{"id":141012,"date":"2026-09-03T09:15:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=141012"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:37:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:37:48","slug":"ishtar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/ishtar\/","title":{"rendered":"Ishtar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"141012\" class=\"elementor elementor-141012 elementor-2063 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, gudinne fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar er en gudinne fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>Gudinne for kj\u00e6rlighet, krig og Venus, en vill herskerinne over himmelen. Ishtar (sumerisk Inanna) er den mektigste kvinnelige gudinnen i Mesopotamia og lar seg vanskelig temme. Hun er p\u00e5 samme tid forf\u00f8rende og krigersk, \u00f8m og vred, en gudinne som skjenker konger seier og ford\u00f8mmer dem i neste stund.<\/p><p>Fra Uruk hersker hun over kj\u00e6rligheten og morgenstjernen, og hun er menneskenes favorittgudinne, fryktet selv av gudene.<p>Ishtar (sumerisk Inanna) er den sentrale kvinnelige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som gud innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">guddommen<\/span> i det mesopotamiske pantheonet, og hun forener de tilsynelatende motstridende sf\u00e6rene kj\u00e6rlighet, krig og kongemakt.<\/p><p>Hymnetekstene hennes (Enheduanna, ca. 2300 f.Kr.) er blant de eldste bevarte autoriserte religi\u00f8se tekstene. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myten<\/span> om Inannas ferd til underverdenen er en av n\u00f8kkeltekstene i mesopotamisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vitenskapelige l\u00e6ren om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>. Kulten hennes spredte seg over det semittiske spr\u00e5komr\u00e5det og p\u00e5virket senere Afrodite- og Astarte-kulter. Som gudinne for kj\u00e6rlighet og krig satte Ishtar varige spor i den religi\u00f8se forestillingsverdenen i Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinne: Personifisert h\u00f8yeste makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der som naturkrefter, skjebne, krig og fruktbarhet. Tilbedt gjennom kulter, offer og tempelinstitusjoner.\">Gudinne<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vuggen for den dokumenterte religionen, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 f.Kr. til 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143280\" alt=\"Ishtar - guder fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_ishtar.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rask oversikt: Ishtar<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Mesopotamisk hovedgudinne, gudinne for kj\u00e6rlighet og krig<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede mengden av guder i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Akkad\/Babylon\/Assur (sumerisk motstykke: Inanna)<br>Funksjon: Kj\u00e6rlighet, seksuell lyst, krig, kosmisk makt, Venus-stjernen<br>Hovedattributter: Stjernekrone, l\u00f8ve som ridedyr, pil og bue, \u00e5ttestjerne (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som st\u00e5r for en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>)<br>Hovedkultsteder: Ninive (E-mash-mash-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), Uruk (Eanna), Babylon (Ishtar-porten)<br>Astronomisk identifikasjon: Venus (Dilbat)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk innordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar er belagt siden den gammelakkadiske tiden (3. \u00e5rtusen f.Kr.), en akkadisering av den sumeriske <em>Inanna<\/em> (i Uruk). Hovedblomstringstiden for kulten hennes var den gammel-, middel- og nybabylonske perioden.<\/p><p>I det assyriske riket var hun hovedgudinne i Ninive og Arbela, skytshelgen for de assyriske kongene. Den ber\u00f8mte <em>Ishtar-porten<\/em> i Babylon (i dag i Berlin) er ett av de best bevarte antikke byggverkene. I den bibelske tradisjonen omtales hun som <em>Ashtoreth<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hovedkultsteder: <strong>Ninive<\/strong> (E-mash-mash-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, senassyrisk hovedkultsted), <strong>Uruk<\/strong> (Eanna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> som Inanna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et sted helliget tilbedelsen av en guddom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdom<\/span>), <strong>Babylon<\/strong> (Ishtar-porten, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> i Esagila-komplekset), <strong>Arbela<\/strong> (i dag Erbil, en av de eldste kontinuerlig bebodde byene). I Akkad var hun Sargons hovedgudinne. I Middelhavsomr\u00e5det ble hun, via Astarte, en forl\u00f8per til Afrodite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sentrale kilder: <em>Inanna-og-Dumuzi<\/em>-mytesyklusen (Sumer), <em>Inannas nedstigning til underverdenen<\/em>, <em>Gilgamesh-eposet<\/em> (tavle VI, Ishtar krever at Gilgamesh gifter seg med henne), <em>Inanna og Enki<\/em>, <em>Ishtar-hymnen<\/em>, nyassyriske innskrifter om Ishtar av Arbela. Sekund\u00e6rlitteratur: Wolkstein\/Kramer, <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em>; Foster, <em>Before the Muses<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar avbildes i dobbel skikkelse: \u00f8verst i et gjennomsiktig klesplagg, med maktens krone, med naken eller krigersk kropp; nederst rustet som en kriger med lanse og skjold, med en l\u00f8ve eller panter ved sine f\u00f8tter.<\/p><p>Den \u00e5ttespissede stjernekronen kjennetegner henne, et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som st\u00e5r for en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> for morgenstjernen (Venus). Hennes v\u00e5pen er <em>piyattu<\/em> (ildlansen). En skorpion eller en due kan f\u00f8lge henne. Ofte avbildes hun knelende eller st\u00e5ende i krigersk positur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kjennetegn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar er gudinnen for hellig prostitusjon, en krigerinne og vokter av rett og makt. Hun bestemmer utfallet av kamper og velsigner eller ford\u00f8mmer konger etter eget lune. I <em>Ishtars nedstigning<\/em> ledes hun gjennom underverdenens syv porter som straff for sin hovmod, en dyp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span>-fortelling om kvinnelig makt og dens grenser.<\/p><p>De <em>hierodulene<\/em> (hellige prestinner) tjente i hennes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>. Det ble holdt store fester til hennes \u00e6re, liturgiske bryllup (<em>hieros gamos<\/em>) med konger, og i krigstider masseoffer. Ishtar var menneskenes gudinne, umiddelbart tilkalt, umiddelbart fryktet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Ishtar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene av Ishtar p\u00e5 et blikk. De f\u00f8lgende feltene oppsummerer opprinnelse, funksjon, fremtoning, tilbedelse, symboler og paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar er datter av m\u00e5negudens <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) og <em>Ningal<\/em>, s\u00f8ster av solguden <em>Shamash<\/em>. I den sumeriske parallellen er hun <em>Inanna<\/em>, datter av An og Nammu. Kj\u00e6rlighetsgudinnens gemal er <em>Dumuzi<\/em> (Tammuz p\u00e5 akkadisk), en ung hyrde- og vegetasjonsgud.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opprinnelse og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Myten<\/span> om <em>Inannas nedstigning<\/em>: hun stiger ned i underverdenen til sin s\u00f8ster Ereshkigal, blir der f\u00f8rst drept og deretter gjenopplivet av Ea. Dumuzi m\u00e5 som soning stige ned i underverdenen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rettet mot<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dobbelfunksjon: kj\u00e6rlighets- og krigsgudinne (forent i \u00e9n skikkelse, en konstellasjon uten sidestykke i den antikke verden). Kj\u00e6rlighetsaspektet: seksuell lyst, erotisk attraksjon, ekteskapsinng\u00e5else. Krigsaspektet: kongeslag, h\u00e6rf\u00f8ring. Astronomisk: morgen- og aftenstjerne (Venus). I den personlige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av de religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlingene for en gudom eller hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> ogs\u00e5 kvinnenes beskytter, tempelprestinnenes (<em>nadi-tu<\/em>) og sp\u00e5kvinnenes patroninne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtars fremtoning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf som en vakker ung kvinne i lang, fleirlaget kjole, med <em>stjernekrone<\/em> eller h\u00f8yt hatt-diadem. Karakteristiske attributter: <em>pil og bue<\/em> (krig), <em>dobbel stridsklubbe<\/em> (krig), <em>\u00e5ttestjernen<\/em> (hennes hovedsymbol, representerer Venus). Ridedyr: <em>l\u00f8ve<\/em> (ofte st\u00e5ende p\u00e5 et l\u00f8vepar). Ogs\u00e5 nakenform (Inanna-Astarte-tradisjon) p\u00e5 terrakotta-relieffer. I nybabylonsk tid ble \u00e5ttestjernen alene brukt som gudommelig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som st\u00e5r for en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> p\u00e5 steler og segl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virksomhet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Ishtar ble tilkalt av alle samfunnslag, i kj\u00e6rlighetsanliggender av kvinner, f\u00f8r slag av konger, i sp\u00e5domskunst av prester.<\/p><p>De assyriske kongene (Sargon II, Sanherib, Asarhaddon) var hennes spesielle beskyttede, ved hvert felttog kalte kongen p\u00e5 \u00abIshtar av Arbela\u00bb. I Uruk drev <em>nadi-tu<\/em>-tempelprestinnene tempeldriften. Personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gudom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbedelse<\/span> med r\u00f8kelse av sedertre og risting av f\u00e5rekj\u00f8tt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c5ttestjerne (hovedsymbol, representerer Venus), pil og bue, dobbel stridsklubbe, l\u00f8ve (ridedyr), stjernekrone, h\u00f8yt hatt-diadem, fleirlaget kjole. Planter: seder, dadler, lilje. Hellige dyr: l\u00f8ve (s\u00e6rlig ledsaget av mu\u0161hu\u0161\u0161u-drager), slange.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Inanna<\/em> (Sumer, forgjenger), <em>Astarte<\/em> (F\u00f8nikia, nesten identisk overtakelse), <em>Anat<\/em> (Ugarit), <em>Ashtoreth<\/em> (hebraisk, bibelsk omtale), <em>Afrodite<\/em> (Hellas, kj\u00e6rlighetsaspektet), <em>Athene<\/em> (Hellas, krigsaspektet), <em>Venus<\/em> (Roma, astronomisk), <em>Hathor<\/em> (Egypt, sen synkretisering), <em>Fr\u00f8ya<\/em> (germansk, kj\u00e6rlighet og valg av falne), <em>Durga<\/em> (hinduisme, krigsgudinne p\u00e5 l\u00f8ve).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktisk beskyttelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tilbedelsesritualer<\/strong><\/p><p>Ishtar (sumerisk Inanna) var en av de mest sentrale gudommene i Mesopotamia, samtidig kj\u00e6rlighets-, kriger- og Venus-gudinne. Hennes hovedhelligdom var Eanna i Uruk (4.-3. \u00e5rtusen f.Kr.).<\/p><p>Hellig-bryllup-ritene <em>hieros gamos<\/em> (sumerisk <em>nig-mussa-tum<\/em>) mellom kongen og den h\u00f8ye prestinnen som Inanna-inkarnasjon er belagt fra \u0160ulgi\/Sin-Iddinam (Ur III) (jf. Frymer-Kensky, <em>In the Wake of the Goddesses<\/em>). Tempelprostitusjon (sumerisk <em>nu-gig<\/em>) var en del av hennes tilbedelse, et religionsvitenskapelig omstridt funn (jf. Lambert, Roth).<\/p><p><strong>Tilbedelser<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abInannas nedstigning til underverdenen\u00bb (sumerisk, Kramer, <em>The Sumerians<\/em>) og den akkadiske parallellen \u00abIshtars nedstigning til d\u00f8dsriket\u00bb (Foster) er de sentrale mytetekstene. \u00abDen store Ishtar-hymnen\u00bb av Naram-Sin (Akkad, ca. 2250 f.Kr.) er den tidligste personlige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gudom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbedelsen<\/span> av henne. Ritualb\u00f8nnen \u00ab\u0161u\u02beila\u00bb (h\u00e5ndhevingsb\u00f8nn) var ofte rettet til Ishtar ved personlig krise.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c5ttekantet stjerne (Venus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som st\u00e5r for en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>) p\u00e5 babylonske sylindersegl og grensesteiner (jf. Black\/Green). L\u00f8veledsager (hun rir p\u00e5 en l\u00f8ve, syv-l\u00f8ve-vogn). Apotropeiske leirfigurer av nakne kvinner med hendene under brystene (Ishtar-bilder) ble gravlagt i husvegger (Ur, Larsa, Sippar, Woolleys utgravninger).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Ishtar deler kj\u00e6rligheten med Afrodite (Hellas), og krigsaspektet med Athene (Hellas). Med Isis (Egypt) forbinder hun den ugjennomtrengelige kvinnelige makten. I indiske kulturer ligner hun Durga eller Kali, et vilt, destruktivt, men livsn\u00f8dvendig kvinnelig prinsipp. Ingen annen gammelorientalsk gudinne er s\u00e5 psykologisk kompleks og kulturelt sentral som Ishtar.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b1f45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b1f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66dddd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp66dddd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inanna og Ishtar: en gudinne p\u00e5 to spr\u00e5k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp466eb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp466eb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf447111 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf447111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bak navnet Ishtar st\u00e5r en av de eldste og viktigste gudinnene i Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>I de sumeriske kildene heter hun <em>Inanna<\/em>, mens hun i de senere akkadiske, babylonske og assyriske tekstene kalles <em>Ishtar<\/em>. Forskningen g\u00e5r ut fra at den akkadiske Ishtar i stor grad ble likestilt med den sumeriske Inanna, men at det samtidig oppsto en opprinnelig selvstendig semittisk gudinne som ble en del av denne gestalten. Gjennom flere \u00e5rtusener vokste ulike tradisjonslinjer sammen.<\/p><p>Ishtar forener virkeomr\u00e5der som ved f\u00f8rste blikk kan virke motstridende. Hun er gudinnen for kj\u00e6rlighet og seksualitet, og samtidig en krigsgudinne. Hun st\u00e5r for lyst og attraksjon like mye som for kamp og vold.<\/p><p>Den eldre forskningen har til tider sett dette som en motsetning, eller som to gudinner som eksisterte side om side. Nyere arbeider legger heller vekt p\u00e5 at begge omr\u00e5der i den mesopotamiske tenkningen er forbundet gjennom en fellesegenskap: en grensesprengende, ordensoppl\u00f8sende kraft som virker b\u00e5de i lidenskapen og i krigen.<\/p><p>Hennes astrale aspekt er planeten Venus. Som morgen- og aftenstjerne ble Ishtar forbundet med det mest fremtredende himmellegemet etter sol og m\u00e5ne. Ogs\u00e5 her viser hennes dobbeltnatur seg, siden planeten opptrer b\u00e5de om morgenen og om kvelden.<\/p><p>Denne forbindelsen til Venus har stor religionshistorisk betydning, siden den utgj\u00f8r en bro til de senere kj\u00e6rlighetsgudinnene i Middelhavsomr\u00e5det, til den f\u00f8nikiske Astarte og til den greske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141093\">Afrodite<\/a>, som ogs\u00e5 ble forbundet med planeten Venus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp17a967f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp17a967f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04c62b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb04c62b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtars nedstigning til underverdenen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe59b334 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe59b334\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped066e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cped066e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest kjente sammenhengende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> om Ishtar er hennes nedstigning til underverdenen. Den er overlevert b\u00e5de i en eldre sumerisk versjon, <em>Inannas nedstigning til underverdenen<\/em>, og i en kortere akkadisk versjon, <em>Ishtars ferd til d\u00f8dsriket<\/em>. Gudinnen bestemmer seg for \u00e5 stige ned til d\u00f8dsriket, som styres av s\u00f8steren Ereshkigal.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 veien gjennom underverdenens syv porter m\u00e5 Ishtar ved hver port legge fra seg et klesplagg eller et smykke, et tegn p\u00e5 hennes makt.<\/p><p>Naken og fratatt sine insignier trer hun til slutt fram for Ereshkigal og blir der drept, og liket hennes blir hengt opp. Med kj\u00e6rlighetsgudinnens d\u00f8d opph\u00f8rer all fruktbarhet p\u00e5 jorden, og mennesker og dyr f\u00e5r ikke lenger avkom.<\/p><p>Etter at de h\u00f8yere gudene griper inn, blir Ishtar gjenopplivet og f\u00e5r forlate underverdenen, men d\u00f8dsrikets lov krever en erstatning. I den sumeriske versjonen blir hennes ektemann Dumuzi, p\u00e5 akkadisk Tammuz, utpekt til dette; han m\u00e5 derfor tilbringe en del av \u00e5ret i underverdenen.<\/p><p>Denne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> er viktig for <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vitenskapen som utforsker religioner sammenlignende og uten trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvitenskapen<\/span> p\u00e5 flere m\u00e5ter. Den forbinder en gudinne med skiftet mellom fruktbarhet og ufruktbarhet, og gir dermed et tidlig eksempel p\u00e5 det utbredte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> med vegetasjonsguden som tidvis er bundet til underverdenen.<\/p><p>Samtidig viser den gradvise avleggingen av insignier ved de syv portene en gjennomtenkt rituell forestillingsverden. Den eldre tolkningen som ren vegetasjonsmyte anses i dag som for snever; forskningen legger n\u00e5 st\u00f8rre vekt p\u00e5 temaene makt, avmakt og grensen mellom verdenene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83c3e12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp83c3e12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe241c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe241c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tempel, prestesjap og kultpraksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2ed9a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2ed9a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp598d56f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp598d56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ishtar hadde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere gudheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">templer<\/span> og helligdommer i mange byer i Mesopotamia. Et gammelt sentrum for kulten hennes var byen Uruk, der det store <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et hellig sted viet tilbedelsen av en gudhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">helligdommen<\/span> <em>Eanna<\/em>, himmelens hus, l\u00e5.<\/p><p>Ogs\u00e5 i Ninive og andre assyriske byer var hun en ledende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som guddommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudhet<\/span>; de assyriske kongene tilkalte Ishtar som hjelper i slag og tilskrev henne seirer.<\/p><p>Kultpraksisen omfattet en mangfoldig krets av tempelansatte og kultisk virksomme personer. Kileskriftkildene nevner ulike grupper av personer som stod i Ishtars tjeneste, blant dem noen hvis kj\u00f8nnsrolle beskrives som st\u00e5ende mellom de vanlige kategoriene. Eldre framstillinger har ofte beskrevet Ishtar-kulten med stikkordet tempelprostitusjon.<\/p><p>Den nyere forskningen har blitt betydelig mer forsiktig her. Den p\u00e5peker at de antikke belegene for dette, f\u00f8rst og fremst et kjent avsnitt hos Herodot, kommer fra utsiden, kan v\u00e6re misvisende og ikke uten videre stemmer med de innf\u00f8dte kileskriftkildene. Den n\u00f8yaktige naturen til de seksuelt konnoterte kultelementene er fortsatt omdiskutert.<\/p><p>Godt dokumentert er derimot hymner og b\u00f8nner til Ishtar, som h\u00f8rer til de mest imponerende tekstene i den mesopotamiske litteraturen. De lovpriser hennes makt, skildrer hennes skj\u00f8nnhet og hennes skrekk, og ber om hennes bistand.<\/p><p>Noen av disse tekstene ble tilskrevet tradisjonsdannende personer, blant annet den gammelakkadiske presten og dikteren Enheduanna, som flere Inanna-hymner tilskrives. Slike tekster viser at Ishtar ikke bare var gjenstand for den offisielle statskulten, men ogs\u00e5 for personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levde religi\u00f8se holdningen og praksisen til et menneske.\" tabindex=\"0\">from tro<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdeae2cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdeae2cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae6994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ae6994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ishtar i Gilgamesh-epos og i den kulturelle hukommelsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf5e8d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf5e8d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7b60050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7b60050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En kjent litter\u00e6r episode viser Ishtar i et kritisk lys. I <em>Gilgamesh-eposet<\/em>, det mest kjente verket i mesopotamisk litteratur, frir gudinnen til helten Gilgamesh og tilbyr ham ekteskap. Gilgamesh avsl\u00e5r og minner henne om skjebnen til hennes tidligere elskere, som hennes kj\u00e6rlighet skal ha brakt ulykke over, fremst blant dem Dumuzi.<\/p><p>Rasende krever Ishtar himmeltyren fra sin far for \u00e5 straffe Gilgamesh, og for\u00e5rsaker dermed stor ulykke, til tyren blir drept av Gilgamesh og Enkidu.<\/p><p>Denne episoden er religionshistorisk opplysende fordi den viser at den mesopotamiske diktningen kunne tilskrive sine guder rasende, farlige og forn\u00e6rmede trekk. Ishtar fremst\u00e5r her som mektig, lidenskapelig og uberegnelig. Teksten nedvurderer henne ikke, men synliggj\u00f8r hennes grensesprengende natur.<\/p><p>I den kulturelle hukommelsen har Ishtar f\u00f8rst og fremst forblitt til stede gjennom to veier. Den ene er den arkeologiske gjenoppdagelsen av Mesopotamia p\u00e5 1800- og 1900-tallet. Ber\u00f8mt er det rekonstruerte Ishtar-porten fra Babylon med sin bl\u00e5 glasserte teglvegg, som i dag st\u00e5r i et museum i Berlin og som synliggj\u00f8r gudinnens betydning for den babylonske byen.<\/p><p>Den andre veien g\u00e5r gjennom religionshistorien selv: Forbindelsen mellom kj\u00e6rlighet, krig og planeten Venus gj\u00f8r Ishtar til en n\u00f8kkel for \u00e5 forst\u00e5 senere gudinner i det \u00f8stlige Middelhavet. Forskningen ser i henne en av de mest innflytelsesrike kvinnelige gudommene i den gamle verden, hvis spor kan f\u00f8lges fra Sumer til den greske religionen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140971\">Ereshkigal, s\u00f8ster i underverdenen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140929\">Marduk, overordnet i det nybabylonske pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141093\">Afrodite, gresk kj\u00e6rlighets-parallell<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\">Mesopotamia, pantheon-oversikt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140921\">H\u00f8ygudheter, underkategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140892\">Guder, klasseoversikt<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Wolkstein, Diane \/ Kramer, Samuel Noah: <em>Inanna. Queen of Heaven and Earth<\/em>. New York 1983.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (oppslagsord &bdquo;Ishtar&ldquo; &bdquo;Inanna&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50dfa77 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"50dfa77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31968c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31968c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Vanlige sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om Ishtar<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Hvem var Ishtar i den babylonsk-assyriske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av overleverte gudefortellinger i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologien<\/span>?<\/h3><p>Ishtar (akkadisk I\u0161tar, sumerisk Inanna) var Mesopotamias viktigste gudinne, samtidig kj\u00e6rlighetens, fruktbarhetens og krigens gudinne. Denne motstridende dobbeltfunksjonen (kj\u00e6rlighet og krig) er typisk for hennes ambivalens.<\/p><p>Hennes mest ber\u00f8mte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opprinnelse og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span> er Inannas\/Ishtars nedstigning til d\u00f8dsriket, hun stiger ned i underverdenen til sin s\u00f8ster Ereshkigal og blir avkl\u00e6dd sine syv smykker p\u00e5 veien (syv porter, ett smykke lagt av ved hver). Hun d\u00f8r der nede og vender bare tilbake gjennom guddommelig inngripen, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opprinnelse og verdens orden.\" tabindex=\"0\">myte<\/span> om vegetativ fornyelse.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Hva er Ishtar-porten?<\/h3><p>Ishtar-porten var den \u00e5ttende byporten i den babylonske hovedstaden Babylon, bygget omkring 575 f.Kr. under Nebukadnesar II. Det var en dobbelt portbygning med bl\u00e5glaserte teglstein, prydet med relieffer av tyrer (for v\u00e6rguden Adad), drager (Mu\u0161\u1e2bu\u0161\u0161u, for Marduk) og l\u00f8ver (for Ishtar).<\/p><p>Det var ett av de mest ber\u00f8mte byggverkene i den antikke verden, og det er sannsynligvis dette som er ment n\u00e5r Babylons hengende hager nevnes som et verdens underverk. Den rekonstruerte forsiden av porten er i dag hovedattraksjonen i Pergamonmuseet i Berlin.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer war Ishtar in der babylonisch-assyrischen Mythologie?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ishtar (akkadisch I\u0161tar, sumerisch Inanna) war die wichtigste G\u00f6ttin Mesopotamiens, gleichzeitig G\u00f6ttin der Liebe, der Fruchtbarkeit und des Krieges. 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