{"id":140865,"date":"2026-09-03T09:14:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140865"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:33:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:33:28","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140865\" class=\"elementor elementor-140865 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, en \u00e5nd fra den buddhistiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Yamas d\u00f8dsbud, fullbyrdere av karmiske dommer.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadutaene i Naraka-systemet<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadutaene er <strong>Yamas d\u00f8dsbud<\/strong>, d\u00f8dsherren i den vediske, hinduistiske og buddhistiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>I Garuda Purana og i Naraka-systemet i Mahabharata henter de sjelen umiddelbart etter <strong>d\u00f8dstidspunktet<\/strong>. Deres plikter omfatter: identifikasjon av sjelen, oppl\u00f8sning av livsb\u00e5ndene, ledsagelse over <strong>Vaitarani-elven<\/strong>, overlevering til Yamas domstol i <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. Der veier skriveren <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> fortjenester og forbrytelser, og Yama avsier dommen.<\/p><p>Straffene f\u00f8rer til en av de <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (helvetene): Raurava (skrikets helvete), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Den buddhistiske overtakelsen (Mahayana, Vajrayana) bevarer skjemaet, men legger til muligheten for frigj\u00f8ring gjennom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En hellig stavelse eller formel som gjentas i hinduismen og buddhismen.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>-resitasjon og praksiser i mellomtilstanden (bardo, Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken). Ikonografisk fremstilles Yamadutaene som m\u00f8rkhudede, med snare og klubbe, og rir p\u00e5 vannb\u00f8ffel.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5nd: Ukroppslig eller halvkroppslig vesen, avd\u00f8de, naturvesener, hus\u00e5nder eller vokter av overganger. Virker i dagliglivet, ofte knyttet til steder eller familier.\">\u00c5nd<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradisjon med bodhisattvaer, vernegudheter, hunger\u00e5nder og helvetesvoktere.\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143218\" alt=\"Yamaduta - \u00e5nder fra den buddhistiske tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta er en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et kroppsl\u00f8st vesen som tillegges virkning i verden.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5nd<\/span> fra den buddhistiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btaer er d\u00f8dsbudbringerne i tjeneste hos Yama, de d\u00f8des herre i den indisk-buddhistiske tradisjonen. Ved d\u00f8dens inntreden viser de seg for \u00e5 hente sjelen og f\u00f8re den til Yamas domstol.<\/p><p>Der veies <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I hinduismen, buddhismen og jainismen loven om handlingens f\u00f8lger: Enhver handling virker tilbake p\u00e5 fremtidige tilv\u00e6relser.\">karma<\/span>; Yama avsier dommen, og Yamad\u016btaene fullbyrder den, enten i himmelverdenene eller i Narakaene (helvetene). Skikkelsen forbinder indiske og buddhistiske d\u00f8dskult-tradisjoner; i \u00d8st-Asia smelter den sammen med lokale forestillinger om d\u00f8dsriket.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u00abGudsbudbringer-sutraen\u00bb) i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlingen av hellige skrifter som anses som bindende for en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonen<\/span> forteller Buddha om en scene: En avd\u00f8d blir f\u00f8rt fram for Yama, som sp\u00f8r ham om han ikke hadde sett \u00abgudenes budbringere\u00bb, alderdom, sykdom, d\u00f8d og lik, som kunne ha f\u00e5tt ham til \u00e5 vende om.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016btaene er dermed ikke bare fullbyrdere, men samtidig varslere om livet selv. Denne doble rollen gj\u00f8r skikkelsen teologisk rik.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana og Yamalokas topografi<\/strong><\/p><p>Den mest detaljerte skildringen av <em>Yamaduta<\/em> finnes i <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (8.\u201310. \u00e5rhundre), hvor Yamas budbringere klassifiseres etter rang og funksjon. Utover rollen som enkle vaktere eller budbringere fungerer de som dommere og protokollf\u00f8rere av den karmiske dommen.<\/p><p>Hver avd\u00f8d ledsages av sine personlige Yamaduta fra d\u00f8dsverdenen til Maharloka, hvor Yama holder hoff. Selve topografien til Yamaloka, slik den beskrives i ulike puranaer, viser en byr\u00e5kratisk oppbygning: porten, veien, rettferdighetens sal og de forskjellige helveteomr\u00e5dene. Yamadutaene er forvalterne av denne topografien, ikke dens voktere.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rask oversikt: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> D\u00f8dsbud, helvetesfullbyrdere<br>Opprinnelse: Tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren<br>Tekster: Devad\u016bta Sutta, jatakaene, Abhidharmakosha, Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken<br>Tidsrom: vedisk-buddhistisk til i dag<br>\u00d8stasiatisk form: i det kinesiske underverden-systemet som Yanluos bud<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Innplassering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedisk bakgrunn (Yama i Rigveda), buddhistisk utforming i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlingen av en religions hellige skrifter som anerkjennes som bindende.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Det store kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet'; en av de tre hovedtradisjonene i buddhismen, med bodhisattva-idealet og utviklet filosofisk refleksjon.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sutraer. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4.\/5. \u00e5rhundre e.Kr.) systematiserer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span>. Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I tibetansk buddhisme overgangstilstanden mellom to eksistenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen etter d\u00f8den.\">bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. \u00e5rhundre eller senere) med detaljert Yamad\u016bta-scenario. Kinesiske og japanske referanser i buddhistisk underverdens\u00adlitteratur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det indiske subkontinentet, Theravada-landene, \u00d8stasia (i Kina som Yanluos bud, som Niu Tou \u00abOksehode\u00bb og Ma Mian \u00abHesteansikt\u00bb), Tibet med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Diamant-kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet'; tantrisk form av Mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis og mantra-teknikk i sentrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span>-utvidelse, Japan med Emma-utforming.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya og Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken; rituell veiledning for overgangstilstandene etter d\u00f8den.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kinesiske underverdens\u00adfortellinger (<em>Di Yu<\/em>-litteratur), japanske Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betegnelse og skrivem\u00e5ter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u00abYamas sendebud\u00bb; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u00abYamas vokter\u00bb; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u00abYamas mann\u00bb.<br>Kinesisk: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u00abKuhode og hestefjes\u00bb, popul\u00e6r parform).<br>Japansk: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama som Emma.<br>Tibetansk: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Spesifiseringen i \u00d8stasia er interessant: paret kuhode og hestefjes er en selvstendig kinesisk utvikling. Begge fremstilles som mektige underverdensbyr\u00e5krater under Yanluo Wang og er fremtredende i folkereligi\u00f8se templer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kjennetegn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>I indisk tradisjon ofte med flammeaura, v\u00e5pen, lenker. Kan v\u00e6re dyre- eller delvis dyreformet. I kinesisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om billedinnhold og dets betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> spesifisert som kuhode og hestefjes, bev\u00e6pnet med klubber eller greiper. I tibetanske thangkaer vrede, dansende, med hodeskallesymboler.<\/p><p><strong>Oppf\u00f8rsel<\/strong><\/p><p>Viser seg ved d\u00f8dens inntreden, binder sjelen og f\u00f8rer den til Yama. I narakaene fullbyrder de karmiske straffer, ikke av personlig grusomhet, men som en funksjonell oppgave. I devad\u016bta-tolkningen er de samtidig symbolske: livet selv formaner gjennom alderdom, sykdom og d\u00f8d.<\/p><p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>Mellomtilstanden under d\u00f8dsprosessen, Yamas domstol, narakaene (helvetene). I \u00f8stasiatisk tradisjon ogs\u00e5 inndelt i konkrete underverdensembeter, hver av de ti helvetene har egne byr\u00e5krater.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk plassering<\/strong><\/p><p>I vedisk tradisjon er Yama den f\u00f8rste d\u00f8delige som gikk til underverdenen, og ble slik dens herre. Hans sendebud er funksjon\u00e6rer i et kosmisk system, ikke selvstendige demoner. Den buddhistiske overtakelsen bevarer denne funksjonsposisjonen.<\/p><div><p><strong>Kroppskjennetegn og skremmefunksjon<\/strong><\/p><p>I Mahabharata-passasjene og senere puranaer beskrives yamad\u016btaer med spesifikke kroppslige kjennetegn: svart hud, r\u00f8de \u00f8yne, slangeh\u00e5r eller flammer i stedet for h\u00e5r, jernv\u00e5pen. Disse kjennetegnene er funksjonelle, ikke tilfeldige: de skal sjokkere de d\u00f8delige og bevege dem til selvrefleksjon over eget liv.<\/p><p>Utseendet er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ondt avvergende; apotropeiske symboler (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) beskytter mot skadelig magi og det onde \u00f8yet.\">apotropeisk<\/span> og meditativt p\u00e5 samme tid. Synet av en yamad\u016bta markerer overgangen fra liv til ansvar. I tantriske kommentarer er skremmefunksjonen enda mer uttalt: yamad\u016btaen er en bevisst legemliggj\u00f8ring av karmiske konsekvenser, ikke en biologisk enhet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktaboks: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene ved yamad\u016bta i korte trekk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Yamas tjeneste, d\u00f8dsherren. Vedisk-buddhistisk grunnlag. I \u00d8stasia utformet under Yanluo\/Emma, med eget byr\u00e5krati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mottakere<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f8ende ved d\u00f8dens inntreden, avd\u00f8de i mellomtilstanden, helvetesvesener som fullbyrdere. Indirekte alle levende som formanere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erscheinungsbild<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indisk med flammeaura og v\u00e5pen. Kinesisk spesifisert som kuhode og hestefjes. Tibetansk vred, dansende, med hodeskallesmykker.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamadutas virkning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Henter d\u00f8ende sjeler, f\u00f8rer dem til Yamas domstol, fullbyrder karmiske dommer. Funksjonelt, ikke personlig grusomt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avvergende midler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikke avvergelse, men et rettskaffent liv: etisk handling, tilflukt til De tre juveler, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedende eller besvergende tiltalen til en guddom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00e5kallelse<\/span> av Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I mahayana-buddhismen en opplyst som skyver sin egen frigj\u00f8ring til side for l\u00e6ren til gagn for andre vesener.\">bodhisattva<\/span> for helvetesvesenene). Tibetansk: phowa-praksis (bevissthetsoverf\u00f8ring i d\u00f8ds\u00f8yeblikket).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sammenlignbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140813\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140819\">Dirae<\/a>, egyptiske Amduat-ledsagere, kristne d\u00f8dsengler.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00f8dsriter og gravferdsriter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D\u00f8dsforberedelse<\/strong><\/p><p>I theravada-tradisjonen: resitasjon av paritta- og metta-sutraer hos d\u00f8ende. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Det store kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet; en av de tre hovedtradisjonene i buddhismen, med bodhisattva-idealet.\">Mahayana<\/span>: resitasjon av Amitabha-mantraer for \u00e5 bli gjenf\u00f8dt i hans rene land i stedet for i Yamas rike. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamant-kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yet; tantrisk form av mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e6rt i Tibet, med yidam-praksis i sentrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: phowa som en spesifikk d\u00f8dsmeditasjon for \u00e5 tre ut av kretsl\u00f8pet.<\/p><p><strong>Riter etter d\u00f8den<\/strong><\/p><p>Den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken gir anvisninger til den avd\u00f8de for de 49 dagene i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"I tibetansk buddhisme overgangstilstanden mellom to eksistenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen etter d\u00f8den.\">bardo<\/span>, blant annet konkrete m\u00f8ter med yamad\u016btaer. Kinesisk tradisjon har \u00absju-ganger-sju\u00bb-d\u00f8dsritualet (49 dager med ukentlige seremonier). Japansk obon og lignende ritualer skal lette d\u00f8dstilstanden.<\/p><p><strong>Etisk dimensjon<\/strong><\/p><p>Devad\u016bta-l\u00e6ren l\u00e6rer at livet selv sender budene: alderdom, sykdom, synet av lik. Den som lytter til dette, har lite \u00e5 frykte ved Yamas domstol. Den som ikke lytter, finner seg selv i tilsvarende gjenf\u00f8delser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller og resepsjon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoke i den greske og romerske kulturen, omtrent 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antikken<\/span> og mesopotamiske paralleller<\/strong><\/p><p>Den mesopotamiske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a> som ut\u00f8vende organ for underverdenen, de greske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140813\">Keres<\/a> som d\u00f8dsdemoninner, egyptiske Amduat-ledsagerfigurer p\u00e5 solreisen gjennom underverdenen.<\/p><p><strong>\u00d8stasiatisk utvikling<\/strong><\/p><p>Kinesiske Niu Tou Ma Mian, japanske Emma-embetsmenn har i folketroen et konkret embetshierarki med brevveksling og pr\u00f8ver. Di Yu-systemet (\u00abjordfengselet\u00bb) er en av de mest utviklede underverdensadministrasjonene i verden.<\/p><p><strong>Moderne resepsjon<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywood-filmer med Yamraj-figurer, japansk anime med shinigami-motiver, koreanske K-dramaer med figurer av d\u00f8dens engel, alle varierer Yamaduta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> i moderne form.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta og islamske Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Det finnes en p\u00e5fallende parallell mellom de hinduistiske Yamaduta og d\u00f8dsenglene i den islamske tradisjonen, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Begge tradisjoner skildrer himmelske vesener som viser seg p\u00e5 d\u00f8dstidspunktet. Begge bed\u00f8mmer den avd\u00f8des handlinger p\u00e5 grunnlag av religi\u00f8se eller karmiske opptegnelser.<\/p><p>Begge er skremmende i sitt utseende, men rettferdige i sin funksjon. De islamske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabisk for \u00abenglene\u00bb; i Koranen en kosmologisk klasse av engler der Gabriel, Mikael og Israfil er de viktigste.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> er imidlertid moralske redskaper for Gud, mens Yamaduta snarere fremst\u00e5r som n\u00f8ytrale administrative krefter. Dette skillet viser en forskjell i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologisk problem om forholdet mellom Guds allmakt og godhet og eksistensen av det onde i verden.\">teodiceen<\/span>: I hinduismen er karma selvutl\u00f8sende, i islam er det Guds n\u00e5de som avgj\u00f8r rettferdigheten.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta som d\u00f8dsgudens sendebud<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet <em>Yamaduta<\/em> betyr ordrett \u00abYamas sendebud\u00bb. Yama er d\u00f8dens herre, en gestalt som stammer fra den vediske religionen og som spredte seg via buddhismen og hinduismen til hele S\u00f8r- og \u00d8stasia.<\/p><p>Yamaduta er hans underordnede, sendt ut for \u00e5 hente sjelene til de d\u00f8de og f\u00f8re dem fram for d\u00f8dsherrens domstol. De er dermed ingen selvstendige makter, men funksjon\u00e6rer innenfor en kosmisk ordning.<\/p><p>I de buddhistiske tekstene forekommer Yamaduta i flere roller. Et viktig sted er <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> i Pali-kanonen, der det riktignok er de \u00abguddommelige sendebudene\u00bb som st\u00e5r i sentrum, nemlig alderdom, sykdom og d\u00f8d som varselstegn som skal advare hvert menneske.<\/p><p>I tillegg finnes de mer konkrete skildringene av helvetesbudene som griper den avd\u00f8de og f\u00f8rer ham fram for Yama. Yama holder da den d\u00f8de til rette med at han i livet s\u00e5 tegnene p\u00e5 alderdom, sykdom og d\u00f8d, men ikke tok dem til seg.<\/p><p>Denne sammenknytningen av skremmende skildring og etisk formaning er kjennetegnende for buddhismens behandling av Yamaduta. De er skremmende gestalter, men skrekken deres har et l\u00e6rerikt form\u00e5l. Forskningen p\u00e5 buddhistisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> peker p\u00e5 at buddhismens helvetesskildringer var tenkt som en inntrengende illustrasjon av karmaloven, og ikke som et m\u00e5l i seg selv.<\/p><p>Yamaduta utf\u00f8rer ingen vilk\u00e5rlig straff, de setter i verk det som den avd\u00f8des egne handlinger f\u00f8rer med seg. Den egentlige dommeren er til syvende og sist loven om handling og f\u00f8lge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta i helvetesskildringer og tempelkunst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den buddhistiske billedkunsten i Asia har fremstilt Yamaduta mange ganger, s\u00e6rlig i de store helvetesskildringene som finnes i templer, p\u00e5 veggmalerier og p\u00e5 rullebilder. Disse billedprogrammene viser Yamas d\u00f8dsdomstol og straffene i de forskjellige helvetene, ofte med drastisk anskuelighet.<\/p><p>Yamaduta framst\u00e5r her som ut\u00f8vende vaktere og torturister, ofte med dyretrekk, for eksempel okse- eller hestehoder, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e6ren om billedinnhold og deres betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> som er s\u00e6rlig utpreget i den \u00f8stasiatiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>Slike helvetesskildringer hadde en klar didaktisk funksjon. De ble plassert p\u00e5 steder der lekfolk kunne se dem, og de illustrerte konsekvensene av uheldige handlinger p\u00e5 en m\u00e5te som var forst\u00e5elig ogs\u00e5 uten tekstkunnskap.<\/p><p>I Thailand, i den tibetanske tradisjonen, i Kina, Korea og Japan finnes egne utforminger av denne billedtradisjonen, som fyller det felles grunnskjemaet med regionale s\u00e6rtrekk.<\/p><p>I den \u00f8stasiatiske varianten forbindes den indiske arven med forestillingen om de ti underverdenskongene, slik at Yama der framst\u00e5r som \u00e9n av ti dommere, sammenlignbar med den koreanske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140991\">Yeomra<\/a>.<\/p><p>For den religionsvitenskapelige betraktningen er denne billedtradisjonen en viktig kilde, fordi den viser hvordan l\u00e6ren om karma og d\u00f8dsdomstolen ble formidlet til lekfolkets livsverden. Yamaduta framst\u00e5r i disse bildene som anskuelige, skremmende gestalter, ikke som abstrakte teologiske begreper.<\/p><p>Den kunsthistoriske forskningen bruker dessuten de bevarte helvetesbildene til \u00e5 f\u00f8lge spredningen av bestemte forestillinger over tid og rom, siden man i dem kan avlese hvordan buddhistisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Forestillingen om verdens oppbygning og orden innenfor en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> ble overf\u00f8rt mellom regionene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta og Yamadut i hinduismen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forestillingen om Yamas budbringere er, i tillegg til i buddhismen, ogs\u00e5 godt forankret i hinduismen, hvor budbringerne ofte kalles <em>Yamadut<\/em>. En s\u00e6rlig kjent fortelling, som er overlevert i flere puraner, handler om Ajamila.<\/p><p>Ajamila er en mann som har levd et forfeilet liv, og som i d\u00f8dsstunden skal hentes av Yamas budbringere. I d\u00f8ds\u00f8yeblikket roper han imidlertid ut navnet til sin s\u00f8nn, som tilfeldigvis ogs\u00e5 er et av navnene til guden Vishnu. Da viser Vishnus budbringere, <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, seg, g\u00e5r til motangrep mot Yamas budbringere og befrir Ajamila.<\/p><p>Denne fortellingen er teologisk opplysende. I tradisjonen for Vishnu-tilbedelse brukes den som belegg for det guddommelige navnets frelsende kraft: Selv et ubevisst utrop av navnet skal ha en helbredende virkning.<\/p><p>I denne fortellingen representerer Yamas budbringere den strenge logikken om handling og gjengjeldelse, mens Vishnus budbringere representerer n\u00e5den som kan bryte denne logikken. Striden mellom de to budbringergruppene fremstilles i tekstene som en regelrett disputt om rett og n\u00e5de.<\/p><p>Sett fra et religionsvitenskapelig perspektiv viser denne episoden at yamaduta har blitt vektlagt forskjellig i de ulike religi\u00f8se str\u00f8mningene i India, avhengig av det teologiske standpunktet. I en ramme som er strengt orientert mot karma, er de de uunng\u00e5elige fullbyrderne.<\/p><p>I str\u00f8mninger som er orientert mot hengivenhet og n\u00e5de, blir de en instans som kan overpr\u00f8ves ved den frelsende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et vesen som tilbes som guddommelig innenfor en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">guddommens<\/span> gunst. Yamaduta er dermed en god indikator p\u00e5 hvordan en felles mytologisk forestilling blir plassert og vurdert forskjellig i ulike religi\u00f8se systemer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anbefalte interne lenker:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140856\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140863\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140864\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140866\">Naraka-vakter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140867\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140801\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140813\">Keres<\/a> (paralleller)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140982\">Yama<\/a> som d\u00f8dsherre (hinduisme)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol og den tibetanske d\u00f8deboken<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Et utvalg sentrale arbeider om Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Flere standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140944\">litteraturlisten<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Skadevernpraksisen som beskrives her, er en vitenskapelig innordning av historiske tradisjoner. iWell Guard knytter seg til denne kulturhistoriske linjen av b\u00e6rbare skadevernobjekter og representerer en samtidig form av dette. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta, Yamas d\u00f8dsbud","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 d\u00f8dsbudene til guden Yama","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bta er d\u00f8dsbudene i tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren i den indisk-buddhistiske tradisjonen. N\u00e5r d\u00f8den inntreffer, viser de seg for \u00e5 hente sjelen","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-140865","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 d\u00f8dsbudene til guden Yama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bta er d\u00f8dsbudene i tjeneste hos Yama, d\u00f8dsherren i den indisk-buddhistiske tradisjonen. 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