{"id":140866,"date":"2026-09-03T09:14:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140866"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:33:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:33:29","slug":"naraka-vokterne","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/naraka-vokterne\/","title":{"rendered":"Naraka-vokterne"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140866\" class=\"elementor elementor-140866 elementor-1210\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-vokterne, demon i den buddhistiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Helvetesvoktere i de \u00e5tte varme og \u00e5tte kalde narakaene.<\/strong><\/p><p>Naraka-vokterne er buddhistiske helvetesvoktere under ledelse av Yama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon: Overnaturlig vesen med som regel skadelig eller ambivalent virkning. St\u00e5r mellom guder og mennesker, for\u00e5rsaker sykdom, fristelse eller ulykke og avverges gjennom besvergelse, apotropaika og ritualer.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradisjon med bodhisattvaer, skytsguddommer, hungergeister og helvetesvoktere.\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143238\" alt=\"Naraka-vokterne - demoner fra den buddhistiske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka-vokterne<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naraka-vokterne er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5ndelig vesen som tilskrives skadelig eller tvetydig virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">demoner<\/span> i den buddhistiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>Naraka-vokterne (sanskrit <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>) er fullbyrderne i de buddhistiske helvetene. Abhidharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span> kjenner \u00e5tte varme og \u00e5tte kalde hovednarakaer, hver med mange underhelveter; i hvert av dem hersker en spesifikk straffeform som utgj\u00f8r det karmiske motstykket til den underliggende synden. Vokterne fullbyrder disse straffene, ikke av grusomhet, men som en produksjonsform av karmisk konsekvens.<\/p><p>Viktig: Narakaene er i buddhismen ikke evige helveter. De er gjenf\u00f8delsessteder med fastsatt varighet. N\u00e5r den karmiske tyngden er oppbrukt, blir vesenet gjenf\u00f8dt i en annen eksistens.<\/p><p>Vokterne er derfor funksjon\u00e6rer i en mekanisme, ikke djevelfigurer. Tibetanernes d\u00f8debok og det kinesiske Di Yu-systemet gir vokterne egne gestalter, oksehode, hestehode, tigerhode og flere andre, som er verdenskjente i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om bildeinnhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografien<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong>Buddhistiske naraka-sutraer og deres klassifikasjoner<\/strong><\/p><p>Den mest utfyllende buddhistiske fremstillingen av helvetene og deres voktere finnes i sutraer som <em>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, <em>Karmavibhanga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> og <em>Surangama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>. Disse tekstene klassifiserer helvetesvoktere etter deres oppgave og karmiske status. Noen voktere er demoniske vesener, fanget i sine roller av sin egen d\u00e5rlige karma.<\/p><p>Andre er bodhisattvaer som frivillig g\u00e5r inn i helvetesroller for \u00e5 redde vesener. \u00c5 skille mellom disse to kategoriene er sentralt for den buddhistiske etikken: Vokteren er enten fanget i en rolle eller en misjonerende kraft, i utgangspunktet er han ikke ond. Naraka-vokteren blir derfor i buddhismen dyrket med b\u00e5de frykt og respekt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kort oversikt: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Helvetesvoktere, karmiske fullbyrdere<br>Opprinnelse: Tjeneste for Yama; i \u00f8stasiatisk tradisjon for Yanluo Wang<br>Tekster: Abhidharmakosha, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Det store kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet'; en av de tre hovedtradisjonene i buddhismen, med bodhisattva-idealet og en utviklet filosofisk reflektasjon.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sutraer, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I tibetansk buddhisme overgangstilstanden mellom to eksistenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen etter d\u00f8den.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, Di Yu-litteratur<br>Tidsrom: buddhistisk til i dag<br>Struktur: \u00e5tte varme + \u00e5tte kalde narakaer, hver med egne voktere<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk innordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samlingen av en religions hellige skrifter, anerkjent som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> med tidlige helvetesbeskrivelser. Vasubandhus Abhidharmakosha (4.\/5. \u00e5rh. e.Kr.) systematiserer naraka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span>. Tibetanernes d\u00f8debok med detaljert vokter-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om bildeinnhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span>. Kinesisk Di Yu-litteratur fra Tang-tiden, japanske Jigoku-fremstillinger fra Heian-tiden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alle buddhistiske regioner; spesielt utbrodert i Kina, Japan og Tibet. Kinesisk Di-Yu-system med ti helveter, hver underlagt en Yama-konge (Yanluo). Japansk Jigoku-tradisjon. Mongolsk og tibetansk helvetesmaleri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), Saddharmasmrityupasthana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen og buddhismen en l\u00e6retekst i kortfattet form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibetanernes d\u00f8debok; rituell veiledning for overgangstilstandene etter d\u00f8den.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kinesisk Yuli-Bao-Chao (\u00abKostbar speil av jadeunderlaget\u00bb, Song-dynastiet), japanske Jigoku-z\u014dshi (billedruller av helvetene), koreansk folkekunst.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betegnelse og skrivem\u00e5ter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>, \u00abhelvetesvokter\u00bb; <em>narakad\u016bta<\/em>, \u00abhelvetesbud\u00bb.<br>Kinesisk: \u7344\u5352 (<em>Yu Zu<\/em>, \u00abhelvetessoldater\u00bb); spesifikke voktepar Niu Tou (oksehode) og Ma Mian (hestehode).<br>Japansk: <em>Gokusotsu<\/em>; \u00f8stasiatisk variant med ti helveteskonger.<br>Tibetansk: <em>Shinje-pho-nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Den \u00f8stasiatiske utformingen er s\u00e6rlig utbrodert. Di Yu-systemet med ti helveter, hver med egne konger, domstoler og voktere, er en kombinasjon av buddhistiske r\u00f8tter og daoistisk-konfucianske embetshierarkier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kjennetegn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>Dyrehode, kuhode, hestehode, tigerhode, ravnehode er vanlige former. Bev\u00e6pnet med klubber, gafler, kjettinger, sverd. I kinesisk fremstilling i offisiell embetsmannsdrakt med hatt og segl. I tibetanske thangkaer vred og dansende.<\/p><p><strong>Oppf\u00f8rsel<\/strong><\/p><p>Funksjonelle, ikke personlige: mottar de d\u00f8de p\u00e5 Yamas befaling, f\u00f8rer dem til den tildelte Naraka, gjennomf\u00f8rer straffene der. Ingen valgfrihet; de fullbyrder karmisk n\u00f8dvendighet.<\/p><p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>De 16 hoved-Narakaene, hver med tallrike underhelvete. I \u00f8stasiatisk tradisjon de ti helvetene i Di Yu, hver knyttet til en bestemt forbrytelse (lyving, tyveri, drap, osv.). Ikke virksomme i de levendes verden.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk plassering<\/strong><\/p><p>Ingen selvstendige figurer, men funksjon\u00e6rer. I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aDiamantkj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet'; tantrisk form av Mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis og mantra-teknikk i sentrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span> forst\u00e5tt som energiaspekter som kan omdannes til vredefulle beskyttelsesgudheter (Yamantaka som overvinner av Yama selv).<\/p><div><p><strong>De \u00e5tte varme helvetene og deres vakter<\/strong><\/p><p>I sammenheng med <em>Asta Naraka<\/em> (\u00e5tte varme helvetesomr\u00e5der) og de \u00e5tte kalde helvetesomr\u00e5dene blir Naraka-vokterens funksjon sv\u00e6rt spesifikk. En vokter av kokehelvetet er for eksempel ikke alltid samme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5ndelig vesen som tilskrives skadelig eller tvetydig virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>; tekster forteller om forskjellige vakter i forskjellige tidsaldre.<\/p><p>I tibetansk buddhisme forst\u00e5s Naraka-vaktene ofte som manifestasjoner av Mahakala eller Yamantaka, alts\u00e5 som vredefulle aspekter av medf\u00f8lelse. En Naraka-vakt sl\u00e5r for \u00e5 overvinne fangens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduisme, buddhisme og jainisme loven om handling og f\u00f8lge: hver handling virker tilbake p\u00e5 senere eksistenser.\">karma<\/span>, aldri av ondskap. Dette er en radikal omtolkning av straff som terapeutisk intervensjon.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene ved Naraka-vaktene i et overblikk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturkontekst<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I tjeneste hos Yama eller Yanluo. Funksjon\u00e6rer for karmisk fullbyrdelse, ikke autonome demoner. I \u00d8stasia spesifikke enkeltfigurer (kuhode, hestehode).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rettet mot<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f8de med tunge karmiske forbrytelser. I \u00d8stasia fordelt etter forbrytelsestype p\u00e5 de ti helvetene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dyrehodet (ku, hest, tiger), bev\u00e6pnet med vapen. Embetsdrakt i kinesisk fremstilling, vredefull i tibetansk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Virksomhet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fullbyrder karmiske straffer: ild, is, s\u00f8nderdeling, oppslukning. Hver straff er et spesifikt motstykke til den underliggende synden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelsesmidler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00e5kalle Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I mahayana-buddhismen en opplyst som utsetter sin egen frigj\u00f8ring til fordel for l\u00e6ren for andre vesener.\">bodhisattva<\/span> for helvetesvesenene), sutra-resitasjon, forfedre\u00ad<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en guddom for \u00e5 uttrykke takk, b\u00f8nn eller \u00e6rb\u00f8dighet.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>, ullambana-ritualer. I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantkj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet; tantrisk form av mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis i sentrum.\">vajrayana<\/span>: phowa, tantriske renselsespraksiser, bindings\u00adritualer til Yamantaka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140804\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140814\">erinyene<\/a>, kristne helvetesdjevler, japanske oni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Helvetestopografi og praksis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c5tte varme Narakaer<\/strong><\/p><p>Sanghata, Raurava, Maharaurava, Tapana, Pratapana, Samjiva, Kalasutra, Avici. Hver med egne straffeformer: ild, s\u00f8nderknusing, s\u00f8nderdeling, skillevegger med kokende olje. Avici (\u00abdet uopph\u00f8rlige\u00bb) er den dypeste, forbeholdt de tyngste karmaene.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c5tte kalde Narakaer<\/strong><\/p><p>Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Atata, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma, Mahapadma. Iskulde som straffeform; kroppene fryser, sprekker opp, blir til lotusformede fragmenter (derav navnene).<\/p><p><strong>Ksitigarbha-praksis<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I Mahayana-buddhismen en opplyst som skyver sin frelse til side for l\u00e6rens skyld for andre vesener.\">Bodhisattvaen<\/span> Ksitigarbha (kinesisk Dizang, japansk Jizo) har <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et h\u00f8ytidelig religi\u00f8st l\u00f8fte gitt til en gudhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u00f8ftet<\/span> om \u00e5 redde alle helvetesvesener f\u00f8r han selv g\u00e5r inn i nirvana. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en gudhet eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tilkallingen<\/span> av ham er den viktigste helvetesavlastende praksisen i \u00d8stasia. Jizo-statuer omkranser japanske veier og beskytter barn og reisende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller og resepsjon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke av gresk og romersk kultur, om lag 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antikke<\/span> paralleller<\/strong><\/p><p>Mesopotamisk <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a> i Ere\u0161kigals underverden, egyptisk <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140804\">Ammit<\/a> ved d\u00f8dsdommen, greske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140814\">erinyer<\/a> som hevnende gudinner. Strukturelt lignende: fullbyrdelsesorganer for kosmisk rettferdighet.<\/p><p><strong>Det kinesiske Di Yu-systemet:<\/strong> Ti helvetes\u00adkonger, hver med eget palass og embetsverk. Buddhistisk-daoistisk blandingsform; Yuli-litteraturen (Song) beskriver systemet i detalj. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bygning som tjener tilbedelsen av en eller flere guddommer.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templer<\/span> ved kinesiske bygrenser og gravplasser viser Di Yu-scener.<\/p><p><strong>Moderne tid<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Japanske animer (<em>Hozuki no Reitetsu<\/em>, Di Yu-komedier), Bollywood-filmer med Yamraj-helveter, koreanske serier som <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> (2017) med detaljert Naraka-navigasjon. Helvetes\u00ad<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span> forblir visuelt popul\u00e6r.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Yamantaka som kosmisk vokter over alle helveter<\/strong><\/p><p>En sentral skikkelse i denne sammenhengen er <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, overvinneren av Yama. I tibetansk buddhisme er Yamantaka, ut over rollen som Yamas budbringer, ogs\u00e5 herre over alle demoniske voktere i Yamas rike. Yamantaka p\u00e5kalles meditativt i tantriske sadhanaer for \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 kontroll over indre demoniske krefter.<\/p><p>Det vil si: Det ytre helvetet med sine voktere forst\u00e5s som en projeksjon av indre, ubearbeidede f\u00f8lelser. En Naraka-vokter er til syvende og sist ogs\u00e5 vokteren over ens egen gr\u00e5dighet, sinne og uvitenhet. Denne psykologiske omtolkningen av helvetesmotivet viser hvordan buddhismen omtolker f\u00f8rmoderne forestillinger inn i et soteriologisk rammeverk.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2fe5e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2fe5e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04be37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp04be37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka i den buddhistiske kosmosen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43ff34f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp43ff34f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc28983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbc28983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naraka-vokterne kan bare forst\u00e5s n\u00e5r man kjenner <em>Narakas<\/em> plass i det buddhistiske verdensbildet. <em>Naraka<\/em> er sanskritbegrepet for helvetesomr\u00e5dene, det laveste av de seks tilv\u00e6relsesomr\u00e5dene et vesen kan gjenf\u00f8des i. Det er viktig \u00e5 merke seg en grunnleggende forskjell fra det kristne helvete: Naraka er ikke evig.<\/p><p>Det er steder for tidsbegrenset, selv om enormt langvarig, straff, der tung negativ karma avvikles. N\u00e5r den er brukt opp, tar ogs\u00e5 oppholdet i helvete slutt, og en gjenf\u00f8delse i et h\u00f8yere omr\u00e5de blir mulig.<\/p><p>Den buddhistiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestilling om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologien<\/span> har utarbeidet Naraka i detalj. Tekstene skiller vanligvis mellom \u00e5tte varme og \u00e5tte kalde hovedhelveter, hver med tallrike underhelveter, der man lider ulike pinsler avhengig av tidligere forbrytelser.<\/p><p>Levetiden i disse omr\u00e5dene angis i tekstene med astronomisk store tall, for \u00e5 understreke alvoret, uten at det er tale om virkelig evighet.<\/p><p>I dette systemet h\u00f8rer Naraka-vokterne til som det personellet som fullbyrder straffene. De er ingen selvstendige guder og ingen falne vesener, men funksjonsskikkelser innenfor helvetesomr\u00e5dene.<\/p><p>Deres oppgave er \u00e5 pine, dele opp, brenne og skj\u00e6re i stykker de som er gjenf\u00f8dt der, mens tekstene betoner at helvetesvesenene stadig settes sammen igjen, slik at straffen kan fortsette.<\/p><p>Naraka-vokterne er dermed fullbyrdere av en upersonlig kosmisk lov, ikke akt\u00f8rer i en personlig hevn. Beslektede forestillinger finnes i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\">buddhismen<\/a> i alle dens regionale utforminger.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e169d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0e169d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3be2b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3be2b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Er vokterne selv lidende vesener? En l\u00e6rdiskusjon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp710a16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp710a16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3898b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3898b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Et av de mest interessante sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5lene rundt Naraka-vokterne er en gammel intern buddhistisk l\u00e6rdiskusjon: Hva slags vesener er helvetesvokterne egentlig? Dette sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5let er ikke uvesentlig, for det ber\u00f8rer kjernen i den buddhistiske l\u00e6ren om karma og gjenf\u00f8delse.<\/p><p>Et standpunkt som diskuteres i Abhidharma-litteraturen, hevder at helvetesvokterne ikke er virkelig f\u00f8lende, lidende vesener, men en slags manifestasjon frembrakt av helvetesbeboernes egne kollektive karma.<\/p><p>Etter denne oppfatningen skaper de ford\u00f8mte gjennom sitt eget negative karma de pinevoktere som deretter torturerer dem; vokterne er da s\u00e5 \u00e5 si objektiverte f\u00f8lger av de straffedes egne handlinger. Denne tolkningen har den fordelen at ingen opparbeider nytt d\u00e5rlig karma gjennom torturhandlingen, siden vokterne ikke ville v\u00e6re handlende personer i full forstand.<\/p><p>Et annet standpunkt anser helvetesvokterne for \u00e5 v\u00e6re virkelige vesener som selv er gjenf\u00f8dt i helvete, og som der lever en pinefull tilv\u00e6relse ved \u00e5 torturere andre.<\/p><p>I noen tekster fremst\u00e5r skikkelser som <em>Yamapala<\/em>, forbundet med Yama, i denne rollen. Dette synet reiser det vanskelige sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5let om vokterne ikke selv skaper nytt d\u00e5rlig karma gjennom sin grusomhet, og dermed forblir fanget i helvete.<\/p><p>Ulike buddhistiske skoler har gitt forskjellige svar, og stridspunktet forble ul\u00f8st i \u00e5rhundrer. For den religionsvitenskapelige betraktningen er denne diskusjonen opplysende, fordi den viser at Naraka-vokterne ikke er et enkelt billedelement, men en figur som grunnleggende sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om ansvar, handling og gjenf\u00f8delse i buddhistisk l\u00e6re knytter seg til.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2c4a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2c4a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d912b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d912b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama og helvetesdomstolen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d65272 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1d65272\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc62d382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc62d382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over de enkelte kvalgeistene i det buddhistiske helvetesbildet st\u00e5r skikkelsen <em>Yama<\/em>, herre over underverdenen og de d\u00f8des dommer.<\/p><p>Yama er en gammel indisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som dyrkes som gudommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> som allerede i de vediske tekstene fremst\u00e5r som den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige og herre over de d\u00f8de, og som buddhismen tok opp i sitt kosmologiske system. I den buddhistiske utformingen leder Yama det gericht de avd\u00f8de stilles fram for, og han forh\u00f8rer dem om deres gjerninger.<\/p><p>En kjent l\u00e6refortelling, liknelsen om de himmelske sendebudene, skildrer hvordan Yama minner en d\u00f8d om at han i sitt liv har sett alderdom, sykdom og d\u00f8d, men ikke tatt dette som anledning til gode handlinger.<\/p><p>Yama fremst\u00e5r her som en instans som holder vesenet sin egen fors\u00f8mmelse fram for \u00f8ynene, ikke som en vilk\u00e5rlig tyrann; straffen f\u00f8lger av karma, ikke av Yamas hum\u00f8r. I \u00f8stasiatisk utforming ble dette gericht utbygd til et system med ti underverdenskonger, gjennom hvis instanser sjelen f\u00f8res etter tur.<\/p><p>Naraka-vokterne st\u00e5r i denne strukturen under Yama. De er de ut\u00f8vende organene for dommen som avsies i helvetesgericht, sammenlignbare med rettsbetjenter og b\u00f8dler i en jordisk rettsordning. Denne byr\u00e5kratiseringen av underverdenen, s\u00e6rlig fremtredende i kinesisk og japansk tradisjon, har forankret Naraka-vokterne fast i et ordnet bilde av det hinsidige.<\/p><p>De handler etter instruks i stedet for av egen drift, og deres virksomhet er del av en regulert prosess. Denne innordningen er viktig for \u00e5 forst\u00e5 vokterne som funksjon\u00e6rer innenfor en kosmisk rettsordning som til syvende og sist bygger p\u00e5 karmalovens prinsipp, i stedet for \u00e5 misforst\u00e5 dem som rene skrekkskikkelser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62c9f3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp62c9f3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f39e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f39e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Billedlig fremstilling og didaktisk funksjon av helvetesvokterne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4287a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4287a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4545f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4545f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Naraka-vokterne og de helvetesregionene de bebor, h\u00f8rer til de motivene som oftest er fremstilt i buddhistisk kunst, og disse fremstillingene hadde en klar oppgave.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>, \u00ablivets hjul\u00bb, som er avbildet i mange klostre, opptar helvetesregionen en av de seks sektorene; der ser man de ford\u00f8mte, redskapene for straff og vokterne som pinter dem. I \u00d8stasia oppstod hele billedsykluser om de ti helvetekongene og deres gericht.<\/p><p>Disse bildene var prim\u00e6rt didaktiske, mindre dekorative. De f\u00f8rte de troende, ofte ogs\u00e5 de som ikke kunne lese, drastisk fram for \u00f8ynene hva konsekvensene av d\u00e5rlige handlinger var.<\/p><p>Den utf\u00f8rlige, til tider grufulle skildringen av helvetesstraffene og deres fullbyrdere tjente den etiske oppdragelsen: Den som s\u00e5 bildene, skulle motiveres til \u00e5 f\u00f8lge de buddhistiske forskriftene, til \u00e5 avst\u00e5 fra \u00e5 drepe, stjele og lyve.<\/p><p>I Japan utviklet det seg egne billedtradisjoner ut av dette, og tekster som <em>Ojoyoshu<\/em> av Genshin skildret helvetene s\u00e5 inntrengende at de varig preget den religi\u00f8se forestillingsverdenen.<\/p><p>Naraka-vokterne fremst\u00e5r i disse skildringene i fastlagte billedformler: med dyrehoder, ofte okse- eller hestehode, med veldige klubber, gafler og andre redskaper, av skrekkinnjagende skikkelse. I kinesisk og japansk tradisjon er vokterne med okse- og hestehode blitt s\u00e6rlig kjente. Viktig for forst\u00e5elsen er at disse skrekkbildene i buddhistisk sammenheng aldri er et m\u00e5l i seg selv.<\/p><p>De st\u00e5r i tjeneste for en l\u00e6re som til syvende og sist siktar mot frigj\u00f8ring fra gjenf\u00f8delsenes kretsl\u00f8p. Helvetet og dets voktere er advarselen, den forutsatte bakgrunnen som gir den buddhistiske veien sin alvor. Den som bare betrakter Naraka-vokterne som monstre, overser deres egentlige funksjon som redskap i en religi\u00f8s pedagogikk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anbefalte interne lenker:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140863\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140864\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140867\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140804\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140814\">Erinyer<\/a> (paralleller)<\/li><li>Ksitigarbha (Dizang\/Jizo) og l\u00e6ren om frigj\u00f8ring fra helvete<\/li><li>Kinesisk Di Yu og japansk Jigoku<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Et utvalg sentrale arbeider om Naraka og dens voktere:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Matsunaga, Daigan \/ Matsunaga, Alicia: <em>The Buddhist Concept of Hell<\/em>. New York 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stone, Jacqueline I.: <em>Right Thoughts at the Last Moment<\/em>. Honolulu 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-naraka-waechter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Beskyttelsespraksisen som beskrives her, er en religionsvitenskapelig plassering av historiske tradisjoner. iWell Guard knytter seg til denne kulturhistoriske linjen av b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter og representerer en samtidig form av denne. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Naraka-vokterne","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Naraka-vokterne \u2013 buddhistiske helvetesvoktere","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Naraka-vokterne (sanskrit narakap\u0101la) er fullbyrderne i de buddhistiske helvetene. Abhidharma-kosmologien kjenner \u00e5tte varme og \u00e5tte kalde","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-140866","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Naraka-vokterne \u2013 buddhistiske helvetesvoktere<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Naraka-vokterne (sanskrit narakap\u0101la) er fullbyrderne i de buddhistiske helvetene. 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