{"id":141023,"date":"2026-09-03T09:15:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:15:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=141023"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:38:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:38:07","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"141023\" class=\"elementor elementor-141023 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, gud fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er en gud fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p><strong>Solgud, rettferdighetens vokter, lys over alle ting.<\/strong> Shamash (sumerisk Utu) er en av de mest dyrkede gudene i Mesopotamia, ikke som en vill flamme, men som en str\u00e5lende, jevn kraft for orden. Daglig kj\u00f8rer han over himmelen med sin vogn, ser alt det menneskene gj\u00f8r i det skjulte, og f\u00f8rer alt frem for retten. Ingen hemmelighet forblir skjult for Shamash, og ingen urett blir uten straff.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinne: Personifisert h\u00f8yeste makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der, naturkrefter, skjebne, krig, fruktbarhet. \u00c6res gjennom kulter, offer og tempelinstitusjoner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vugge for den dokumenterte religionen, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 f.Kr. til 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143277\" alt=\"Shamash - guder fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Snarveioversikt: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Mesopotamisk hovedgudom, solgud og gudommelig dommer<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av gudene i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Sumer (som Utu), Akkad\/Babylon\/Assur (som Shamash)<br>Funksjon: Sol, dagslys, rett, rettferdighet, sannhet<br>Hovedattributter: bevinget solskive, sag (skj\u00e6rer bort det falske), stav og ring<br>Hovedkultsteder: Sippar (hovedkultsted, E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som er dedikert til dyrkelsen av \u00e9n eller flere gudommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>S\u00f8sken: Sin (m\u00e5nen) som far, Inanna\/Ishtar som s\u00f8ster<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk innordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash er belagt siden den tidlige sumeriske tiden (3. \u00e5rtusen f.Kr.), solguden var hovedgudom i Sippar og Larsa. Shamash-tradisjonens hovedblomstringstid: den gammelbabylonske tiden (Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oppreist stein- eller treplate med inskripsjon eller bilder.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> viser Shamash som gudommelig dommer, som overleverer lovkodeksen til Hammurabi).<\/p><p>Fortsatt sentral i det nybabylonske og assyriske riket. Med det babylonske rikets nedgang (1. \u00e5rh. e.Kr.) opph\u00f8rer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en gudom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hovedkultsteder: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (dagens Tell Abu Habba, nord for Babylon) med solguden-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelet<\/span> <em>E-babbar<\/em> (&laquo;Det hvite hus&raquo;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (s\u00f8r, ogs\u00e5 med et E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), Babylon, Ninive, Mari. Gravgaver funnet i tusenvis av babylonsk-assyriske graver vitner om kultens utbredelse. I de bibelske tekstene omtalt som <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = &laquo;Solens hus&raquo;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Sentrale kilder: <em>Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oppreist stein- eller treplate med inskripsjon eller bilder.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span><\/em> (ca. 1750 f.Kr., Shamash overleverer loven), <em>Codex Hammurabi<\/em>-prologen, den store <em>Shamash-hymnen<\/em> (gammelbabylonsk), tavlen til Nabu-apla-iddina (9. \u00e5rh. f.Kr., malt Shamash-solskive), besvergelsestavler. Sekund\u00e6rlitteratur: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betegnelse og skrivem\u00e5ter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash fremstilles som en herskerlig mann med str\u00e5lende diadem eller solkrone, ofte med en skiveformet sol over hodet. Han sitter p\u00e5 en trone eller st\u00e5r i sin vogn, som trekkes av to gl\u00f8dende hester.<\/p><p>Noen ganger har han en flammeaura eller er omgitt av lysstr\u00e5ler. Den \u00e5ttestr\u00e5lede stjerneskiven (<em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som representerer en id\u00e9 eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span><\/em>) er hans kjennetegn. En dommerstav eller et rettferdighetens sverd kan f\u00f8lge ham.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er gud for solen og rettferdigheten, to krefter som er n\u00e6rt forbundet. Dommere ba til ham i retten for \u00e5 fatte rettferdige dommer. De syke tilkalte ham for helbredelse, siden solen helbreder og renser. Flodguden (Ea\/Enki) st\u00e5r under Shamash&#8217; tilsyn, vann trenger sollys for \u00e5 bli fruktbart.<\/p><p>Hans hovedtempel var <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (glansens hus) i Sippar, et ber\u00f8mt senter for astronomi og rettsvitenskap. Daglig offret prestene ved soloppgangen og ba for hans tilbakekomst. Shamash var ikke bare dyrket, men elsket, den mest p\u00e5litelige av alle guder.<\/p><h3>Skikkelse og symbolikk<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> fremstilles som en skjegget mann i en solskive eller omgitt av str\u00e5lende lys. Han b\u00e6rer ofte kongelige kl\u00e6r og en krone som fremstiller solskiven. I h\u00e5nden holder han noen ganger et rettferdighetens septer eller solens flammer.<\/p><p>Kroppen hans er gyllen og lysende. Tyren eller hesten er noen ganger hans hellige dyr, siden de f\u00f8lger solen. <em>Shamash<\/em> fremstilles ofte med vinger eller lysauraer. Solens fire str\u00e5ler er hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som representerer en id\u00e9 eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Steckbrief: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene av Shamash p\u00e5 et blikk. Feltene nedenfor oppsummerer opprinnelse, funksjon, skikkelse, tilbedelse, symboler og paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturkontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er s\u00f8nn av m\u00e5negudens <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) og <em>Ningal<\/em>, bror til kj\u00e6rlighets- og krigsgudinnen <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. Ektemann til <em>Aya<\/em> (morgengryets gudinne). I den teogoniske ordenen tilh\u00f8rer han det babylonske pantheons andre generasjon. I det nybabylonske riket nesten likestilt med Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virkningsgjenstand<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Solgud og gudommelig dommer. Hans \u00f8ye ser alt, derfor r\u00e5r han over forbrytelser og rettferdighet. Eder avlegges \u00abfor Shamash\u00bb; rettsdommer kalles <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (Shamashs dommer). Sammen med Adad (v\u00e6rgud) er han hovedforkynner av de gudommelige budskapene (varseltekster). Beskytter av de reisende (s\u00e6rlig om dagen) og av sp\u00e5domskunsten. Vokter av de forsvarsl\u00f8se: enker, foreldrel\u00f8se, slaver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf, som en skjegget mannsfigur med h\u00f8y hatt-diadem (ofte med solskive), i lang, flerlaget kappe. Karakteristiske attributter: <em>solstr\u00e5ler fra skuldrene<\/em> (eller en solskive p\u00e5 toppen), <em>sag<\/em> (i h\u00e5nden, den skj\u00e6rer bort det falske) og <em>stav og ring<\/em> (rettens insignier).<\/p><p>Ofte sittende p\u00e5 en trone med solstr\u00e5lene. P\u00e5 Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oppreist, innskrevet eller utsmykket stein- eller treplate.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> vendt mot kongen, og overrekker ham lovkodeksen. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som representerer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span>: bevinget solskive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamashs virke<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Shamash ble tilkalt av dommere, reisende, sp\u00e5menn og alle som s\u00f8kte rettferdighet. Offer ble gjort f\u00f8r rettsforhandlinger. Sentralt i sp\u00e5domskunst: leversp\u00e5dom (haruspicium) og olje-p\u00e5-vann-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tydningen av tegn for \u00e5 avdekke det skjulte eller fremtiden.\" tabindex=\"0\">sp\u00e5dom<\/span> (lekanomanti) var Shamash-praksiser. Personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gud eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anrop<\/span> ble brukt f\u00f8r viktige avgj\u00f8relser, ved reiser og ved rettssaker. Sippar var pilegrimsm\u00e5l for de som s\u00f8kte sp\u00e5dom og rettferdighet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsesmidler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Solstr\u00e5ler fra skuldrene, bevinget solskive, sag (som skj\u00e6rer bort det falske), stav og ring (rettens insignier), h\u00f8y hatt-diadem, lang kappe, okse (sekund\u00e6rt dyr). Planter: tamarisk. Hellig tall: 20. Hellig retning: \u00f8st (soloppgang).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beslektede vesener<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumerisk, forl\u00f8per), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebraisk), <em>Ra\/Re<\/em> (Egypt, viktigste solgud), <em>Helios<\/em> (Grekenland), <em>Sol<\/em> (Roma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (senromersk), <em>Surya<\/em> (hinduismen), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Japan, kvinnelig solgudinne), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persisk, solguden for rettferdighet). Funksjonelt: alle gudommelige dommere (Yama, Anubis, Hades-aspekter) deler Shamashs funksjoner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktisk beskyttelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Dyrkelsesritualer<\/h3><p>Shamash, sol- og rettferdighetsguden, hadde sitt viktigste kultsentrum i E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som brukes til dyrkelse av en eller flere guder.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempelet<\/span> i Sippar (og Larsa). Daglige offer ved soloppgang (&laquo;nu\u1e2batim&raquo;, bakt br\u00f8d, dadler, \u00f8l) var en plikt for prestenes <em>\u0161angu<\/em>-klasse.<\/p><p>Midtsommerfesten <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f8ytidelig religi\u00f8s prosesjon.\" tabindex=\"0\">prosesjon<\/span> av gudestatuen til Eufrats bredd er dokumentert fra Hammurabis tid (18. \u00e5rhundre f.Kr.); ogs\u00e5 Hammurabi-kodeksen selv begynner med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gud eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">anrop<\/span> til Shamash som rettferdighetens garant (jf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Anrop og hymner<\/h3><p>Den \u00abStore Shamash-hymnen\u00bb (BWL 121-138, Lambert), p\u00e5 over 200 linjer, er en av de mest sentrale hymnetekstene i akkadisk religion. Daglige morgenanrop begynte med \u00ab\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u00bb (Shamash, styrer av de fire verdenshj\u00f8rner). F\u00f8r rettssaker ble Shamash tilkalt som \u00f8yenvitne.<\/p><h3>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/h3><p>Solsymboler (bevinget solskive, firestr\u00e5let stjerne i en sirkel) finnes p\u00e5 babylonske sylindersegl (jf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Solplaketter av karneol eller bergkrystall ble b\u00e5ret som beskyttelse mot sykdom og urett. Solringen med tolv str\u00e5ler (Babylon, 7. \u00e5rhundre f.Kr.) symboliserer Shamashs allestedsn\u00e6rv\u00e6r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash likner den egyptiske Ra eller Aton, begge er solguder med altseende blikk. Med den greske Apollon deler han aspekter av orden og helbredelse. Den hebraiske guden beskrives noen ganger med Shamash-funksjoner, som den allseende og dommeren.<\/p><p>I indiske kulturer likner han Surya, solguden, eller Mitra, guden for pakter og rettferdighet. Shamash forblir i alle kulturer en sentral figur for orden og lys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Codex Hammurapi og solen som dommer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest kjente forbindelsen mellom Shamash og den kongelige rettspraksisen vises i relieffet p\u00e5 toppen av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oppreist, innskrevet eller utsmykket stein- eller treplate.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> til <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, i dag i Louvre. Fremstilt er den babylonske kongen Hammurapi, som st\u00e5r foran en tronende gud.<\/p><p>Den eldre forskningen tolket lenge figuren som Shamash, fordi str\u00e5ler vokser ut fra gudens skuldre og han overrekker en ring og en stav, insignier som i den mesopotamiske billedspr\u00e5ken var forbundet med overf\u00f8ring av rettslig myndighet. Enkelte forskere har alternativt foresl\u00e5tt Marduk, men str\u00e5lenes attributter taler for Shamash.<\/p><p>Innholdsmessig passer scenen med tekstens egen selvforst\u00e5else. I prologen og epilogen til kodeksen henviser Hammurapi flere ganger til at han har opprettet retten i landet, og Shamash fremst\u00e5r der som guden som garanterer rett og rettferdighet.<\/p><p>Solguden ser alt som skjer om dagen, og denne allsidige innsikten gjorde ham i den mesopotamiske forestillingen til den naturlige garanten for ed, pakt og dom.<\/p><p>Denne rollen er eldre enn Hammurapi. Allerede i sumeriske hymner til Utu, forl\u00f8peren til Shamash, blir guden bedt om \u00e5 avdekke urett og st\u00f8tte den undertrykte. I rettsdokumenter og edsformularer fra det andre og f\u00f8rste \u00e5rtusen forekommer hans navn regelmessig. Den som br\u00f8t en ed ved Shamash, utsatte seg for hans straff.<\/p><p>Forbindelsen mellom lysmetaforikk og rettsid\u00e9, lyset som bringer det skjulte for dagen, er s\u00e5 konsekvent gjennomf\u00f8rt i kildene at den kan betraktes som et grunntrekk i den mesopotamiske gudsforestillingen. Den viser samtidig hvor tett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> og sosial orden var knyttet sammen i denne kulturen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar og Larsa: de store kultsentrene<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash hadde to hovedtempler, begge kalt <em>E-babbar<\/em>, det glinsende eller hvite huset. Det ene l\u00e5 i Sippar i den nordlige delen av Babylonia, det andre i Larsa i s\u00f8r. Begge byene ble i \u00e5rtusener regnet som de sentrale stedene for solkulten, og deres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">templer<\/span> ble gjenoppbygget og utstyrt av tallrike herskere.<\/p><p>For Sippar er kildesituasjonen s\u00e6rlig god. Utgravningene har gitt omfattende tempelarkiver fra oldbabylonsk og nybabylonsk tid, som gir innsyn i helligdommens \u00f8konomi, forvaltning og personale. Et mye omtalt objekt er den s\u00e5kalte solplaten til Nabu-apla-iddina, en steintavle fra det niende \u00e5rhundre f\u00f8r v\u00e5r tidsregning.<\/p><p>Den viser i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En plastisk opph\u00f8yet fremstilling utarbeidet fra en flate.\" tabindex=\"0\">relieff<\/span> den tronende Shamash og forteller i teksten hvordan kongen, etter lang tids fors\u00f8mmelse, lot lage et nytt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Billedlig fremstilling av en guddom som tilbes i tempelet eller helligdommen.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbilde<\/span> for guden, etter at en gammel leirmodell var funnet. Teksten dokumenterer dermed ogs\u00e5 omsorgen for \u00e5 gjenopprette et forsvunnet kultbilde p\u00e5 riktig m\u00e5te.<\/p><p>I Larsa opplevde Shamash-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> en storhetstid under konger som Rim-Sin. Ogs\u00e5 her lot herskere E-babbar bli fornyet, og byggeinnskrifter dokumenterer deres stiftelser. Kontinuiteten er p\u00e5fallende: selv den nybabylonske kongen Nabonid, som ellers s\u00e6rlig er kjent for sin fremme av m\u00e5negudens Sin, tok seg av soltemplene i begge byene.<\/p><p>Fordoblingen av kultsentrene i nord og s\u00f8r gjenspeiler Babylonias geografiske struktur og sikret solguden en landsdekkende tilstedev\u00e6relse som hevet ham over lokale bindinger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash i sp\u00e5domskunsten og i Gilgamesh-eposet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Foruten sin rolle som dommer var Shamash guden for innvollsskue og orakelpraksis. Den mesopotamiske leversp\u00e5dommen, der prester leste tegn i offerdyrenes lever, rettet ofte sine sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l til Shamash sammen med v\u00e6rguden Adad.<\/p><p>S\u00e5kalte offerskueb\u00f8nner, i forskningen ofte kalt <em>tamitu<\/em>-tekster eller foresp\u00f8rsler til <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et sted eller en institusjon der man innhenter et gudommelig svar.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraklet<\/span>, formulerte konkrete sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l, for eksempel om et felttog ville lykkes, og ba guden skrive sitt svar i innvollene. Dermed var Shamash ikke bare den som avsl\u00f8rte eksisterende urett, men ogs\u00e5 den som meddelte det skjulte om fremtiden.<\/p><p>I <em>Gilgamesh-eposet<\/em> fremst\u00e5r Shamash som heltenes beskyttergud. F\u00f8r felttoget mot Chumbaba, vokteren av sedertreskogen, vender Gilgamesh seg til solguden og ber om bistand. Shamash sender da vinder som trenger inn p\u00e5 Chumbaba og gir helten det avgj\u00f8rende overtaket.<\/p><p>Da Enkidu senere ligger for d\u00f8den og uttaler sin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Spr\u00e5kformel som brukes for \u00e5 p\u00e5f\u00f8re en person eller sak ulykke.\" tabindex=\"0\">forbannelse<\/span> over skj\u00f8gen som f\u00f8rte ham inn i sivilisasjonen, er det Shamash som formaner ham og minner ham om det gode han har opplevd. Enkidu trekker deretter <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Spr\u00e5kformel som brukes for \u00e5 p\u00e5f\u00f8re en person eller sak ulykke.\" tabindex=\"0\">forbannelsen<\/span> tilbake.<\/p><p>Disse episodene viser Shamash som en ordnende, moderende instans i fortellingen. Han griper ikke vilk\u00e5rlig inn, men st\u00f8tter dem som vender seg til ham, og kaller til besinnelse der overmot truer. Dermed passer hans rolle i eposet inn i det helhetsbildet som hymnene og rettstekstene tegner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fra Utu til Shamash: etymologi og sumeriske r\u00f8tter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet Shamash er det akkadiske ordet for sol og h\u00f8rer til en felles-semittisk ordstamme som ogs\u00e5 finnes i beslektet form p\u00e5 hebraisk som <em>shemesh<\/em>, p\u00e5 arabisk som <em>shams<\/em> og i andre semittiske spr\u00e5k. Guden og himmellegemet b\u00e6rer alts\u00e5 samme navn, noe som understreker den n\u00e6re sammenhengen mellom naturfenomen og gudommelig person.<\/p><p>Den sumeriske forgjengeren het Utu. Med sammensmeltningen av sumerisk og akkadisk religion i l\u00f8pet av det tredje og andre \u00e5rtusen ble Utu og Shamash i stor grad likestilt, uten at den eldre skikkelsen helt forsvant. I tospr\u00e5klige tekster st\u00e5r begge navnene side ved side.<\/p><p>Utu ble allerede i sumerisk tid regnet som s\u00f8nn av m\u00e5negudens Nanna og Ningal, og som bror til Inanna, den senere Ishtar. Disse familierelasjonene ble overtatt i de akkadiske tekstene: Shamash er s\u00f8nn av Sin og bror til Ishtar.<\/p><p>Bemerkelsesverdig er solens stilling som barn av m\u00e5nen. I mange andre mytologier gjelder omvendt solen som det h\u00f8yerest\u00e5ende eller eldre himmellegemet. Den mesopotamiske ordningen forklares ofte med at m\u00e5negudens kult i Ur hadde en s\u00e6rlig gammel og prestisjefylt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en guddom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultstatus<\/span>.<\/p><p>Genealogien gjenspeiler dermed heller kultsentrenes historie enn en systematisk astronomi. Ogs\u00e5 skrivem\u00e5ten av navnet er opplysende: solteknet kunne leses b\u00e5de sumerisk som Utu og akkadisk som Shamash, slik at tekstene ofte lar det st\u00e5 \u00e5pent hvilken spr\u00e5kform skriveren hadde i sinnet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resepsjon: solguden i forskningen om det gamle Orienten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash er en av de gudene som tidlig ble kjent igjen etter at kileskriften ble tydet i det nittende \u00e5rhundret.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En oppreist, innskrevet eller utsmykket stein- eller treplate.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> med <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, funnet i 1901 og 1902 av en fransk ekspedisjon i Susa, gjorde bildet av den tronende guden med str\u00e5lene fra skuldrene til en av de mest kjente framstillingene fra det gamle Orienten. Den er avbildet i utallige oppslagsverk og preger fortsatt den popul\u00e6re forestillingen om mesopotamisk religion.<\/span><\/p><p>I den vitenskapelige diskusjonen har det lenge st\u00e5tt i forgrunnen hvor tett den mesopotamiske solkulten var knyttet til rettsforestillinger, og om denne forbindelsen spredte seg til nabokulturer.<\/p><p>Religionshistorikere har diskutert paralleller til rettsmetaforer om lys i vestsemittiske og bibelske tekster, for eksempel der rettferdighet og frelse sammenlignes med solens oppgang. Slike sammenligninger b\u00f8r trekkes med forsiktighet, siden lignende metaforer kan oppst\u00e5 uavhengig av hverandre, men det mesopotamiske materialet er s\u00e6rlig godt belagt p\u00e5 grunn av kildemengden.<\/p><p>For den moderne utforskningen er utgivelsene av hymner og b\u00f8nner grunnleggende, blant dem den store Shamash-hymnen, som er overlevert i flere tekstvitner og som utfyllende priser guden som den allseende vokteren av rettferdighet.<\/p><p>Den er gjentatte ganger blitt oversatt og kommentert og regnes som en av de mest imponerende religi\u00f8se tekstene fra Mesopotamia. Den som beskjeftiger seg med det mesopotamiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede mengden av guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonet<\/span>, kan g\u00e5 videre fra Shamash til beslektede gestalter, for eksempel til hans far <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141249\">Sin<\/a> eller til hans s\u00f8ster <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141012\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141012\">Ishtar, s\u00f8ster<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140929\">Marduk, overordnet i det nybabylonske panteonet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\">Mesopotamia, oversikt over panteonet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140921\">H\u00f8ygudheter, underkategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140892\">Guder, oversikt over klasser<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (utvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (oppslagsord \u00abShamash\u00bb).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 solgud og rettferdighetens vokter","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, mesopotamisk solgud og rettferdighetens vokter. Rolle i Hammurabis lovkodeks, templer i Sippar og Larsa, daglig ferd over himmelen.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-141023","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash \u2013 solgud og rettferdighetens vokter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, mesopotamisk solgud og rettferdighetens vokter. 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