw\u00f3jny miecz, wysoka korona, siedmiu demon\u00f3w-towarzyszy (Sebitti), lew-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istota \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ca w sobie cechy r\u00f3\u017cnych \u017cywych stworze\u0144.\" tabindex=\"0\">mieszaniec<\/span>, czerwona gwiazda (Mars), upa\u0142 \u015brodka lata. Ro\u015bliny: gorzki melon, ro\u015bliny ostrokrzewu. \u015awi\u0119ta liczba: 7 (Sebitti).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele Nergala<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Erra<\/em> (akadyjski, identyczne aspekty zsy\u0142ania zarazy, w\u0142asny epos), <em>Resheph<\/em> (Fenicja\/Ugarit, zaraza i wojna), <em>Apollon<\/em> (Grecja, podw\u00f3jny aspekt: zsy\u0142aj\u0105cy zaraz\u0119 i uzdrowiciel), <em>Mars<\/em> (Rzym, identyfikacja astronomiczna i wojenna), <em>Sechmet<\/em> (Egipt, zsy\u0142aj\u0105ca zaraz\u0119 i uzdrawiaj\u0105ca), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduizm, wojna i kosmiczna bitwa), <em>Tyr<\/em> (germa\u0144ski, b\u00f3g wojny).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktyczne \u015brodki ochronne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><h3>Rytua\u0142y apotropaiczne przeciwko Nergalowi<\/h3><p>Niszczycielska moc Nergala (zaraza, straty wojenne, wyrok za\u015bwiat\u00f3w) by\u0142a w mezopotamskim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulcie<\/span> pow\u015bci\u0105gana przede wszystkim w <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span> E-meslam w Kuthu poprzez regularne miesi\u0119czne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar sk\u0142adany b\u00f3stwu w celu wyra\u017cenia wdzi\u0119czno\u015bci, pro\u015bby lub czci.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofiary<\/span> \u2013 piwo, owce, kadzid\u0142o erin (cedrowe). Serie zakl\u0119\u0107 \u0160urpu i Maql\u00fb (Lambert, <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>) po\u015bwiadczaj\u0105 rytua\u0142y oczyszczenia ogniem przeciwko chorobom wywo\u0142anym przez Nergala: chorego namaszczano olejem lnianym i palono glinian\u0105 figurk\u0119 (Nergal-bin).<\/p><h3>Formu\u0142y zakl\u0119\u0107<\/h3><p>W akadyjskiej serii przeciwko czarom (Maql\u00fb VII, 32\u201346) pojawia si\u0119 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zwracanie si\u0119 do b\u00f3stwa lub mocy w formie pro\u015bby lub zakl\u0119cia.\" tabindex=\"0\">wezwanie<\/span> 'Nergal pi-im-\u0161u-bal-li-ta&#8217; (Nergalu, niech s\u0142owo si\u0119 odwr\u00f3ci!). W akadyjskim eposie Erra (tablica I, 100\u2013150) zgromadzenie bog\u00f3w wzywa samego Nergala do samoograniczenia. Hymn \u015bwi\u0105tynny 'E-meslam \u0161u\u02bfgar-ra&#8217; recytowano w czasie nowiu, aby z\u0142agodzi\u0107 jego aktywno\u015b\u0107.<\/p><h3>Amulety i symbole ochronne<\/h3><p>Apotropaiczne gliniane figurki z g\u0142ow\u0105 lwa (zwierz\u0119 Nergala) zakopywano przy progach drzwi (por. Wiggermann, <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits<\/em>). Cylindry piecz\u0119tne ukazuj\u0105 'symbol<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak zast\u0119pczo reprezentuj\u0105cy jakie\u015b wyobra\u017cenie lub znaczenie.\" tabindex=\"0\"> Nergala<\/span>&#8217; \u2013 podw\u00f3jny sztandar lwa i ber\u0142o guzikowe; akadyjskie stele apotropaiczne z Ur (III tysi\u0105clecie p.n.e., dzi\u015b British Museum) nosz\u0105 inskrypcje do Nergala jako gwaranta ochrony.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal \u2013 paralele w innych kulturach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal przypomina Aresa (Grecja) w swym aspekcie wojennym, a z Hadesem lub Plutonem dzieli w\u0142adz\u0119 nad za\u015bwiatami. Z Apollonem \u0142\u0105czy go solarna, promieniuj\u0105ca dziko\u015b\u0107.<\/p><p>W kulturach indyjskich mo\u017cna dostrzec paralele z Rudr\u0105 lub Yam\u0105 \u2013 dzikimi bogami, kt\u00f3rzy utrzymuj\u0105 porz\u0105dek poprzez zag\u0142ad\u0119. Jego podw\u00f3jne dzia\u0142anie jako niszczyciela w g\u00f3rze i regenta w dole czyni go jednym z psychologicznie najbardziej z\u0142o\u017conych b\u00f3stw staro\u017cytno\u015bci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb75b108 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb75b108\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp53527b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp53527b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal jako pan podziemi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp314942d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp314942d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp086173b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp086173b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nergal jest jednym z najwa\u017cniejszych b\u00f3stw mezopotamskiego panteonu i przez d\u0142ugi czas \u015bci\u015ble zwi\u0105zanym z za\u015bwiatami. Jego g\u0142\u00f3wnym miejscem kultu by\u0142o miasto Kutha na po\u0142udniu Mezopotamii, kt\u00f3rego by\u0142 bogiem opieku\u0144czym. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015awi\u0105tynia<\/span> w Kuthu nosi\u0142a nazw\u0119 E-meslam, a sam Nergal by\u0142 cz\u0119sto wzywany pod przydomkiem nawi\u0105zuj\u0105cym do tej <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Budowla s\u0142u\u017c\u0105ca czci jednego lub kilku b\u00f3stw.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015bwi\u0105tyni<\/span>.<\/p><p>Najwa\u017cniejszym \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142em mitologicznym dotycz\u0105cym panowania Nergala nad za\u015bwiatami jest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana narracja o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> o Nergalu i Ereshkigal, przekazany w kilku wersjach \u2013 w tym kr\u00f3tszej z Amarny i obszerniejszej z okresu p\u00f3\u017aniejszego.<\/p><p>W <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana narracja o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">micie<\/span> tym opowiada si\u0119, jak Nergal zst\u0119puje do za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, kr\u00f3lestwa bogini Ereshkigal. Po r\u00f3\u017cnych perypetiach, kt\u00f3re w poszczeg\u00f3lnych wersjach przybieraj\u0105 odmienn\u0105 posta\u0107, Nergal zostaje ma\u0142\u017conkiem Ereshkigal, a tym samym wsp\u00f3\u0142w\u0142adc\u0105 lub w\u0142adc\u0105 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Historia ta wyja\u015bnia, jak Nergal, kt\u00f3ry pierwotnie posiada\u0142 r\u00f3wnie\u017c inne aspekty, na trwa\u0142e po\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 si\u0119 z kr\u00f3lestwem umar\u0142ych. Badacze dyskutuj\u0105, czy Nergal by\u0142 bogiem za\u015bwiat\u00f3w od pocz\u0105tku, czy te\u017c funkcja ta utrwali\u0142a si\u0119 dopiero w toku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazywanie wiedzy i narracji z pokolenia na pokolenie.\" tabindex=\"0\">przekazu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Godne uwagi jest to, \u017ce Nergal mimo swego zwi\u0105zku ze \u015bmierci\u0105 nie by\u0142 jedynie bogiem grozy. Otrzymywa\u0142 regularny <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, by\u0142 wzywany i pozostawa\u0142 w \u015bcis\u0142ej relacji z innymi bogami. Religia mezopotamska nie zna\u0142a \u015bcis\u0142ego rozdzia\u0142u mi\u0119dzy mocami czczonymi a budz\u0105cymi l\u0119k. Kto chce bli\u017cej pozna\u0107 w\u0142adczyni\u0119 za\u015bwiat\u00f3w, ten znajdzie drug\u0105 stron\u0119 <a href=\"\/pl\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal<\/a> po drugiej stronie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przekazana narracja o bogach, pocz\u0105tkach i porz\u0105dku \u015bwiata.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c6516 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23c6516\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d79aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d79aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal jako b\u00f3g wojny i zarazy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa91f230 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa91f230\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp95d778c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp95d778c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>.<\/p><p>Opr\u00f3cz roli w\u0142adcy za\u015bwiat\u00f3w Nergal nosi\u0142 drugie, \u015bci\u015ble z ni\u0105 zwi\u0105zane oblicze: by\u0142 bogiem gwa\u0142townej \u015bmierci, wojny, zarazy i niszczycielskiego letniego upa\u0142u. Aspekty te s\u0105 logicznie ze sob\u0105 powi\u0105zane \u2013 wszystkie bowiem przynosz\u0105 \u015bmier\u0107 na wielk\u0105 skal\u0119, a \u015bmier\u0107 prowadzi do kr\u00f3lestwa Nergala.<\/p><p>W hymnach i zakl\u0119ciach Nergal jawi si\u0119 jako budz\u0105ca groz\u0119 moc zsy\u0142aj\u0105ca zaraz\u0119 i gor\u0105czk\u0119. Mezopotamskie wyobra\u017cenia \u0142\u0105czy\u0142y okre\u015blone choroby z dzia\u0142aniem boskim, a Nergal by\u0142 jednym z b\u00f3stw, kt\u00f3rym przypisywano epidemie.<\/p><p>Zarazem mo\u017cna go by\u0142o wzywa\u0107, by odwr\u00f3ci\u0142 te w\u0142a\u015bnie niebezpiecze\u0144stwa \u2013 co jest typowym wzorcem religii mezopotamskiej: ta sama moc, kt\u00f3ra przynosi nieszcz\u0119\u015bcie, mo\u017ce je r\u00f3wnie\u017c oddali\u0107.<\/p><p>Jako b\u00f3g wojny Nergal wzywany by\u0142 przez kr\u00f3l\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy oddawali swoje wyprawy wojennych pod jego opiek\u0119. Inskrypcje kr\u00f3lewskie wymieniaj\u0105 go w\u015br\u00f3d bog\u00f3w u\u017cyczaj\u0105cych w\u0142adcy zwyci\u0119stwa i powalaj\u0105cych nieprzyjaci\u00f3\u0142. W tej funkcji sta\u0142 cz\u0119\u015bciowo obok innych bog\u00f3w wojny lub rywalizowa\u0142 z nimi \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad z Ninurt\u0105, z kt\u00f3rym w niekt\u00f3rych tekstach dzieli okre\u015blone cechy.<\/p><p>Astronomicznie Nergal uto\u017csamiany by\u0142 z planet\u0105 Mars, kt\u00f3rej czerwonawa barwa w mezopotamskiej interpretacji wi\u0105za\u0142a si\u0119 z krwi\u0105, wojn\u0105 i nieszcz\u0119\u015bciem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc32216d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc32216d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee082c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpee082c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografia i \u015bwiadectwa materialne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp592a0ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp592a0ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp728b57d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp728b57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wygl\u0105d Nergala w ikonografii nie zawsze daje si\u0119 jednoznacznie okre\u015bli\u0107, poniewa\u017c mezopotamska ikonografia bog\u00f3w opiera si\u0119 cz\u0119sto na atrybutach, a nie na indywidualnych rysach twarzy. W badaniach Nergal identyfikowany jest przede wszystkim na podstawie okre\u015blonych symboli i zwierz\u0105t towarzysz\u0105cych.<\/p><p>Charakterystycznym atrybutem Nergala jest maczuga lub zakrzywiona laska, niekiedy zdobiona podw\u00f3jnymi g\u0142owami lwa. Lew nale\u017cy do jego najwa\u017cniejszych zwierz\u0105t symbolicznych i podkre\u015bla jego gwa\u0142towny, drapie\u017cny charakter. Na piecz\u0119ciach i reliefach ukazywany jest niekiedy jako uzbrojone, krocz\u0105ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3stwo czczone jako boskie w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3stwo<\/span>.<\/p><p>.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przedstawienie plastyczne wypuk\u0142e, wydobyte z p\u0142aszczyzny.\" tabindex=\"0\">Szczeg\u00f3lne miejsce zajmuje s\u0142ynna p\u0142askorze\u017aba gliniana, \u0142\u0105czona \u2013 cho\u0107 nie bez kontrowersji \u2013 z kr\u0119giem Nergala: tzw. Relief Burneya<\/span> lub Kr\u00f3lowa Nocy, starobabilo\u0144ska tabliczka terakotowa przedstawiaj\u0105ca uskrzydlon\u0105 bogini\u0119 z ptasimi stopami mi\u0119dzy dwoma lwami i dwiema sowami.<\/p><p>Identyfikacja tej postaci jest w badaniach sporna \u2013 proponowano mi\u0119dzy innymi Ereshkigal i Isztar. Relief<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Przedstawienie plastyczne wypuk\u0142e, wydobyte z p\u0142aszczyzny.\" tabindex=\"0\"> odsy\u0142a w ka\u017cdym razie do kr\u0119gu wyobra\u017ce\u0144 zwi\u0105zanych z za\u015bwiatami i nocn\u0105 moc\u0105, do kt\u00f3rych nale\u017cy r\u00f3wnie\u017c Nergal.<\/span>Materialnie <\/p><p>kult<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Og\u00f3\u0142 religijnych czynno\u015bci kultowych wobec b\u00f3stwa lub \u015bwi\u0119tej postaci.\" tabindex=\"0\"> Nergala po\u015bwiadczony jest przez inskrypcje \u015bwi\u0105tynne, wota, teksty zakl\u0119\u0107 i inskrypcje kr\u00f3lewskie z wielu stuleci. D\u0142uga historia jego \u015bwi\u0105tyni w Kuthu oraz rozpowszechnienie jego imienia w imionach osobowych dowodz\u0105, \u017ce Nergal nie by\u0142 marginaln\u0105 postaci\u0105 teologiczn\u0105, lecz obecnym w \u017cyciu codziennym <\/span>b\u00f3stwem<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3stwo czczone jako boskie w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">, kt\u00f3remu przypisywano w\u0142adz\u0119 nad \u017cyciem i \u015bmierci\u0105.<\/span>B\u00f3stwo czczone jako boskie w obr\u0119bie danej religii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f3c96f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3f3c96f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf6a3842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf6a3842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nergal w przekazie biblijnym i historii bada\u0144<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7cbb0dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7cbb0dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92b609a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp92b609a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ta zwi\u0119z\u0142a wzmianka jest historyczno-religioznawczo pouczaj\u0105ca, gdy\u017c pokazuje, jak \u015bci\u015ble b\u00f3g pozostawa\u0142 zwi\u0105zany ze swoim miastem i jak kulty w\u0119drowa\u0142y razem z ludno\u015bci\u0105.<\/p><p>We wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych badaniach Nergal by\u0142 analizowany od czasu odczytania pisma klinowego w XIX wieku. Wcze\u015bniejsi asyriolodzy szybko zaklasyfikowali go jako boga za\u015bwiat\u00f3w i b\u00f3stwo<\/p><p> Marsa.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00f3stwo czczone jako boskie w obr\u0119bie danej religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Nowsze badania udoskonali\u0142y ten obraz i podkre\u015blaj\u0105 wielowarstwowo\u015b\u0107 tej postaci. Nergala nie da si\u0119 sprowadzi\u0107 do jednej funkcji \u2013 \u0142\u0105czy on za\u015bwiaty, wojn\u0119, zaraz\u0119 i letni upa\u0142 w sp\u00f3jny profil.<\/span>Kwesti\u0105 dyskusyjn\u0105 jest stosunek Nergala do innych bog\u00f3w, z kt\u00f3rymi w \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142ach bywa cz\u0119\u015bciowo uto\u017csamiany lub \u0142\u0105czony \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad z Err\u0105, bogiem zarazy i spustoszenia, kt\u00f3remu po\u015bwi\u0119cone jest odr\u0119bne dzie\u0142o literackie, epos o Errze.<\/p><p>Czy Erra i Nergal byli pierwotnie odr\u0119bnymi postaciami, czy te\u017c s\u0105 dwoma imionami tej samej mocy \u2013 kwestia ta nie zosta\u0142a w badaniach ostatecznie rozstrzygni\u0119ta.<\/p><p>Religoznawcze znaczenie Nergala polega na tym, \u017ce unaocznia on mezopotamskie wyobra\u017cenie, wed\u0142ug kt\u00f3rego \u015bmier\u0107, przemoc i si\u0142y natury nie stoj\u0105 poza boskim porz\u0105dkiem, lecz s\u0105 zarz\u0105dzane przez mo\u017cliwe do nazwania i wezwania <\/p><p>b\u00f3stwo<\/p><p>.<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nergal znalaz\u0142 si\u0119 nawet w hebrajskiej Biblii. W Drugiej Ksi\u0119dze Kr\u00f3lewskiej, w zwi\u0105zku z ludami przesiedlonymi do Samarii po upadku kr\u00f3lestwa p\u00f3\u0142nocnego, odnotowano, \u017ce mieszka\u0144cy Kuthu przynie\u015bli ze sob\u0105 Nergala jako swego boga i nadal go czcili.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ereshkigal, ma\u0142\u017conka w za\u015bwiatach<\/span>Mezopotamia, przegl\u0105d panteonu<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dalsze odsy\u0142acze<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa-smierci\/\">B\u00f3stwa \u015bmierci, podkategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/pl\/bostwa\/\">Bogowie, przegl\u0105d klas<\/a><\/li><li>Cagni, Luigi: L&#8217;epopea di Erra.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a i literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>. Rzym 1969 (wydanie standardowe).<em>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <\/em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>. Oxford 1960.<em>Walde, Christine (red.): <\/em>Der Neue Pauly<\/span><\/li><li> (has\u0142o 'Nergal&#8217;).<em>Dalsze standardowe opracowania w <\/em>bibliografii<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Nergal \u2013 b\u00f3g wojny i regent za\u015bwiat\u00f3w w Mezopotamii<a href=\"\/pl\/literatura\/\">Nergal, b\u00f3g wojny i regent za\u015bwiat\u00f3w Mezopotamii. \u015awi\u0105tynia w Kuthu, za\u015blubiny z Ereshkigal, wsp\u00f3\u0142w\u0142adca Irkalli i porz\u0105dku \u015bmierci.<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1736,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Nergal","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nergal \u2013 mezopotamski b\u00f3g wojny i 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