{"id":140987,"date":"2026-09-03T09:15:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140987"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:37:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:37:03","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140987\" class=\"elementor elementor-140987 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, dommer over de ford\u00f8mte og herskeren over helvete<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O er en gud i den japanske tradisjonen.<\/p><p><strong>Dommer over de ford\u00f8mte, herskeren over det buddhistiske helvete.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/gudinne: Personifisert h\u00f8yeste makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klare ansvarsomr\u00e5der som naturkrefter, skjebne, krig og fruktbarhet. Tilbedt gjennom kulter, offer og tempelinstitusjoner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140873\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japanske shinto-kami og buddhistiske yokai-verdener.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140923\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Guder for underverdenen og d\u00f8den, herskere over det hinsidige, d\u00f8dsdommere, sjeleveiledere.\">D\u00f8dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143183\" alt=\"Enma O - guder fra den japanske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e5 et blikk: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d er den \u00f8stasiatiske formen av den indiske Yama, som kom via den kinesiske Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng til Tendai-skolen. I \u00f8stasiatisk buddhisme er han dokumentert fra omkring 800-tallet og ble s\u00e6rlig utbredt gjennom Tendai- og Shingon-skolene. Som leder av de ti helvetesdommerne (J\u016b\u014d) avgj\u00f8r han p\u00e5 den sjuende dagen etter d\u00f8den sjelens skjebne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Innplassering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De eldste bevarte japanske kildene om Enma-\u014d stammer fra slutten av 700-tallet og begynnelsen av 800-tallet, som del av overf\u00f8ringen av buddhistiske helveteskosmologier fra Kina. <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (ca. 822) inneholder tidlige fortellinger der Enma-\u014d forh\u00f8rer de d\u00f8de.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 1100-tallet befestes systemet med de ti helvetesdommerne med Enma-\u014d som leder; det ikonografiske standardrepertoaret (krone, m\u00f8rk hud, speil, skrivetavle) oppst\u00e5r i Kamakura-perioden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tilbedelsen av Enma-\u014d var utbredt i hele den \u00f8stasiatiske buddhistiske verden, fra de store tempelstedene Ky\u014dto og Nara til landlige pilegrimssteder.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rlig virkningsfullt var hans bildeframstilling i buddhistiske tempelhaller, der statuer av helvetesdommeren skulle mane de levende til etisk selvpr\u00f8ving. Folketeateret tok opp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbakevendende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> fra 1300-tallet; Enma-\u014d framst\u00e5r regelmessig i N\u014d- og Kabuki-stykker som en figur for den ubestikkelige dom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistoriske forskningen om Enma-\u014d bygger p\u00e5 et bredt kildemateriale: kanoniske buddhistiske sutraer i kinesisk oversettelse, Tendai-buddhistiske setsuwa-samlinger, ikonografiske billedtavler (J\u016b\u014d-zu) og folkelige otogi-z\u014dshi-fortellinger. De sentrale standardverkene kommer fra regional religionsetnologi og internasjonal buddhismeforskning; en kurert bibliografi for hvert vesen utvides fortl\u00f8pende i leksikonet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d er framstilt som en enorm, muskul\u00f8s skikkelse med dyp r\u00f8d eller bl\u00e5svart hud. H\u00e5ret hans st\u00e5r i flammer, og \u00f8ynene gl\u00f8r som gl\u00f8dende kull. Han b\u00e6rer en brokadeprydet kappe og sitter p\u00e5 en opph\u00f8yd trone.<\/p><p>I hendene holder han et dommersverd (<em>kensaku<\/em>) og ofte en stor bok eller skriftrull med karmaregnskapet for hver sjel. Symboler er helvetesvokterne (<em>oni<\/em>), de ford\u00f8mtes flod og de forskjellige helvetesniv\u00e5ene under hans rike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karaktertrekk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d mottar hver sjel umiddelbart etter d\u00f8den. I d\u00f8dedomstolen sitter lekklerker eller de egne onde handlingene som anklagere, mens regnskapsboken ikke lyver. Enma-\u014d forhandler ikke, han fullbyrder. Hans avgj\u00f8relse bestemmer den neste gjenf\u00f8delsen innenfor de seks tilv\u00e6relsesformene (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>Hans rike er ikke bare straff, men karmisk oppgj\u00f8r: steinete stier, kokende olje, eller gjenf\u00f8delse som en hungrig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>. I Tendai-skolen holdes sm\u00e5 helligdommer for Enma-\u014d i lokale templer, ofte med <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em>-statuer ved siden av, som symboliserer hjelpen for ford\u00f8mte barn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kort om: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O er i japansk buddhisme d\u00f8dsdommeren som d\u00f8mmer de avd\u00f8de etter deres gjerninger. Han framstilles vanligvis som en vred embetsmann i kinesisk drakt med dommerhue og ambetstavle. Skikkelsen forener indiske, kinesiske og japanske overleveringslag til en selvstendig figur i folketro og tempelkunst.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O er den japansk-buddhistiske tilpasningen av den kinesiske Yanluo, hvis rot ligger i den indiske <em>Yama<\/em>, vedisk d\u00f8dsgud og den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige (Rigveda 10.14). Med utbredelsen av mahayana-buddhismen over Sentral-Asia kom Yamas konsept til Kina p\u00e5 600-800-tallet og ble der videreutviklet til Yanluo Wang, kongen av de ti helvetene.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 800-900-tallet overtok japansk buddhisme dette systemet med <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (de ti kongene). Enma-O st\u00e5r \u00f8verst i denne rekken. Religionshistorisk smeltet indisk karmal\u00e6re, kinesisk embetsbyr\u00e5krati-konsept og japanske d\u00f8dsforestillinger sammen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma Os m\u00e5lgruppe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Japan var det s\u00e6rlig mennesker bekymret for de avd\u00f8des skjebne som befattet seg med Enma-O, og som gjennom d\u00f8dsriter og minneh\u00f8ytider \u00f8nsket \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 en gunstig dom. Dessuten tjente skikkelsen til moralsk oppdragelse: foreldre og templer holdt den strenge dommeren fram for barn, blant annet med den kjente trusselen om at Enma river ut tungen p\u00e5 lygnere. Templer med Enma-statuer, for eksempel i Kyoto og Tokyo, var og er anl\u00f8pssteder for forb\u00f8nn p\u00e5 de d\u00f8des vegne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O framstilles ikonografisk som en fryktinngytende gammel mann med langt svart skjegg, m\u00f8rk hud og brennende \u00f8yne. Han b\u00e6rer drakten til en kinesisk embetsmann fra Tang-dynastiet med keiserlig krone (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>I hendene har han den gyldne livsboken (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), der alle karmiske gjerninger er nedtegnet, samt et septer eller skriver\u00f8r. Foran tribunalet hans st\u00e5r budbringerne <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (oksehode) og <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (hesteansikt), samt skriveren-sekret\u00e6ren. Tempelmaleriene (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> fra Edo-perioden) viser ham omgitt av helvetesscener.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wirkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Virkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Enma-O er universaldommer over alle avd\u00f8de. P\u00e5 den sjuende av de 49 d\u00f8dedagene (49. dag etter d\u00f8den) finner den sentrale karmaoppgj\u00f8ret sted foran hans tribunal. Han avgj\u00f8r gjenf\u00f8delsen i en av de seks verdenene (guder, halvguder, mennesker, dyr, hunger\u00e5nder, h\u00f8llene).<\/p><p>Hans dom er ikke vilk\u00e5rlig, men strengt karma-basert (<em>dharmatisk<\/em>). De levende tilber ham ogs\u00e5 for \u00e5 lette karmaen til avd\u00f8de. I japanske bondesamfunn regnes han som en beskyttelsesgud mot uventet d\u00f8d og som en hjelper ved vanskelige f\u00f8dsler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Symboler: Den gyldne livsboken (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), skriver\u00f8ret, sverdet, sannhetens speil (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), foran dette speilet blir alle livshandlinger synlige som bilder. Hans apotropeon: konjakkretter serveres ham som favorittmat (Edo-tradisjon); Enma-omamori i r\u00f8dt silke beskytter mot uventet d\u00f8d og karmasykdommer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Os paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religionshistorisk forskning beskriver Enma-O som en japansk utforming av en dommerfigur som har vandret gjennom India og Kina. I de vediske tekstene er Yama den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige og herre over d\u00f8dsriket, i kinesisk buddhisme blir han den femte av De ti helvetskongene. Japan tok over denne domsmodellen sammen med forestillingen om mellomtilstander etter d\u00f8den, der de etterlatte kan gripe inn for de avd\u00f8de gjennom minneriter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotropeiske og devosjonale ritualer<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (japansk \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) er den japansk-buddhistiske adapsjonen av den kinesiske Yanluo \/ indiske Yama. Han tilbes i mange Enma-templer i Japan (Genkaku-ji i Tokyo, Inn-ji i Kyoto, Enn\u014d-ji i Kamakura). Hoveddagen for praksis er den 16. dagen i den 1. og 7. m\u00e5neden (<em>Enmasai<\/em>) som port til helvetesverdenen.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et menneske som foretar en religi\u00f8st motivert reise til et hellig sted.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pilegrimer<\/span> bringer konjakkretter (Enmas favorittmat etter Edo-tradisjon), b\u00f8nner for avd\u00f8de familiemedlemmer og ber om lettelse av karma (jf. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sutraer og anrop<\/strong><\/p><p><em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutraen<\/span> om de ti kongene) er hovedliturgien. Buddhistiske munker resiterer Hjerte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6rertekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutraen<\/span> med spesielle Enma-b\u00f8yninger. Edo-perioden (1600\u20131800-tallet) s\u00e5 Enma-kulten i folkebuddhismen bli popul\u00e6r gjennom billedb\u00f8ker (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, helvetesruller).<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (beskyttelsesamuletter med Enma-bilde) fra Enma-templene, oftest i r\u00f8dt t\u00f8y med gyllen broderi. Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tegn som representerer en forestilling eller betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolet<\/span> for Yakushi-buddhaens helbredelse) b\u00e6res mot karmasykdommer. Den ikonografiske tavlen med de ti helvetskongene (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) hengs opp p\u00e5 buddhistiske husalter som forberedelse til d\u00f8den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O g\u00e5r tilbake til den indiske d\u00f8dsguden Yama, som kom til Kina med buddhismen og der ble innlemmet som Yanluo Wang i systemet med De ti helvetskongene. Denne kinesiske formen kom til Japan med de buddhistiske skolene og ble der til Enma-O. Lignende dommerfigurer i det hinsidige finnes ogs\u00e5 i andre kulturer, som den egyptiske Osiris ved d\u00f8dsdommen eller den koreanske Yeomra, som stammer fra samme buddhistiske overlevering.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En indisk guddoms vei til Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O, herskeren over underverdenen og d\u00f8dsdommeren i japansk buddhisme, er sluttleddet i en lang vandring. Hans opprinnelse ligger i det vediske India, der <em>Yama<\/em> ble ansett som den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige og dermed som de d\u00f8des konge.<\/p><p>Gjennom buddhismen kom figuren til Kina, der den som <em>Yanluo<\/em> ble innbygd i systemet med underverdenens domstoler, og fra der via Korea til Japan. Det japanske navnet <em>Enma<\/em> er den lydlige tilpasningen av sanskrit <em>Yama<\/em>, tillegget <em>o<\/em> betyr konge.<\/p><p>Med hver stasjon forandret figuren seg. Den indiske Yama var i utgangspunktet mer en herre over et d\u00f8dsrike enn en streng dommer.<\/p><p>I Kina smeltet han sammen med forestillingen om en byr\u00e5kratisk hinsidig forvaltning som pr\u00f8ver hvert avd\u00f8des liv, gj\u00f8r opp regnskap og avgj\u00f8r gjenf\u00f8delsen. Denne kinesiske utformingen, som framstiller det hinsidige som et embetsapparat med akter, skrivere og domstoler, tok den japanske buddhismen i stor grad over.<\/p><p>I Japan ble Enma-O fast innbundet i den popul\u00e6re buddhistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levde religi\u00f8se holdningen og praksisen til et menneske.\" tabindex=\"0\">frommeligheten<\/span>. Han opptrer i predikener, i tempelmaleri og i l\u00e6rertekster som den instansen som hvert menneske m\u00e5 avlegge regnskap for etter d\u00f8den. I motsetning til en abstrakt forestilling om karmisk gjengjeldelse ga han denne l\u00e6ren et ansikt, en konkret, tiltalbar og skremmende figur.<\/p><p>Den vitenskapelige betydningen av denne vandringen ligger i at man p\u00e5 Enma-O kan avlese hvordan en religi\u00f8s forestilling transporteres over spr\u00e5k- og kulturgrenser og samtidig f\u00e5r ny farge underveis. Den japanske d\u00f8dsdommeren b\u00e6rer i seg lag fra tre kulturer, den indiske opprinnelsen, den kinesiske byr\u00e5kratiseringen og den japanske folkereligi\u00f8se utformingen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De ti kongene i underverdenen og dommen i det hinsidige<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den kinesisk pregede buddhismen som kom til Japan, er Enma-o ikke den eneste herskeren over d\u00f8dsriket, men del av et kollegium.<\/p><p>Systemet med de ti kongene av underverdenen, som ble utarbeidet i middelalderens Kina og kom til Japan gjennom bilderuller og tekster, tildeler hver konge en domstol og et bestemt tidspunkt etter d\u00f8den. Den avd\u00f8de g\u00e5r gjennom disse domstolene i en fast tidsmessig rekkef\u00f8lge, p\u00e5 bestemte dager etter d\u00f8den og p\u00e5 \u00e5rsdager.<\/p><p>Enma-o har en fremtredende stilling i dette systemet. Han er som regel den femte av de ti kongene, hans domstol avholdes p\u00e5 den trettifemte dagen etter d\u00f8den, og han regnes som den viktigste og mektigste av dem alle. Foran hans domstol blir den avd\u00f8des handlinger gransket s\u00e6rlig grundig.<\/p><p>Til utstyret ved hans domstol h\u00f8rer faste ikonografiske elementer. Enma-o f\u00f8rer protokoller der hver gode og d\u00e5rlige handling er nedtegnet. Ved hans side st\u00e5r hjelpere, den japanske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videref\u00f8ring av kunnskap og fortellinger gjennom generasjoner.\" tabindex=\"0\">overleveringen<\/span> kjenner blant annet en figur som b\u00e6rer menneskelignende hoder p\u00e5 staver, ett med vredt og ett med rolig ansiktsuttrykk, som viser den avd\u00f8des vesen.<\/p><p>Et kjent hjelpemiddel er sjelespeilet, der den d\u00f8de ser sitt liv og sine synder gjenspeilt uforbeholdent, slik at lyving blir umulig.<\/p><p>Dette rettssystemet hadde en tydelig pastoral funksjon. Det la grunnlaget for praksisen med minneseremonier for de d\u00f8de, som ble holdt med faste mellomrom etter d\u00f8dsfallet.<\/p><p>De etterlatte kunne gjennom ritualer og overf\u00f8ring av fortjeneste p\u00e5virke den avd\u00f8des vei gjennom de ti domstolene i gunstig retning. Enma-o var dermed ikke bare en skremmefigur, men omdrejningspunktet i en hel rituell \u00f8konomi mellom levende og d\u00f8de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografi og tempelbildene av helvetesdommerne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den bildlige fremstillingen av Enma-o f\u00f8lger en fast konvensjon som stammer fra det kinesiske forbildet. Han fremstilles som en konge eller h\u00f8y embetsmann, ofte i embetsdrakten til en kinesisk verdighetsmann med en karakteristisk krone eller hodepryd, som ofte b\u00e6rer skrifttegnet for konge.<\/p><p>Ansiktet hans er vanligvis r\u00f8dt av vrede, med oppspilte \u00f8yne og m\u00f8rkt ansiktsuttrykk, et uttrykk for ubestikkelig strenghet.<\/p><p>Slike bilder finnes i mange japanske templer, ofte som skulptur i en egen sal, Enma-hallen. Kjente eksempler er Enma-figurene i templer i og omkring Kyoto og Kamakura.<\/p><p>Ofte er Enma-o omgitt av de andre ni kongene eller innlemmet i en st\u00f8rre fremstilling av helvete. Den japanske billedtradisjonen <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, helvetesbildene, skildrer i drastiske scener straffene i underverdenen og plasserer Enma-o som den d\u00f8mmende instansen ved deres begynnelse.<\/p><p>En ikonografisk viktig tradisjon forbinder Enma-o med bodhisattvaen Jizo. I den japanske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levde religi\u00f8se holdningen og praksisen til et menneske.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromheten<\/span> regnes Jizo som den medf\u00f8lende frelseren som bist\u00e5r vesenene i helvete.<\/p><p>Noen tekster og bilder tolker til og med Enma-o og Jizo som to sider av samme virkelighet, den strenge og den barmhjertige, som virker sammen for \u00e5 f\u00f8re den avd\u00f8de til forbedring og gunstig gjenf\u00f8delse. Denne sammenkoblingen dempet den skremmende karakteren til dommeren og innlemmer ham i en frelsesorientert <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vitenskapelige l\u00e6ren om Gud og troen i en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tempelbildene hadde en oppdragende oppgave. Predikantmunker brukte dem for \u00e5 vise lekfolk konsekvensene av d\u00e5rlige handlinger. Den r\u00f8de, vredefulle Enma-o var dermed et l\u00e6remiddel som omsatte den abstrakte l\u00e6ren om karma til et fengslende, skremmende bilde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o i folketroen og i moderne kultur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utenfor klostrene ble Enma-o en fast figur i japansk folketro. Navnet hans gikk inn i faste uttrykk og oppdragelsesformaninger.<\/p><p>Foreldre advarte barn som l\u00f8y om at Enma-o ville rive ut tungen deres, en trussel som var kjent i mange deler av Japan. Dermed ble d\u00f8dsdommeren en instans for hverdagslig moralsk oppdragelse, lenge f\u00f8r et barn noen gang hadde bes\u00f8kt et <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning som brukes til tilbedelse av en eller flere gudheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 bestemte dager i \u00e5ret, tradisjonelt om v\u00e5ren og p\u00e5 sensommeren, ble det i noen omr\u00e5der holdt spesielle andakter foran Enma-figurene, der tempelsalene ble \u00e5pnet og troende kunne se de ellers lukkede bildene. Slike tradisjoner viser at Enma-o ikke bare var en litter\u00e6r eller doktrin\u00e6r figur, men ogs\u00e5 gjenstand for levd tilbedelse og fryktbasert respekt.<\/p><p>I moderne japansk kultur har Enma-o fortsatt en betydelig plass. Han dukker opp i manga, anime, videospill og filmer, noen ganger som en skremmende antagonist, andre ganger i komisk brytning som en overarbeidet byr\u00e5krat i underverdenen.<\/p><p>Denne popul\u00e6rkulturelle bearbeidelsen tar gjerne opp den byr\u00e5kratiske siden av figuren, kongen som med akter, stempler og underordnede leder en enorm forvaltningsapparat i det hinsidige.<\/p><p>Denne varigheten er vitenskapelig interessant. Enma-o har fullf\u00f8rt overgangen fra religi\u00f8s l\u00e6reskikkelse til allmennkulturell figur uten \u00e5 tape sin kjerne. Ogs\u00e5 i den humoristiske bearbeidelsen forblir han den som avgj\u00f8r rett og urett i et levd liv.<\/p><p>Figuren viser hvor dypt den buddhistiske forestillingen om et d\u00f8dsrike har sivet inn i japansk kultur, og hvordan den, fra tempelhallen til barneboken, stadig lar seg fortelle p\u00e5 nytt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140982\">Yama, vedisk forgjenger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140990\">Yama (buddhisme), direkte forgjenger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140986\">Yanluo Wang, kinesisk forgjenger<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140991\">Yeomra, koreansk motstykke<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\">Buddhistisk tradisjon, helhetlig kontekst<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den innf\u00f8dte religionen i Japan, kjennetegnet av dyrkingen av kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (red.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O d\u00f8dsdommer","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 d\u00f8dsdommer i japansk buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Herskeren over den japanske helvetet Jigoku, karmaforvaltning og d\u00f8dedomstolen i japansk buddhistisk mytologi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-140987","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium 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