{"id":141201,"date":"2026-09-03T09:17:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:17:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=141201"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:44:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:44:45","slug":"buga-hoygud-evenkene-tungusene","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/buga-hoygud-evenkene-tungusene\/","title":{"rendered":"Buga \u2013 h\u00f8ygud hos evenkene (tungusene)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"141201\" class=\"elementor elementor-141201 elementor-2642 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga, h\u00f8ygud og universets herre hos evenkene-tungusene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buga er i det religi\u00f8se systemet til evenkene og andre tungusiske folk samtidig h\u00f8ygud, himmel, univers og verden. Han er den kosmiske helheten der sjamanreiser, jaktordning og livssyklus har sin plass. I myten til evenkene og andre tungusiske folk forener Buga himmel, univers og verden i \u00e9n skikkelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Skaper i tradisjonen Sibir \/ tengrisme.\">Skaper<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141129\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi i tradisjonen Sibir \/ tengrisme.\">Sibir \/ tengrisme<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f8ygudhet.\">H\u00f8ygudhet<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-bugatungus-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-bugatungus-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-bugatungus-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_buga-tungus-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143008\" alt=\"Buga Tungus - guder fra den sibirsk-tengristiske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrerende\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_buga-tungus-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_buga-tungus-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_buga-tungus-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_buga-tungus.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-buga-tungus elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-buga-tungus\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-buga-tungus\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-buga-tungus\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-buga-tungus elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-buga-tungus\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buga gjelder i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister omg\u00e5s \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanismen<\/span> til de <strong>tungusisk-evenkiske<\/strong> folkene som h\u00f8ygud i den \u00f8vre verden og opphavsmann til den kosmiske ordenen. Buga-<strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span><\/strong> og kildene er s\u00e6rlig godt dokumentert i de evenkiske sangene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Innordning og kortprofil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evenkene (tidligere kalt tunguser) lever i \u00d8stsibirien mellom Jenisej og Stillehavet.<\/p><p>I deres religion er Buga (i noen dialekter <em>Boga<\/em>, <em>Buya<\/em>, <em>Buwa<\/em>) et begrep som samtidig betyr \u00abhimmel\u00bb, \u00abverden\u00bb, \u00abunivers\u00bb og \u00abh\u00f8ygud\u00bb, en bemerkelsesverdig spr\u00e5klig fortetning som den iranistiske religionshistorikeren Sergei Shirokogoroff analyserer utf\u00f8rlig i sitt klassiske verk <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (1935).<\/p><p>Innenfor den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141129\">sibirsk-tengristiske tradisjonen<\/a> er Buga et sv\u00e6rt gammelt, antakelig altaisk-paleosibirsk lag; noen forskere (Anisimov) ser i den den mest opprinnelige formen av alle. Evenkene taler et tungus-mandsjurisk spr\u00e5k og st\u00e5r dermed spr\u00e5klig utenfor den tyrkisk-mongolske Tengri-verdenen, et interessant grensetilfelle.<\/p><p>Buga er religionsvitenskapelig s\u00e6rlig verdifull fordi Sergei Shirokogoroff p\u00e5 1910-tallet utf\u00f8rte et usedvanlig detaljert feltarbeid blant evenkene ved Amur; hans verk er en milep\u00e6l i sjamanismeforskningen og gir et av de beste materialkorpusene for religionen til et urfolk i Sibir overhodet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn og etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ordet <em>buga<\/em> er tungusisk og kan ikke etymologisk klarlegges entydig. Beslektede former finnes i mandsjurisk (<em>bo\u03b3o<\/em>, \u00abverden\u00bb) og i noen dialekter av ewen.<\/p><p>Den religionshistorisk avgj\u00f8rende observasjonen er identiteten mellom ord og sak: Buga er ikke et vesen som bor i himmelen, men Buga <em>er<\/em> himmelen og samtidig verden.<\/p><p>Denne semantiske fortetningen er religionsfenomenologisk s\u00e6rlig interessant, fordi den representerer et stadium f\u00f8r skillet mellom det numin\u00f8se og det konkrete, en forform for det som senere konseptualiseres som \u00abh\u00f8ygud\u00bb. Shirokogoroff utviklet her en hel teori om \u00abpsykomental sammensmelting\u00bb.<\/p><p>I den mandsjuriske tradisjonen, som er spr\u00e5klig beslektet med evenkisk, dukker <em>bo\u03b3o<\/em> senere opp som en spesialisert betegnelse for \u00abverden\u00bb, uten \u00e5 beholde den h\u00f8ygudlige konnotasjonen. Denne spesialiseringen f\u00f8lger buddhifiseringen av mandsjuene under Qing-dynastiet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse og ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141193\">Tengri<\/a> har Buga ingen egen billedform. Evenkenes sjamantrommer viser imidlertid de tre verdensniv\u00e5ene (\u00f8vre, midtre, nedre) og et verdenstre som vokser gjennom dem alle; p\u00e5 det \u00f8vre niv\u00e5et st\u00e5r Buga noen ganger som en symbolsk sol med str\u00e5lekrans.<\/p><p>De evenkiske sjamankostymene fra samlingene ved Det russiske museet for etnografi (St. Petersburg) og Antropologimuseet (MAE) viser sv\u00e6rt utf\u00f8rlige jernanheng, hvis religi\u00f8se betydning Shirokogoroff har dokumentert i sitt standardverk. Buga selv er ikke direkte avbildet p\u00e5 kostymene, men representeres gjennom det \u00f8verste solskive-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span>.<\/p><p>Evenkenes verdenstre-forestilling er typologisk sammenlignbar med den vediske <em>a\u015bvattha<\/em>-forestillingen og det nordgermanske Yggdrasil, noe Eliade har tolket som et tegn p\u00e5 en universell \u00abaxis mundi\u00bb-erfaring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiske fortellinger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anisimov (1958) har dokumentert en evenkisk skapelsesfortelling der Buga ber en and om \u00e5 hente gj\u00f8rme fra det opprinnelige havet for \u00e5 skape jorden av den, et klassisk sibirsk dykke-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> som vi ogs\u00e5 finner hos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141196\">\u00dclgen<\/a>.<\/p><p>I evenkiske varianter framst\u00e5r ofte en ondskapsguddom (<em>Khargi<\/em>) som konkurrent eller bror, en figur som passer inn i funksjonen til <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141195\">Erlik Khan<\/a>.<\/p><p>En annen fortelling forteller hvordan Buga sender de f\u00f8rste sjamanene: Han \u00abkl\u00f8ver\u00bb et menneske og legger i den ene halvdelen evnen til \u00e5 se inn i den andre verden. Denne kl\u00f8vingsfortellingen er religionsantropologisk en n\u00f8kkel-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span> for de evenkiske sjamanenes initiasjonspraksis.<\/p><p>En tredje fortelling skildrer hvordan Buga reiser verdenstreet: en enorm l\u00e6rkestamme hvis r\u00f8tter n\u00e5r ned i Khargi-\u00e5ndenes underverden, og hvis krone b\u00e6rer solhjulet. P\u00e5 dette treet rir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s spesialist som tilskrives \u00e5 formidle mellom mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanen<\/span> opp til den \u00f8vre verden, ofte med hjelp av et hest-tromme-symbol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og tilbedelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ewenkene har ingen tempelkult, men en gjennomg\u00e5ende praksis med tilkallelse: f\u00f8r jakt, f\u00f8r lange reiser, ved leirb\u00e5let blir Buga nevnt, og da legges det litt tobakk eller fett i b\u00e5let. Sjamaner holder i sine sanger forbindelsen mellom Buga og de tre verdensniv\u00e5ene ved live, noe Eliade har beskrevet som modelltilfellet for klassisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister omg\u00e5s \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanisme<\/span>.<\/p><p>Den ewenkiske sjamankunnskapen ble tradisjonelt overf\u00f8rt muntlig, ofte i en linje fra mor til datter eller far til s\u00f8nn. Den sovjetiske forf\u00f8lgelsen p\u00e5 1930-tallet br\u00f8t disse linjene sterkt; G. M. Vasilevitsj kunne i <em>Ewenki<\/em> (1969) fremdeles dokumentere noen av de siste ut\u00f8verne.<\/p><p>I dagens praksis opplever Buga-komplekset en renessanse i den ewenkiske autonome regionen og i enkelte bosetninger i Sakha-republikken. Unge ut\u00f8vere st\u00f8tter seg p\u00e5 Shirokogoroffs opptegnelser, et bemerkelsesverdig tilfelle der vestlig-akademisk etnografi blir kilde til en urfolks religionsgjenoppfinnelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis og apotropeiske trekk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vitenskapelig beskrevet: Apotropeiske praksiser var f\u00f8rst og fremst rettet mot <em>khargi<\/em>-skade\u00e5ndene (ofte kalt \u00abBuga-tungus\u00bb-skade, fordi de forst\u00e5s som Bugas skyggeside): brenning av bestemte urter ved leirb\u00e5let, b\u00e6ring av sm\u00e5 beinamuletter, plassering av utsk\u00e5rne \u00abvaktfigurer\u00bb (<em>seven<\/em>) ved veikryss.<\/p><p><em>Seven<\/em>-figurene er blant de mest karakteristiske elementene i den ewenkiske materielle kulturen. De er ofte sm\u00e5 utsk\u00e5rne trefigurer med innlagte \u00f8yne, som festes til stolper, tr\u00e6r eller d\u00f8rterskler. De ble ansett som \u00abboplass\u00bb for mindre hjelpe\u00e5nder som handlet p\u00e5 sjamanens oppdrag.<\/p><p>En s\u00e6regen praksis er <em>chura<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt rekke symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span>: F\u00f8r man g\u00e5r inn p\u00e5 et ukjent sted, kaster man en h\u00e5ndfull tobakk eller en liten mynt i sn\u00f8en eller p\u00e5 jorden, med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gudom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anropet<\/span> \u00abBuga, gj\u00f8r meg liten\u00bb. Denne h\u00f8flighetsformen mot universet er et klassisk animistisk m\u00f8nster.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buga-forestillingen er beslektet med det gammelsibirske <em>Num<\/em> hos samojedene og typologisk sammenlignbar med det kinesiske <em>Tian<\/em>; i begge tilfeller smelter himmel og h\u00f8ygud sammen til et begrep. Det finnes funksjonelle paralleller til de polynesiske begrepene <em>mana<\/em>\/<em>atua<\/em>, uten at det best\u00e5r noen genetisk forbindelse.<\/p><p>Det spesielle poenget hos ewenkene er sammensmeltingen av \u00abuniversum\u00bb og \u00abh\u00f8ygud\u00bb i ett og samme ord, noe som g\u00e5r enda lenger enn det polysemiske Tengri-vokabularet. Religionsfenomenologisk er Buga dermed et ekstremt tilfelle av sammensmeltingen mellom det numin\u00f8se og det konkrete.<\/p><p>I s\u00f8rsibirsk sammenligning er Buga mest \u00e5 sammenligne med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141193\">Tengri<\/a>, mindre med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141196\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, som allerede har f\u00e5tt en mer personlig skikkelse. Denne forskjellen tillater en lagvis-kronologisk hypotese: Buga representerer muligens et eldre lag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dagens mottakelse og forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Klassiske verk: Sergei Shirokogoroff: <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (1935); A. F. Anisimov: <em>Religia ewenkov<\/em> (1958); Mircea Eliade gjorde tungus-sjamanen til prototypen for sin \u00abklassiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister omg\u00e5s \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanisme<\/span>\u00bb-modell. Roberte Hamayon og Andrei Znamenski har senere revidert modellen kritisk og tatt til orde for en sterkere hensyntagen til de lokale ewenkiske kategoriene.<\/p><p>G. M. Vasilevitsj, en sovjetisk forsker, la i <em>Ewenki<\/em> (Leningrad 1969) frem den mest omfattende sovjetiske monografien om ewenkisk religion. Til tross for sin ideologiske fargelegging forblir den et uunnv\u00e6rlig materialkorpus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningsdebatter og \u00e5pne sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tre forskningssp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l preger Buga-debatten. F\u00f8rst: Utgj\u00f8r Buga et for-tengristisk lag, der \u00abuniversum\u00bb og \u00abh\u00f8ygud\u00bb enn\u00e5 ikke var skilt fra hverandre? Anisimov og Shirokogoroff argumenterer for denne lesningen; senere forskere (Hamayon) foretrekker et mer modellrelativt syn.<\/p><p>For det andre: Hvordan forholder den ewenkiske praksisen seg til den dene-jeniseiske spr\u00e5kfamiliehypotesen, som postulerer visse slektskapsforbindelser mellom ewenker og nordamerikanske athabaskere? Hvis denne hypotesen er riktig, burde Buga-religionen vise sirkumpolare forgreninger.<\/p><p>For det tredje: Hvilken fremtid har dagens Buga-renessanse i den ewenkiske regionen, gitt det massive presset fra gruvedrift og oljeutvinning? Ogs\u00e5 her forbinder religionshistorien seg med \u00f8kologisk og politisk aktualitet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga og Shirokogoroffs pionerrolle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sergei Shirokogoroffs rolle i Buga-forskningen fortjener en s\u00e6rskilt fordypning. Shirokogoroff (1887, 1939) var en russisk etnograf som gikk i eksil etter oktoberrevolusjonen og fra 1922 undervisde i Kina.<\/p><p>Hans hovedverk <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (Shanghai 1935) er en av de f\u00f8rste b\u00f8kene som systematisk rekonstruerer et ikke-vestlig religi\u00f8st system fra ut\u00f8vernes eget perspektiv.<\/p><p>Shirokogoroff skapte begrepet \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister omg\u00e5s \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanisme<\/span>\u00bb som vitenskapelig term, basert p\u00e5 det tungusiske ordet <em>\u0161aman<\/em>. Denne begrepsdannelsen fikk store vitenskapelige konsekvenser: Den gjorde et lokalt tungusisk begrep til en universell kategori. Andrei Znamenski har i <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007) kritisk tegnet opp denne universaliseringen.<\/p><p>Dagens Buga-forskning st\u00e5r i et ambivalent forhold til Shirokogoroff: P\u00e5 den ene siden er materialet hans uunnv\u00e6rlig, p\u00e5 den andre siden skjuler det seg i hans konsept om \u00abpsykomental sammensmelting\u00bb en essensialistisk forutsetning som den samtidige religionsetnologien kritisk stiller sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l ved.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og tilknytning til kulturhuben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den som vil studere Buga-komplekset i sin fulle bredde, finner p\u00e5 oversiktssiden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141129\">Sibirsk-tengristisk tradisjon<\/a> de viktigste henvisningene til beslektede figurer som <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141193\">Tengri<\/a> (den tyrkiske parallellen) og de jakutiske lysvesenene <em>aiyy<\/em>.<\/p><p>Sergei Shirokogoroffs <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (1935) er den viktigste prim\u00e6rkilden. A. F. Anisimovs <em>Religia ewenkov<\/em> (Moskva 1958) er den viktigste sovjetiske syntesen. G. M. Vasilevichs <em>Ewenki<\/em> (Leningrad 1969) utfyller bildet med omfattende materiale.<\/p><p>For den sirkumpolare innrammingen kan man se Roberte Hamayons <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) og Andrei Znamenskis <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007). Disse to verkene er de viktigste korrigeringene av den klassiske Eliade-modellen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga og sjamaninitiasjonen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buga sin rolle i den ewenkiske sjaman-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituell overgang der noen blir tatt opp i en ny status eller et nytt fellesskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiasjonen<\/span> fortjener en egen studie. Shirokogoroff har i <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (1935) beskrevet flere initiasjoner i detalj: Den tilkommende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8s spesialist som tilskrives rollen som mellommann mellom mennesker og \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanen<\/span> f\u00f8res gjennom en fase med alvorlig \u00absjamansykdom\u00bb, som tolkes som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituell overgang der noen blir tatt opp i en ny status eller et nytt fellesskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiasjon<\/span>, en klassisk modell som Eliade generaliserte som \u00abinitiasjonsd\u00f8d og oppstandelse\u00bb.<\/p><p>Buga fungerer i denne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituell overgang der noen blir tatt opp i en ny status eller et nytt fellesskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiasjonen<\/span> som den overordnede oppdragsgiveren: Han sender initiasjonssykdommen, han \u00absplitter\u00bb den initierte, og han l\u00e6rer ham reisen gjennom de tre verdensniv\u00e5ene. Denne funksjonen er religionsantropologisk den modellen den sirkumpolare initiasjonsforskningen er bygget p\u00e5.<\/p><p>Roberte Hamayon har revidert denne modellen kritisk i <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990): Hun leser den ewenkiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Rituell overgang der noen blir tatt opp i en ny status eller et nytt fellesskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">initiasjonen<\/span> mindre som en \u00abmystisk erfaring\u00bb og mer som en sosio\u00f8konomisk forhandlingspraksis. Begge lesningene har sin berettigelse og utfyller hverandre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metodisk refleksjon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buga-forskningen reiser flere metodiske problemer. For det f\u00f8rste: Shirokogoroffs pionerarbeid er metodisk imponerende, men preget av hans eksilstatus og teoretiske forutinntattheter. Andrei Znamenski har kritisk kartlagt disse forutinntatthetene.<\/p><p>For det andre: Den sovjetiske undertrykkelsen p\u00e5 1930-tallet skadet den ewenkiske sjamantradisjonen sterkt; det vi observerer i dag, er en rekonstruksjon basert p\u00e5 etnografiske tekster. Denne rekonstruksjonen b\u00f8r unders\u00f8kes som et eget religionssosiologisk tema.<\/p><p>For det tredje: Det ewenkiske spr\u00e5ket er i dag utrydningstruet; med det forsvinner ogs\u00e5 den direkte tilgangen til Buga-vokabular og -forestillinger. Spr\u00e5kbevaring og religionsbevaring blir her s\u00f8sterproblemer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga og bevaringen av det ewenkiske spr\u00e5ket<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det ewenkiske spr\u00e5ket er if\u00f8lge UNESCOs klassifisering \u00abutrydningstruet\u00bb; i dag har det bare noen f\u00e5 tusen aktive talere, hovedsakelig i den russiske f\u00f8derasjonen og i Nord-Kina. Med spr\u00e5ket forsvinner ogs\u00e5 den direkte tilgangen til Buga-vokabularet og de fine nyansene i den ewenkiske religionen.<\/p><p>Flere initiativer fors\u00f8ker \u00e5 stanse dette tapet. Det russiske vitenskapsakademiet (Institutt for spr\u00e5kforskning) og universitetet i Ulan-Ude driver dokumentasjonsprogrammer; i Folkerepublikken Kina finnes et lignende fors\u00f8k for den mandsju-tungusiske spr\u00e5kfamilien.<\/p><p>Dette er vitenskapelig relevant fordi religion og spr\u00e5k er tett sammenvevd. Tapet av det ewenkiske ordet <em>buga<\/em> ville ogs\u00e5 inneb\u00e6re tapet av en spesifikk religionsforst\u00e5else. Spr\u00e5kbevaring og religionsbevaring blir her s\u00f8sterprosjekter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga og den sirkumpolare h\u00f8ygudstradisjonen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Et sirkumpolart sammenligningsperspektiv viser Buga som et ledd i en bred familie av \u00abuniversets h\u00f8yguder\u00bb, som strekker seg fra Skandinavia (den samiske Radien) via Sibir (den samojediske Num, den ewenkiske Buga) til Nord-Amerika (algonkin Manitou, inuit Sila). I alle disse tilfellene smelter himmel, univers og h\u00f8ygud sammen til ett begrep.<\/p><p>Denne sirkumpolare forgreningen er gjenstand for intensiv forskning. Juha Pentik\u00e4inen har gitt en systematisk oversikt i <em>Shamanism and Culture<\/em> (1998); Mih\u00e1ly Hopp\u00e1l har utvidet den ungarske og sibirske sammenligningen i <em>Shamans and Traditions<\/em> (2007).<\/p><p>Hvorvidt det er tale om et genetisk slektskap (paleosibirske substrater som str\u00e5lte ut i alle retninger) eller en typologisk konvergens (samme funksjoner under like \u00f8kologiske forhold), er fortsatt omdiskutert. Buga er et av de rikest dokumenterte eksemplene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga og den ewenkiske tundra\u00f8konomien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den ewenkiske religionen er tett sammenvevd med reinsdyr-tundra\u00f8konomien. Buga er her b\u00e5de h\u00f8yguden og reinsdyrenes \u00abeier\u00bb; uten hans tillatelse kan intet reinsdyr jaktes. Den rituelle <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen av en gud eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00e5kallelsen<\/span> av Buga f\u00f8r jakten er derfor ikke bare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et menneskes levde religi\u00f8se holdning og praksis.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromhet<\/span>, men ogs\u00e5 \u00f8konomisk praksis.<\/p><p>A. F. Anisimov har i <em>Religia ewenkov<\/em> (1958) beskrevet denne sammenkoblingen i detalj. Den st\u00e5r i en bredere religionsantropologisk tradisjon som forst\u00e5r religion og \u00f8konomi ikke som separate sf\u00e6rer, men som en integrert livsprosess.<\/p><p>I dagens russiske f\u00f8derasjon er den ewenkiske tundra\u00f8konomien massivt truet av gruvedrift, oljeutvinning og klimaendringer. Med den er ogs\u00e5 Buga-komplekset i fare, et religions\u00f8kologisk forskningsfelt av h\u00f8yeste rang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fe9c4aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2fe9c4aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2067a37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2067a37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buga mellom himmel, verden og det h\u00f8yeste vesen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dfd4645 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2dfd4645\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ebe964b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ebe964b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Begrepet <em>Buga<\/em> h\u00f8rer til de tungusiske spr\u00e5kene, f\u00f8rst og fremst ewenkisk, og kan ikke entydig knyttes til \u00e9n enkelt betydning. Etnografiske opptegnelser gjengir ordet dels som himmel, dels som verden eller landskap, dels som betegnelse p\u00e5 et h\u00f8yeste vesen knyttet til himmelen.<\/p><p>Denne betydningsbredden er ikke en oversettelsesfeil, men peker p\u00e5 en forestilling der den levende verden, dens rom og den \u00f8verste kraften som virker i den, ikke ble tenkt som strengt skilt fra hverandre.<\/p><p>Kildene om <em>Buga<\/em> er sparsomme og stammer i stor grad fra 1800- og 1900-tallet. Russiske forskere og forvaltningstjenestemenn, senere sovjetiske etnografer som Sergei Sjirokogorov, som skrev grunnleggende arbeider om de tungusiske folkene og om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister har kontakt med \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanisme<\/span>, festet brokker av de religi\u00f8se forestillingene til papiret.<\/p><p>Sjirokogorov p\u00e5pekte imidlertid selv at mange av disse forestillingene allerede var omformet gjennom kontakt med russisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren som er anerkjent som rettroende.\" tabindex=\"0\">ortodoksi<\/span> og med n\u00e6rliggende religioner. En ren, uber\u00f8rt tungusisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vitenskapelige l\u00e6ren om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> kan ikke utledes av kildene.<\/p><p>I tillegg levde ewenkene spredt over et enormt omr\u00e5de fra Midt-Sibirien til Stillehavet, organisert i sm\u00e5, mobile grupper. Lokale variasjoner i forestillingene var derfor store, og det fantes ingen institusjon som fastsatte en enhetlig l\u00e6re.<\/p><p>Hva som ble forst\u00e5tt med <em>Buga<\/em>, kunne variere fra gruppe til gruppe. Seri\u00f8se framstillinger karakteriserer derfor <em>Buga<\/em> som et vanskelig fangbart begrep, som etter kontekst kan sikte mer mot det besjelede verdensrommet eller mer mot et h\u00f8yeste vesen, uten at de to aspektene kan skilles klart fra hverandre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (utvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Sergei Shirokogoroff: <em>Psychomental Complex of the Tungus<\/em> (1935)<\/li><li>A. F. Anisimov: <em>Religia ewenkov<\/em> (1958)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>G. M. Vasilevich: <em>Ewenki<\/em> (1969)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-bugatungus e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-bugatungus\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-bugatungus-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-bugatungus-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hos ewenke-tungusene regnes Buga som universets \u00f8verste herre, som omfatter himmel, jord og underverden, og som blir tilkalt i sjamansanger som en usynlig, allestedsn\u00e6rv\u00e6rende bakgrunn for alt levende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterte n\u00f8kkelbegreper: Buga Ewenker Tunguser Shirokogoroff Khargi seven Verdenstreet.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-buga-tungus\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og beskyttelsestradisjoner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard knytter seg til den kulturhistoriske tradisjonen med b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter, i tradisjonen fra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141129\">Sibir \/ tengrisme<\/a> og mange andre kulturer verden over. 41 lag, ekte gull, platina, s\u00f8lv, fremstilt i Tyskland. 30 dagers returrett.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personlige erfaringer kan variere. Ikke et medisinsk produkt. Ingen garanti for helbredelse.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-bugatungus-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-bugatungus-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ikke et medisinsk produkt<\/strong> og erstatter ingen medisinsk eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. Det religionsvitenskapelige innholdet er kulturhistorisk plassering, ikke en anbefaling om spirituell praksis.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2862,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buga h\u00f8ygud evenkene tungusene","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buga \u2013 tungusisk-evenkisk h\u00f8ygud, myte og kilder","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Buga er h\u00f8yguden til de tungusiske evenkene, identifisert med himmelen og universet. 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