{"id":140882,"date":"2026-09-03T09:14:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:14:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140882"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:33:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:33:54","slug":"gwishin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/gwishin\/","title":{"rendered":"Gwishin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140882\" class=\"elementor elementor-140882 elementor-1331\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin, \u00e5nd i koreansk tradisjon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwishin er en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> i koreansk tradisjon.<\/p><p>D\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelser i koreansk tradisjon, retur fra uavsluttet sak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5nd: Ukroppslig eller halvkroppslig vesenhet, avd\u00f8de, naturvesener, hus\u00e5nder eller vokterne ved terskler. Virker i dagliglivet, ofte bundet til steder eller familier.\">\u00c5nd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140874\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Koreansk gude-, sjaman- og folke\u00e5ndeverden.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143210\" alt=\"Gwishin - \u00e5nder fra Korea-tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwishin (\uadc0\uc2e0, \u9b3c\u795e) er det koreanske samlebegrepet for d\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelser. Ordet betyr bokstavelig \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som gudommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>\u00bb, men i dagens bruk st\u00e5r d\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelsene i forgrunnen.<\/p><p>Gwishin er mennesker hvis sjeler ikke fant den vanlige veien til det hinsidige etter d\u00f8den, enten p\u00e5 grunn av en uavsluttet sak, en ubot urett, en manglende begravelse eller uteblitte ahneriter (<em>jesa<\/em>).<\/p><p>Den klassiske fremtoningen er en kvinne i hvit s\u00f8rgeklede (<em>sobok<\/em>) med langt, svart h\u00e5r som dekker ansiktet. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentagende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivet<\/span> er ikonografisk n\u00e6rt beslektet med den japanske Y\u016brei, men har en egen konfusiansk preget bakgrunn.<\/p><div><h3>Joseon-tidens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Videref\u00f8ringen av kunnskap og fortellinger gjennom generasjoner.\" tabindex=\"0\">overlevering<\/span><\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>Den skriftlige dokumentasjonen av Gwishin-tilfeller tiltok under Joseon-dynastiet (1392, 1897). <em>Yadam<\/em>-samlingene (muntlige overleveringer) og <em>paesol<\/em> (anekdoter) ble systematisk nedskrevet fra 1400-tallet. Disse tekstene forteller om Gwishin som ble oppfattet av vitner.<\/span><\/p><p>De skiller seg fra europeiske sp\u00f8kelseshistorier ved at de ikke fremstiller Gwishin som en autonom ond kraft, men som en desperat person som krever oppmerksomhet. Konfusianiseringen av samfunnet fra 1500-tallet forsterket <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentagende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span>: en d\u00f8d uten ordentlige ahneriter var moralsk fortapt og kunne ikke ligge i fred.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hurtigoversikt: Gwishin<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> D\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelse<br>Opprinnelse: Menneskelige d\u00f8de med uavsluttet sak<br>Tekster: Samguk Yusa, Joseon-tidens yadam-samlinger, sjamanske ritualtekster<br>Utl\u00f8ser: ubot urett, uteblitte ahneriter, voldsom d\u00f8d<br>Avverging: jesa, sjamansk gut, buddhistiske d\u00f8dsseremonier<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forestillingen om urolige d\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelser har v\u00e6rt til stede i Korea siden de tidligste skriftlige kildene. I Samguk Yusa (ca. 1281) finnes episoder om gjengangere. Med konfusianismens forsterkning i Joseon-tiden (1392, 1910) trer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentagende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> om den avd\u00f8de som er urolig p\u00e5 grunn av uteblitte ahneriter i forgrunnen.<\/p><p>Joseon-tidens <em>yadam<\/em>&#8211; og <em>paesol<\/em>-samlinger inneholder utallige Gwishin-historier, som ble nedskrevet p\u00e5 1800- og 1900-tallet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwishin-historier er utbredt i alle regioner i Korea. Fortellertradisjonene er s\u00e6rlig tette ved tidligere rettssteder, gamle skoler og konfusianske akademier (<em>seowon<\/em>), milit\u00e6rposter og pestgraver. Moderne samtidslitteratur og K-drama tar ofte for seg sykehus, skoler og T-banestasjoner som skueplasser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viktige kilder: Iry\u014fn, Samguk Yusa (ca. 1281); Joseon-tidens yadam-samlinger; sjamanske ritualtekster nedskrevet p\u00e5 1800- og 1900-tallet.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Moderne referanseverk: Kim Tae-gon (1981), Kendall (1985, 2009 \u00abShamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF\u00bb), Walraven (1994). For film og litteratur: en rekke arbeider om genren \u00abK-horror\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betegnelse og skrivem\u00e5ter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokstavelig \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som gudommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>\u00bb av \u9b3c (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>, d\u00f8dssjel\u00bb) og \u795e (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som gudommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>\u00bb).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/strong> (\ucc98\ub140\uadc0\uc2e0), jomfru-d\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelse; kvinne som d\u00f8de ugift.<\/li><li>Mongdal-gwishin (\ubabd\ub2ec\uadc0\uc2e0), det mannlige motstykket; ugift avd\u00f8d mann.<\/li><li>Son-gaksi, i folkefortellinger beslektet med Cheonyeo.<\/li><li>Mul-gwishin, vann\u00e5nder; som regel druknede.<\/li><li>Dalgyal-gwishin, \u00abegg-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>\u00bb; ansiktsl\u00f8s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>, en lokal variant.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kjennetegn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende.<\/strong> Den klassiske fremstillingen: en ung kvinne i hvit sorgkimono (<em>sobok<\/em>), langt, svart h\u00e5r som faller over ansiktet, blek hud, slapt hengende hender. Noen varianter har ingen munn eller \u00f8yne.<\/p><p>Oppf\u00f8rsel. Gwishin dukker opp p\u00e5 steder knyttet til sin d\u00f8d eller sin ul\u00f8ste sak. De taler sjelden, klager og viser dem som er til stede sitt anliggende gjennom dr\u00f8mmer eller tause bevegelser. De virker gjennom sanseforstyrrelser, mareritt og sykdomsbilder.<\/p><p>Tidspunkt. Foretrekker natten, s\u00e6rlig mellom midnatt og klokken tre, samt regnfulle dager og den sjuende m\u00e5nenatten (<em>chilseok<\/em>).<\/p><div><h3>Han som psykologisk og kulturelt dyplag<\/h3><p>Moderne litteratur og filmkunst har ofte tolket gwishin-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbakevendende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> psykologisk. Gjenferdet kan forst\u00e5s som en manifestasjon av <em>Han<\/em>, den koreanske f\u00f8lelsen av fortrengt, opphopet sorg. Gwishin representerer ikke bare den enkelte avd\u00f8de, men den samlede lidelsen til en familie eller en historisk periode.<\/p><p>I denne forstand er gwishin-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbakevendende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> et speilbilde av sosial urett: N\u00e5r noen blir gravlagt uten hensyn til konfucianske plikter, kan dette for et moderne publikum ogs\u00e5 fremst\u00e5 som en kritikk av sosiale misforhold. K-skrekkfilmer har utviklet dette aspektet videre og gj\u00f8r gwishin-historier til metaforer for ul\u00f8ste traumer og institusjonelle svikt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Gwishin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene ved Gwishin i korte trekk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishins opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Menneskelige avd\u00f8de med en uavsluttet sak eller uteblitte forfedreriter; mer sjeldent som f\u00f8lge av en voldelig d\u00f8d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mottakere<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etterlatte, arvinger, ansvarlige for d\u00f8dsfallet; tilfeldige vitner p\u00e5 stedet; vanlig i skoler og sykehus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hvitkl\u00e6dd, langh\u00e5ret, blek skikkelse; ofte med tildekket ansikt og slapt hengende armer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishins virkning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sykdom, skrekk, mareritt, vanvidd, ulykker; i alvorlige tilfeller d\u00f8d for de ansvarlige.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avvergende midler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forskriftsmessige jesa-riter; sjamanistisk <em>gut<\/em> utf\u00f8rt av en <em>mudang<\/em>; buddhistiske d\u00f8dsseremonier; oppklaring av den ul\u00f8ste saken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishins paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Japanske <strong>y\u016brei<\/strong> og <em>onry\u014d<\/em>; kinesiske <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> (se Gui); europeiske Hvite Kvinner; indiske <em>preta<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsespraksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jesa.<\/strong> De konfucianskpregede forfedreritene utf\u00f8res \u00e5rlig p\u00e5 d\u00f8dsdagen og under de store h\u00f8ytidene Seollal og Chuseok. En presis anordning av mat, sk\u00e5ler og ritualhandlinger skal formilde sjelen og minne den om dens plass i forfedrekretsen.<\/p><p>Ssitgim-gut. Den sjamanistiske \u00abrenselsesguten\u00bb i Jeolla-regionen og p\u00e5 Jindo l\u00f8ser de avd\u00f8des b\u00e5nd; mudangen kaller frem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et ulegemlig vesen som det tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span>, taler, renser og leder den videre.<\/p><p>Buddhistiske d\u00f8dsritualer. Et 49 dager langt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En regelmessig sekvens av symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> (<em>sasiban<\/em>) etter d\u00f8den med sutrerecitasjon; st\u00f8rre seremonier (<em>cheondo-jae<\/em>) for spesielt urolige sjeler.<\/p><p>Bujok. Innviede papiramuletter med r\u00f8de skrifttegn, plassert i d\u00f8rkarmen eller i huset for \u00e5 avverge gwishin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Japan.<\/strong> Y\u016brei og <em>onry\u014d<\/em> deler den klassiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om bildeinnhold og dets betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografien<\/span> til den hvite, langh\u00e5rede d\u00f8dskvinnen; den japanske figuren er mer buddhistisk preget, den koreanske mer konfuciansk.<\/p><p>Kina. <em>Gu\u01d0<\/em> (se Gui) utgj\u00f8r det felles sinografiske ordfeltet; konteksten rundt den kinesiske sp\u00f8kelsesfestivalen deler motiver.<\/p><p>Europa. Hvite kvinner fra tysktalende og slaviske tradisjoner er funksjonelt beslektet, men uten historisk sammenheng.<\/p><p>Buddhismen. Preta-hunger\u00e5nder deler <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbakevendende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> med de urolige, uforl\u00f8ste d\u00f8de.<\/p><div><h3>Moderne mottakelse og adapsjoner<\/h3><p>Gwishin-figuren er allestedsn\u00e6rv\u00e6rende i samtidig koreansk kultur. Serier som <em>Tale of the Nine-Tailed<\/em>, <em>Alchemy of Souls<\/em> og filmer som <em>A Tale of Two Sisters<\/em> bruker <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et tilbakevendende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span>. Skaperne endrer ofte den klassiske formen: Gwishin blir mektigere, mer intelligente og hevner seg mer m\u00e5lrettet enn i de gamle overleveringene.<\/p><p>Dette gjenspeiles ogs\u00e5 i litter\u00e6re adapsjoner, for eksempel i prosaen til Han Kang eller Kim \u00c4-ran. Det tradisjonelle gwishin er en stum, lidende skikkelse; det moderne gwishin er en akt\u00f8r som selv forteller sin historie. Denne forskyvningen fra et passivt til et aktivt vesen viser en nytolkning av Han-konseptet som en kraftfull, ikke bare tragisk f\u00f8lelse.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d7e612 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d7e612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp026e302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp026e302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plassering i det koreanske bildet av det hinsidige<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c80f6a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c80f6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbd89af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbd89af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Begrepet <em>gwishin<\/em> (\uadc0\uc2e0) betegner p\u00e5 koreansk ikke en enkelt vesensart, men en hel kategori: \u00e5nder av avd\u00f8de som ikke har fullf\u00f8rt den ordnede overgangen til det hinsidige. Det tradisjonelle koreanske d\u00f8dsbildet er sterkt preget av konfucianismen, som var den offisielle statsideologien fra Joseon-tiden (1392 til 1897).<\/span><\/p><p>Etter denne forestillingen blir en avd\u00f8d til en <em>josang<\/em>, en velvillig forfar som beskytter etterkommerne, gjennom korrekt utf\u00f8rte s\u00f8rge- og forfaderritualer. Hvis disse ritualene ikke blir utf\u00f8rt, eller hvis d\u00f8dsfallet var voldelig, for tidlig eller uten begravelse, forblir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> som <em>gwishin<\/em> i de levendes verden.<\/p><p>Denne logikken knytter \u00e5ndevesenet direkte til den sosiale ordenen. En <em>gwishin<\/em> er mindre et demonisk vesen enn et symptom p\u00e5 et forstyrret forhold mellom levende og d\u00f8de.<\/p><p>S\u00e6rlig utsatt er mennesker som d\u00f8de uten etterkommere, siden det konfucianske systemet manglet en rituell adressat uten mannlige arvinger. Den sjamanistiske tradisjonen <em>musok<\/em> tilb\u00f8d her en utfylling: <em>mudang<\/em>, som for det meste var kvinnelige sjamaner, kunne i ritualer som <em>ssitgim-gut<\/em> rense og formilde en urolig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span>.<\/p><p>Religionsvitenskapelig forskning, blant annet arbeidene til Laurel Kendall om koreansk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f8st system der spesialister har kontakt med \u00e5ndeverdenen.\" tabindex=\"0\">sjamanisme<\/span>, understreker at <em>gwishin<\/em>-konseptet formidler mellom systemene. Det forbinder konfuciansk forfaderplikt, buddhistiske forestillinger om gjenf\u00f8delsessyklusen og sjamanistisk praksis.<\/p><p>En <em>gwishin<\/em> er dermed kulturelt overdeterminert: hver av de tre tradisjonene gir sin egen forklaring p\u00e5 hvorfor en avd\u00f8d ikke finner ro, og hver tilbyr sin egen l\u00f8sning. Denne mangfoldigheten forklarer hvorfor vesenet forblir s\u00e5 fremtredende i koreansk litteratur og folkefortellinger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b36413 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b36413\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4a80006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4a80006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin i moderne popul\u00e6rkultur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpce3e698 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpce3e698\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3df2f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3df2f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Siden 1990-tallet har <em>gwishin<\/em> v\u00e6rt en sentral figur i den koreanske skrekksjangeren. Filmen <em>Yeogo goedam<\/em> (Whispering Corridors, 1998) og oppf\u00f8lgerne flyttet den urolige <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> til jenteskolen og knyttet den til temaer som ytelsespress, mobbing og institusjonell vold.<\/span><\/p><p>Den typiske bildetypen, en ung kvinne i hvit s\u00f8rgekjole med langt svart h\u00e5r som dekker ansiktet, har siden preget sjangerens visuelle spr\u00e5k og overlapper med den japanske <em>y\u016brei<\/em>, uten \u00e5 v\u00e6re identisk med den.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>P\u00e5 2000- og 2010-tallet videreutviklet fjernsynet figuren ytterligere. Serier som <em>Master&#8217;s Sun<\/em> (2013) og <em>Hotel del Luna<\/em> (2019) viser <em>gwishin<\/em> ikke bare som skremmende skikkelser, men som vesener med ul\u00f8ste anliggender som de levende kan eller m\u00e5 hjelpe med.<\/span><\/p><p>Dermed vender fortellingsm\u00f8nsteret tilbake til den tradisjonelle logikken: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> blir forl\u00f8st n\u00e5r uretten den er blitt utsatt for, blir anerkjent og gjort opp for. Skrekkmotivet og det melodramatiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> om det uavsluttede livet ligger her tett sammen.<\/p><p>Det er p\u00e5fallende at popul\u00e6rkulturen ofte synliggj\u00f8r den konfucianske dypstrukturen uten \u00e5 nevne den ved navn. <em>Gwishin<\/em>-fortellingen handler nesten alltid om en skadet orden: et fortiet mord, et fornektet svangerskap, en tilbakeholdt arv. Den moderne underholdningen bruker dermed det gamle vesenet som et redskap for samfunnskritikk.<\/p><p>I motsetning til vestlige sp\u00f8kelsesfilmer, der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> ofte forblir en ren trussel, krever den koreanske <em>gwishin<\/em> oftest et moralsk svar. Dette knytter den til det tradisjonelle m\u00e5let for det sjamanistiske ritualet, som ikke s\u00f8ker \u00e5 tilintetgj\u00f8re \u00e5nden, men \u00e5 forsone den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7595c4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7595c4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf354b9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf354b9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Han som emosjonell kjerne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33b2cae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp33b2cae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa63ff4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa63ff4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00e6rt knyttet til <em>gwishin<\/em> er det vanskelig oversettelige begrepet <em>han<\/em> (\ud55c). Det betegner et oppdemmet kompleks av bitterhet, sorg og uoppfylt lengsel, som samler seg opp gjennom et liv eller over generasjoner.<\/p><p>I folketroen er det nettopp dette <em>han<\/em> som holder en d\u00f8d fast i verden og gj\u00f8r vedkommende til <em>gwishin<\/em>. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som det tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00c5nden<\/span> kan f\u00f8rst dra videre n\u00e5r <em>han<\/em> l\u00f8ses opp, det vil si n\u00e5r den underliggende urettferdigheten blir anerkjent og om mulig utjevnet.<\/p><p>Forskningen diskuterer <em>han<\/em> med ulike syn. Noen koreanske kulturteoretikere fra 1900-tallet har erkl\u00e6rt det til et nasjonalt vesenstrekk som skal ha vokst frem av historien om invasjoner, kolonistyre og deling.<\/p><p>Andre, blant dem litteraturforskeren Michael Shin, advarer mot \u00e5 essensialisere <em>han<\/em> som en tidl\u00f8s koreansk egenskap, og p\u00e5peker at selve oppvurderingen av begrepet er en relativt ny, delvis kolonitidsformidlet konstruksjon.<\/p><p>For forst\u00e5elsen av <em>gwishin<\/em> er denne debatten mindre avgj\u00f8rende enn observasjonen at folkefortellingen konsekvent definerer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som det tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> gjennom dens f\u00f8lelse og den urett den har lidd, ikke gjennom en ond natur.<\/p><p>Av dette f\u00f8lger en karakteristisk asymmetri. <em>Gwishin<\/em> er farlig, men skaden den for\u00e5rsaker er aldri hensiktsl\u00f8s. Den s\u00f8ker oppmerksomhet, rettferdighet eller fullendelsen av et avbrutt liv.<\/p><p>Det sjamanistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt rekkef\u00f8lge av symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span> <em>gut<\/em> tar tak nettopp her: <em>mudang<\/em>en gir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som det tilskrives virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nden<\/span> en stemme, lar den uttrykke sin lidelse og f\u00f8rer den deretter <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tilh\u00f8rende et fastsatt religi\u00f8st handlingsforl\u00f8p.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituelt<\/span> ut fra de levendes verden. Den som arbeider med koreansk \u00e5ndetro, b\u00f8r derfor ikke f\u00f8rst og fremst lese <em>gwishin<\/em> som en trussel, men som et personifisert krav om oppgj\u00f8r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anbefalte interne lenker:<\/p><ul><li>Kulturside <strong>Korea<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Flere enkeltprofiler fra Korea: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140881\">Dokkaebi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140883\">Gumiho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140884\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140885\">Jeoseung Saja<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paralleller: Y\u016brei (Japan), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140868\">Gui<\/a> (Kina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140864\">Preta<\/a> (buddhisme).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Et kompakt utvalg av sentrale arbeider om Gwishin:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits: Women in Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastlagt rekkef\u00f8lge av symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Life.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Iry\u014fn: <em>Samguk Yusa.<\/em> Overs. Ha Tae-Hung, Grafton K. Mintz. Yonsei University Press, Seoul 1972.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gwishin-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gwishin-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gwishin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gwishin-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gwishin-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Beskyttelsespraksisen som beskrives her, er en religionsvitenskapelig plassering av historiske tradisjoner. iWell Guard knytter seg til denne kulturhistoriske linjen av b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter og representerer en samtidig form av denne. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1705,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gwishin","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gwishin - retur fra uavsluttet sak","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gwishin, d\u00f8dssp\u00f8kelser i koreansk tradisjon. 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