{"id":140990,"date":"2026-09-03T09:15:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140990"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:37:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:37:08","slug":"yama-dodsdommer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/yama-dodsdommer\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (d\u00f8dsdommer)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140990\" class=\"elementor elementor-140990 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme, gud i den buddhistiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhisme er gud i den buddhistiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p><strong>Den buddhistiske d\u00f8dsguden og dommer over sjelene etter d\u00f8den.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama fungerer i buddhismen som karma-dommer og forvalter av helveteverdenene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ gudinne: Personifisert h\u00f8yeste makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der, naturkrefter, skjebne, krig, fruktbarhet. Tilbedt gjennom kulter, offer og tempelinstitusjoner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradisjon med bodhisattvaer, skyttergudheter, hungergeister og helvetesvoktere.\">Buddhisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140923\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Guder for underverdenen og d\u00f8den, herskere over det hinsidige, d\u00f8dsdommere, sjeleledsagere.\">D\u00f8dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143175\" alt=\"Yama d\u00f8dsdommer - guder fra buddhisme-tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Et blikk p\u00e5: Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Buddhistisk hovedguddom (Mahayana, Vajrayana), d\u00f8dsdommer og bevarer av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiske religionene l\u00e6ren og den rette ordenen for handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av gudene i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Buddhisme (alle skoler), overtatt fra den hinduistiske Yama<br>Funksjon: D\u00f8dsdommer, bevarer av karma-lovmessigheten, i tibetansk tradisjon en wrathful deity<br>Hovedattributter: D\u00f8deboken, karma-speilet, sverd (Khadga), lasso (Pasha), svart b\u00f8ffel<br>Hovedkultsteder: tibetanske Gelug-klostre (Cham-dans), Japan (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Forskjellige former: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Japan), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (Kina)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Innplassering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama overf\u00f8res sammen med buddhismen fra India til alle buddhistiske land (vedisk forl\u00f8per i <em>Rigveda<\/em>, fra 1200 f.Kr.). I Pali-tradisjonen (Theravada) er han hovedpr\u00f8ver i d\u00f8dedomstolen.<\/p><p>I Mahayana med eget <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rebok i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-korpus (f.eks. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). I Tibet fra 700-tallet e.Kr. sentral som <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> i vajrayana-tradisjonens pantheon av wrathful deities. Hovedblomstringstid: i tibetanske Gelug-klostre fram til i dag, med dramatiske Cham-danseoppf\u00f8relser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hovedkultsteder: tibetanske <strong>Gelug-klostre<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Tashilhunpo, med Yama-Dharmaraja-Cham-dansene), <strong>Japan<\/strong> som Enma-O (i hvert d\u00f8des-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et byggverk som er dedikert til tilbedelse av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> som Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. I Theravada-land (Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) som kosmisk bakgrunnsn\u00e6rv\u00e6r. I Kina som <em>Yanluo<\/em> (egen side).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sentrale kilder: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rebok i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (kinesisk), tibetanske <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (\u00abDen tibetanske d\u00f8deboken\u00bb, klassisk kilde til Yama-Dharmaraja-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vitenskapelige l\u00e6ren om Gud og en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>), tantriske tekster om Yama-Dharmaraja-sadhana. Sekund\u00e6rlitteratur: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den buddhistiske Yama fremstilles ofte med et bikkehode, massive horn, et fryktinngytende ansikt, svart eller m\u00f8rkebl\u00e5 hud. Noen ganger har han to eller fire armer. Han b\u00e6rer en <em>damaru<\/em> (d\u00f8dsknokkelstav) og et lasso av sjeletau.<\/p><p>Rundt ham danser demoner og yakshaer. Ild omgir ham; blod drypper fra munnen hans. I tibetansk kunst sitter han ofte i en hule eller i sitt slott i Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karaktertrekk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama i buddhistisk l\u00e6re er ikke straff, men speil. Yama-dommen er automatisk: hver handling (<em>karma<\/em>) vil ha sin konsekvens. I tantriske praksiser blir Yama ikke b\u00f8nnfalt om n\u00e5de, men visualisert som l\u00e6rer om forgjengelighet.<\/p><p>D\u00f8dsritene i tibetansk buddhisme henvender seg direkte til Yama, med b\u00f8nn om at sjelen skal f\u00e5 en gunstig <em>bardo<\/em>-vei. De praktiserende l\u00e6rer \u00e5 m\u00f8te Yama uten frykt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene av Yama (buddhisme) p\u00e5 et blikk. Feltene nedenfor oppsummerer opprinnelse, funksjon, framtoning, tilbedelse, symboler og kulturelle paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhismes opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama overtas i buddhismen fra den hinduistiske Yama (den vediske f\u00f8rste-d\u00f8de), og beholder funksjonen som d\u00f8dsdommer, men blir tolket buddhistisk p\u00e5 nytt: ikke en vilk\u00e5rlig dommer, men en speil-formidler av karma.<\/p><p>I det tibetanske Bardo Thodol-systemet m\u00f8ter han den avd\u00f8de i bardo-tilstanden mellom d\u00f8d og gjenf\u00f8delse. Hans speil viser den d\u00f8de dennes eget karma, uten at Yama selv d\u00f8mmer. Straffen f\u00f8lger av personens egen karma-reaksjon. I sin wrathful-form som Yama-Dharmaraja er han beskytter av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiske religionene l\u00e6ren og den rette ordenen for handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> mot alle trusler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhismes m\u00e5lgruppe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f8dsdommer i bardo-tilstanden. Bevarer av karma-lovmessigheten. I tantrisk vajrayana-tradisjon en beskyttende yidam (meditasjons-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som guddommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">guddom<\/span>) mot alle innvendige og utvendige trusler, s\u00e6rlig mot d\u00f8dsangst. Beskytter av selvpr\u00f8vingspraksisen (det \u00e6rlige blikket p\u00e5 egne handlinger). I tibetanske Cham-danser en rituell p\u00e5minnelse om d\u00f8deligheten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhismes framtoning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I de fleste asiatiske tradisjoner fremstilt antropomorft som en streng embetsmann med de d\u00f8des bok og skriverstift. I den tibetanske vajrayana-tradisjonen som <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: en m\u00f8rkebl\u00e5 eller svart, vred (wrathful) skikkelse med b\u00f8ffelhode, tre \u00f8yne, flammende h\u00e5r og flammende glorie.<\/p><p>Beinornamenter, tigerskinnsskj\u00f8rt. I hendene skallebeger (kapala), khatvanga (skallescepter), snare (pasha), sverd. Rir p\u00e5 en svart b\u00f8ffel som tramper ned et menneske. Ledsaget av sin s\u00f8ster Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamas virkningsomr\u00e5de i buddhismen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> I den tibetanske Bardo Th\u00f6dol forventes Yama som en fremtoning i bardo-tilstanden, og d\u00f8ende forberedes p\u00e5 m\u00f8tet med ham. I tibetanske cham-danser fremstilles en rituell konfrontasjon med d\u00f8dsdommeren (med dramatiske masker). I tantrisk praksis mediteres han som en beskyttende yidam. I theravada- og mahayana-d\u00f8dsritualer fungerer han som bakgrunnsformidler av karma. I Japan er han som Enma-O sentral p\u00e5 hver buddhistisk kirkeg\u00e5rd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vern mot Yama i buddhismen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De d\u00f8des bok, karmaspeilet (karma-darpana), sverd (khadga), snare (pasha), svart b\u00f8ffel (ridedyr), khatvanga (skallescepter), kapala (skallebeger), b\u00f8ffelhode (i den tibetanske wrathful-formen), tredje \u00f8ye, flammende h\u00e5r. Hellige planter: ingen spesifikke. Hellig retning: s\u00f8r (i indisk tradisjon).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller til Yama i buddhismen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hinduisme, opprinnelig form), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hinduisme\/buddhisme), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, wrathful vajrayana-form), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japan), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Kina, den f\u00f8rste av de ti helvetkongene), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grekenland), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypt, ledsager og dommer), <em>Hel<\/em> (germansk), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztekisk). Yama er ett av de mest utbredte gudekonseptene i verden, fra India gjennom hele Asia til Japan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktisk beskyttelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualer for vern<\/strong><\/p><p>Buddhistisk Yama-vernende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En regelmessig sekvens av symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>: resitasjon av dharani-tekster og bodhisattva-anrop i utsatte perioder (d\u00f8dsprosess, n\u00e6r-d\u00f8den-opplevelser). Goma-brannritualer (tibetanske brennoffer) rettes mot Yamas straff. Chanting-tradisjonene bruker mantraer til medlidenhetsgudene for \u00e5 dempe Yamas dommer. Kinesisk-buddhistisk folkepraksis: papirsedler i Jadekeiser-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere gudeskikkelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> for \u00e5 blidgj\u00f8re Yama-dommeren.<\/p><p><strong>Besvergelser og anrop<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-mantraer (bodhisattvaen for helvete) og Avalokiteshvara-anrop anses som vern mot Yamas straff. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutraen<\/span> om den store medlidenheten (karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) resiteres. Tibetansk: Yamantaka-visualisering i Guhyasamaja-tantraet, der \u00abdemonbetvingeren Yamantaka\u00bb beseirer Yama med aggresjon. Sanskrit-originaltekst: \u00abOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiske religionene l\u00e6ren og den rette handlingsordenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat\u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-statuer som beskyttelsessymboler i kinesisk-japanske templer. Buddhistisk armb\u00e5nd (mala) med 108 perler, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f8rende til et fastlagt religi\u00f8st handlingsforl\u00f8p.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituelt<\/span> forbundet med \u00e5 blidgj\u00f8re helvetes voktere. Arkeologiske belegg: buddhistiske stelesteiner fra 600-tallet i Kina\/Korea som stiller Yama-dommeren opp mot bodhisattva-frelsere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i buddhismen, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Den buddhistiske Yama likner den hinduistiske Yama, men er mindre en \u00abdommer\u00bb og mer en \u00abpersonifisering av loven\u00bb. Med den kristne D\u00f8den (<em>Thanatos<\/em> eller <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) deler han uunng\u00e5eligheten.<\/p><p>I tibetansk sammenheng er Yama en dharmapala, en \u00abbeskytter av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiske religionene l\u00e6ren og den rette handlingsordenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>\u00bb, p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5te som Kali eller Bhairava i hinduismen. Den svarte fargen og den vilde skikkelsen er universelle trekk hos d\u00f8dsguder.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama mellom vedisk arv og buddhistisk omtydning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den buddhistiske Yama-figuren har ikke oppst\u00e5tt uavhengig, men er utviklet fra en eldre indisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som blir tilbedt som guddommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudeskikkelse<\/span>. I det vediske India, i hymnene fra <em>Rigveda<\/em>, er Yama det f\u00f8rste mennesket som d\u00f8de, og dermed de d\u00f8des konge, som fant veien til det hinsidige.<\/p><p>Han hersker over et lyst omr\u00e5de hvor de avd\u00f8de forfedrene samles, og er mer en vennlig mottaker av de d\u00f8de enn en straffende dommer.<\/p><p>Buddhismen tok opp Yama, men endret hans funksjon betydelig. I den buddhistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span> blir Yama herre over underverdenen og dommeren som avgj\u00f8r de d\u00f8des gjenf\u00f8delse, s\u00e6rlig hvem som g\u00e5r inn i helvetsomr\u00e5dene.<\/p><p>Denne forskyvningen fra mottaker av de salige til dommer over de skyldige er knyttet til den sentrale buddhistiske l\u00e6ren om <em>karma<\/em>: Skjebnen etter d\u00f8den f\u00f8lger av handlingene, og Yama blir instansen som representerer denne sammenhengen.<\/p><p>Viktig er den religionsvitenskapelige innsikten at Yama i streng buddhistisk forstand ikke d\u00f8mmer p\u00e5 egen h\u00e5nd. Tekstene understreker gjentatte ganger at <em>karma<\/em> selv bestemmer gjenf\u00f8delsen, og at Yama snarere viser den avd\u00f8de hans egne handlinger.<\/p><p>En kjent lignelse fra <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> i palikanonen lar Yama vise den avd\u00f8de de guddommelige sendebudene, alderdom, sykdom og d\u00f8d, og sp\u00f8rre om han ikke la merke til disse formaningene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i tibetansk buddhisme og livshjulet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I tibetansk buddhisme fikk Yama en s\u00e6rlig fremtredende ikonografisk og rituell betydning. Her fremst\u00e5r han som regel som <em>Shinje<\/em>, i en fryktinngytende skikkelse med tyrehode, flammekrans og attributtene til en d\u00f8dsdommer, ofte st\u00e5ende p\u00e5 en tyr.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rlig kjent er hans fremstilling p\u00e5 det s\u00e5kalte livshjulet, <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. P\u00e5 denne mye brukte billedkomposisjonen, som pryder inngangspartiet i mange klostre, holder et stort, tannglisende vesen hjulet med de seks tilv\u00e6relsesomr\u00e5dene i kl\u00f8r og tenner.<\/p><p>Dette omklamrende vesenet tolkes vanligvis som Yama, som forgjengelighetens og d\u00f8dens personifikasjon, som alle betingede tilv\u00e6relsesformer er underlagt. Bildet uttrykker l\u00e6ren om at hvert gjenf\u00f8delsesomr\u00e5de, ogs\u00e5 himmelverdenene, er underlagt d\u00f8den og dermed Yamas grep.<\/p><p>I tillegg kjenner den tibetanske tradisjonen den meditative skikkelsen Yamantaka, hvis navn betyr Yamas bekjemper eller d\u00f8dens avslutter. Yamantaka anses som en vredefull fremtoningsform av bodhisattva Manjushri og personifiserer den visdommen som overvinner selve d\u00f8den.<\/p><p>I denne konstellasjonen blir Yamas ambivalente stilling tydelig: Han er d\u00f8dens herre og samtidig en makt som kan overvinnes gjennom oppv\u00e5kning. Forskningen ser i den rike tibetanske Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om bildeinnhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografien<\/span> en sammensmelting av indiske forbilder med lokale tibetanske forestillinger om berg- og d\u00f8dsguddommer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i \u00d8stasia: Fra indisk gud til helvetesdommeren Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med buddhismens utbredelse til Kina, Korea og Japan vandret ogs\u00e5 Yama videre og ble dypt innvevd i lokale forestillinger om det hinsidige. I Kina smeltet den indiske figuren sammen med forestillingen om en byr\u00e5kratisk organisert underverden og ble til Yanluo Wang, kong Yanluo, en av ti helvetskonger som hver leder en domstol i underverdenen.<\/p><p>Disse ti kongene av underverdenen pr\u00f8ver de d\u00f8de i p\u00e5f\u00f8lgende instanser, og den d\u00f8de g\u00e5r gjennom dem etter tur f\u00f8r det avgj\u00f8res hva hans neste tilv\u00e6relse skal bli. Yanluo Wang har vanligvis stillingen som den femte kongen. Hele systemet gjenspeiler erfaringen med det jordiske embetsverkets hierarki, med registre, dommer og straffeutm\u00e5ling.<\/p><p>I Japan ble denne figuren overtatt som Enma eller Enma-\u014d, i Korea som Yeomra. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140987\">Enma<\/a> er en velkjent skikkelse i japansk folkereligion, ofte fremstilt med r\u00f8dt ansikt, rettslig hodebekledning og en skrivetavle eller et speil der den d\u00f8des handlinger blir synlige.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vitenskapen som utforsker religioner sammenlignende og uten trosbinding.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionsvitenskapen<\/span> betoner at de \u00f8stasiatiske utformningene g\u00e5r langt utover den indiske forlegen, og at Yama der ble en fast bestanddel av popul\u00e6re forestillinger om det hinsidige, som forener buddhistiske, daoistiske og folkereligi\u00f8se elementer. Forvandlingen fra den vediske lysskikkelsen via den indisk-buddhistiske dommeren til den \u00f8stasiatiske helvetesbyr\u00e5kraten er et l\u00e6rebokeksempel p\u00e5 religi\u00f8s kulturoverf\u00f8ring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140982\">Yama (hinduismen), rot<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140933\">Yamaraja, beslektet form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140987\">Enma-O, japansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140991\">Yeomra, koreansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140986\">Yanluo, kinesisk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\">Buddhisme, panteonoversikt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140923\">D\u00f8dsguddommer, underkategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (utvalg)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (mange oversettelser, f.eks. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (oppslagsord &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Den buddhistiske d\u00f8dsguden og karma-dommeren","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama i buddhismen: bikkehode, bardo-dommer og gjennomf\u00f8ring av karma. Hans rolle i Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken, Bardo Thodol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-140990","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama \u2013 Den buddhistiske d\u00f8dsguden og karma-dommeren<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama i buddhismen: bikkehode, bardo-dommer og gjennomf\u00f8ring av karma. 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