{"id":140801,"date":"2026-09-03T09:13:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:13:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=140801"},"modified":"2026-09-03T09:31:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T09:31:38","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"140801\" class=\"elementor elementor-140801 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, demon fra den mesopotamiske tradisjonen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Underverdensdemoner, budbringere og fullbyrdere av d\u00f8dsriket.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ demoninne: Overnaturlig vesen med for det meste skadelig eller ambivalent virkning. St\u00e5r mellom guder og mennesker, for\u00e5rsaker sykdom, fristelse eller ulykke, og avverges gjennom besvergelse, apotropaika og ritualer.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vugge for den dokumenterte religionen, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (ca. 3500 f.Kr. til 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Det ble ikke funnet noen overskrifter p\\u00e5 denne siden.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInnholdsfortegnelse\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-143208\" alt=\"Gallu - demoner fra Mesopotamia-tradisjonen, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c5ndelig vesen som tilskrives skadelig eller ambivalent virkning.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> i den mesopotamiske tradisjonen.<\/p><p>Gall\u00fb h\u00f8rer til de eldste belagte demongestaltene i Mesopotamia. De st\u00e5r n\u00e6r underverdenen og dens herskerinne Ere\u0161kigal og opptrer i myter og ritualtekster som fullbyrdere av d\u00f8den. Typisk for dem er utiln\u00e6rmeligheten: tekstene fremhever at de verken tar til seg mat eller drikke, og at de ikke kjenner gaver eller s\u00f8tsaker. De er ikke forhandlingsvillige.<\/p><p>I den kjente fortellingen om Inannas nedstigning til underverdenen er det Gall\u00fb som krever en erstatning for gudinnen og f\u00f8rer Dumuzi ned til underverdenen. Denne scenen har formet bildet av dem frem til i dag: Gall\u00fb er budbringerne som kommer n\u00e5r et menneskes tid er ute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kort profil: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu (akkadisk: gal-lu, \u00abden store\u00bb) er d\u00e6moniske vesener eller underverdensdemoner i den mesopotamiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlede overleverte fortellingen om guder i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologien<\/span>. De er belagt i kileskrifttekster fra Sumer til Babylon, og blir ofte beskrevet som underordnede av underverdensgudinnen Ereshkigal eller d\u00f8dsguden Nergal. De personifiserer sykdom, pest og plutselig d\u00f8d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidsrom for tekstene<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Belegg for Gall\u00fb spenner fra tidlige sumeriske myter (3. \u00e5rtusen f.Kr.) til nybabylonsk og akemenidisk tid. Ingen annen demontype er like konsekvent dokumentert gjennom hele den mesopotamiske kulturhistorien.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk plassering<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, en av underverdenens demoner, er et vesen som tjener <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, underverdenens dronning. <em>Gallu<\/em> er ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis onde i moralsk forstand, men snarere agenter for <em>Ereshkigals<\/em> vilje, fullbyrdere av hennes befalinger, fangere av sjeler og ledsagere av de d\u00f8de til underverdenen.<\/p><p>De er fryktet fordi deres ankomst signaliserer d\u00f8d. <em>Gallu<\/em> kan ogs\u00e5 forst\u00e5s som demoner for sykdom og rask d\u00f8d, som henter mennesker fra overflaten. De representerer d\u00f8dens uunng\u00e5elighet og objektivitet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredelsesomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu er f\u00f8rst og fremst dokumentert i babylonske og assyriske leirtavleserier, s\u00e6rlig i omskrivningene av nedstigningen til underverdenen (Inanna-Ereshkigal-syklusen, med delvis parallelle tekster ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5 hittittisk). De ble fryktet i hele Mesopotamia, fra Sumer til Assyria, og ble bekjempet med besvergelser og apotropeiske ritualer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kildesituasjon<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kildesituasjonen om Gallu er fragmentarisk. Prim\u00e6rtekster er kileskrift-mytologemer og lister fra det gamle Babylon (ca. 1800, 1600 f.Kr.), samt senere assyriske paralleltekster.<\/p><p>Assyriologene Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann og Schwemer har analysert disse overleveringene og plassert dem i konteksten av den mesopotamiske demonologien. En sikker identifikasjon av enkelte Gallu-typer er i dag vanskelig, siden tavlene ofte er delvis \u00f8delagte og viser navnevariasjoner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betegnelse og skrivem\u00e5ter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumerisk:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadisk: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Vanlig som gruppe: ofte de \u00absyv Gall\u00fb\u00bb, et typisk fulltallsmotiv i den mesopotamiske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdsmessig element i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> demonologien.<\/p><p>Etymologien er omstridt; det diskuteres tilknytning til begreper for \u00abfullbyrder\u00bb eller \u00abvold\u00bb. Viktigere enn opprinnelsen er den faste rollen: Gall\u00fb er alltid et redskap for fullbyrdelse, sjelden en selvstendig figur. De opptrer for det meste i grupper, handler p\u00e5 oppdrag fra underverdenen og er navnl\u00f8se.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fremtoning<\/strong><\/p><p>Tekstene beskriver Gall\u00fb helst gjennom det de <em>ikke<\/em> er. De kjenner ingen mat, ingen t\u00f8rst, ingen gave, ingen s\u00f8tsak. Der billedlige fremstillinger kan spores, er de skyggeaktige, skremmende og vanskelige \u00e5 fastholde. De h\u00f8rer derfor til de mindre visuelt fastlagte demonene i Mesopotamia.<\/p><p><strong>Oppf\u00f8rsel<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fb kommer for \u00e5 hente. De f\u00f8rer de d\u00f8endes sjeler til underverdenen, krever erstatning n\u00e5r ordenen er brutt, og fullbyrder d\u00f8dsrikets dommer. Deres handlinger er m\u00e5lrettede og ikke forhandlingsvillige; gaver eller besvergelser virker bare innenfor snevre rituelle grenser.<\/p><p><strong>Virkeomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>Overgangen mellom liv og d\u00f8d, d\u00f8dsleiet, steder for voldsom d\u00f8d, rituelle overgangssituasjoner. De virker der en avgj\u00f8relse om liv eller d\u00f8d fattes, eller der den kosmiske ordenen krever en erstatning.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk opphav<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fb er tjenere av underverdenen, s\u00e6rlig av Ere\u0161kigal. I \u00abInannas nedstigning til underverdenen\u00bb opptrer de som en gruppe som tvinger gudinnen ned i underverdenen og senere krever Dumuzi som erstatning. Deres rolle er dermed strukturelt fastlagt: de er underverdenens forlengede redskap i de levendes verden.<\/p><p><strong>Fremtoning og symbolikk<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> avbildes ofte som skremmende, m\u00f8rke gestalter med overnaturlige trekk, muligens med dyrekropper (l\u00f8ve, okse), gl\u00f8dende \u00f8yne og kl\u00f8r. De kan ogs\u00e5 fremstilles som humanoide med demoniske trekk, horn, sotsvart ansikt og et fryktinngytende uttrykk.<\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> b\u00e6rer ofte lenker eller kjettinger, siden de er bortf\u00f8rerne og bindemennene. Kroppen deres er m\u00f8rk, ofte svart eller dypr\u00f8d. De beveger seg raskt og uventet. Deres n\u00e6rv\u00e6r er kaldt og skremmende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Personkort: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigste aspektene ved Gall\u00fb i korte trekk. Utdypende omtale av navn, beskrivelse, avvergelse og paralleller finner du i avsnittene nedenfor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus opprinnelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tjenere av underverdenen, s\u00e6rlig av Ere\u0161kigal. Ofte nevnt som gruppe, de \u00absyv Gall\u00fb\u00bb. Ingen individuelle gestalter, men kollektive fullbyrdere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus m\u00e5lgruppe<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f8ende, mennesker i rituelle overgangssituasjoner, tabubrytere, skyldige, erstatningspersoner i bytte for andre (som Dumuzi for Inanna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus fremtoning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uklar, bevisst tilbakeholdt: \u00abtar ikke til seg mat, drikker ikke vann, kjenner ikke s\u00f8tsaker\u00bb. Skyggeaktig, skremmende, ikke fastlagt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wirkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plutselig d\u00f8d, sjeleran, raskt forl\u00f8pende sykdom, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tilh\u00f8rende et fastlagt religi\u00f8st handlingsforl\u00f8p.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituelt<\/span> betinget inngrep. Deres komme er ikke forhandlingsvillig, bare mulig \u00e5 utsette eller lede i en annen retning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskyttelse<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besvergelser med krav om \u00e5 returnere til underverdenen, renselsesritualer, substitusjonsoffer (en erstatningsfigur som blir tatt med i stedet for mennesket).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sammenlignbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinyene og Keres (gresk), Thanatos (gresk), Tzitzimime (aztekisk), d\u00f8dsbud-motiver i Europa, lj\u00e5mannen i senere folketro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avvergelse i hverdagen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualer for avvergelse<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritualer mot Gall\u00fb hadde ikke som m\u00e5l \u00e5 tilintetgj\u00f8re dem, men \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 oppskyv eller omdirigering. Kjent er substitusjonsprinsippet: En symbolisk erstatningsfigur, et dyr eller en liten figur av deig eller leire, ble \u00aboverlevert\u00bb til Gall\u00fb i stedet for mennesket. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivet<\/span> f\u00e5r sitt sterkeste mytologiske uttrykk i \u00abInannas nedstigning til underverdenen\u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Besvergelser<\/strong><\/p><p>Formler kaller p\u00e5 Gall\u00fb, nevner deres opphav og viser dem tilbake til underverdenen. Ofte blir samtidig en gudommelig autoritet p\u00e5kalt, hvis oppdrag gj\u00f8r omdirigeringen mulig. Strukturen forblir lik i alle mesopotamiske besvergelser: identifisere, legitimere, sende tilbake.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter og beskyttelsessymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Amuletter spesifikt mot Gall\u00fb er ikke hovedfokuset; viktigere er renhetsbud og kollektive beskyttelsesriter for hus, sted eller by. Beskyttelsen bygger mindre p\u00e5 et objekt og mer p\u00e5 rituell disiplin og et riktig forhold til gudene.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av de religi\u00f8se \u00e6resbevisningene for en gud eller en hellig skikkelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> og tilbedelse<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> ble ikke tilbedt direkte som guder, men fryktet og avverget gjennom besvergelser og beskyttelsesmagi. Beskyttelsesamuletter mot <em>Gallu<\/em> var vanlige, s\u00e6rlig i hus der syke eller d\u00f8ende l\u00e5.<\/p><p>Magikere og prester utf\u00f8rte beskyttelsesritualer for \u00e5 holde <em>Gallu<\/em> unna. Likevel besvor magikere noen ganger <em>Gallu<\/em> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praksiser som gjennom s\u00e6rskilte handlinger eller formler fors\u00f8ker \u00e5 gripe inn i tingenes gang.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> for \u00e5 skade fiender eller oppn\u00e5 raske resultater. <em>Gallu<\/em> ble behandlet med angst og skrekk, ikke tilbedelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, paralleller i andre kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Den gresk-romerske verden<\/strong><\/p><p>Keres og Erinyene er de klareste funksjonelle parallellene. Keres henter sjelene til de falne, Erinyene hevner blodskyld. Thanatos som personifikasjon av d\u00f8den har lignende budbringerfunksjoner og lever videre motivisk i romerske og hellenistiske fremstillinger.<\/p><p><strong>Mellom-Amerika:<\/strong> De aztekiske Tzitzimime er nattlige demoner som truer menneskenes liv i kritiske \u00f8yeblikk av den kosmiske syklusen. Deres rolle som fullbyrdere av en truende kosmisk avslutning er lik i oppbygning og funksjon som Gall\u00fb-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Europa (senere folketro)<\/strong><\/p><p>Lj\u00e5mann-figuren fra den europeiske middelalderen og moderne tid samler <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Et gjentakende innholdselement i kunst eller fortelling.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> om den upersonlige, ikke-forhandlbare d\u00f8dsbudbringeren. Selv om en direkte linje ikke kan p\u00e5vises, viser seg det grunnleggende m\u00f8nsteret: en budbringer som kommer n\u00e5r tiden er ute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu i fortellingen om Inannas nedstigning til underverdenen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den viktigste litter\u00e6re fremtoningen av Gallu finnes i den sumeriske <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En overlevert fortelling om guder, opphav og verdens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> om Inannas nedstigning til underverdenen og dens fortsettelse om gjeterguden Dumuzi. Teksten er overlevert p\u00e5 leirtavler og h\u00f8rer til de mest utfyllende rekonstruerte verkene i den sumeriske litteraturen.<\/p><p>Gudinnen Inanna stiger ned til underverdenen, riket til s\u00f8steren Ereschkigal, og blir der drept og hengt p\u00e5 en p\u00e5le.<\/p><p>Gjennom guden Enkis inngripen blir hun gjenopplivet, men underverdenen lar ingen g\u00e5 fri uten erstatning. Inanna m\u00e5 utpeke en stedfortreder som stiger ned i hennes sted. P\u00e5 vei opp f\u00f8lges hun av Gallu, underverdenens demoner.<\/p><p>Teksten beskriver disse Gallu med stor inntrengende kraft. De kjenner ikke hunger og ikke t\u00f8rst, de spiser ingen mat og drikker ikke vann, de tar ikke mot offergaver og ikke bestikkelser. De kjenner ikke familie, ikke barn, ikke vennskap.<\/p><p>De river kvinnen ut av mannens armer og barnet fra ammens bryst. Dermed er de det fullstendige motstykket til en menneskelig eller gudommelig motpart som man kunne forhandle med.<\/p><p>Som erstatning for Inanna blir til slutt hennes ektemann Dumuzi utpekt, han som ikke hadde s\u00f8rget over henne. Gallu jager ham, han flykter og forvandler seg, men blir tatt og slept ned til underverdenen.<\/p><p>F\u00f8rst gjennom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gave til en gud for \u00e5 uttrykke takk, b\u00f8nn eller tilbedelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">offeret<\/span> fra s\u00f8steren Geschtinanna, som trer inn i hans sted en del av \u00e5ret, blir hans skjebne mildnet. Gallu er i denne fortellingen underverdensordenens ukorrupte fullbyrdere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu i besvergelsestekster og avverging av sykdom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utenfor den fortellende litteraturen forekommer gallu-demonene f\u00f8rst og fremst i Mesopotamias besvergelses- og avvergingstekster. Disse tekstene, overlevert p\u00e5 akkadisk og sumerisk spr\u00e5k p\u00e5 tallrike tavler, tjente til beskyttelse mot sykdom, ulykke og demonisk angrep.<\/p><p>I den akkadiske formen forekommer navnet som <em>gallu<\/em> eller i forbindelse med andre demonbetegnelser. En s\u00e6rlig ofte forekommende gruppe er de Syv, en flokk onde \u00e5nder, hvor gallu gjentatte ganger nevnes i opplistingene.<\/p><p>Disse tekstene beskriver hvordan demonene trenger inn gjennom d\u00f8r og bom, holder seg til veier og murer og angriper mennesket uten at det kan verge seg.<\/p><p>Avvergingen ble utf\u00f8rt av besvergelsesprester, i Mesopotamia kalt <em>aschipu<\/em>. De reciterte fastsatte formler, kalte p\u00e5 de store gudene, s\u00e6rlig Ea, hans s\u00f8nn Marduk og ildguden, mot demonene og utf\u00f8rte tilh\u00f8rende handlinger, som \u00e5 vise eller brenne erstatningsfigurer, r\u00f8yking og bestenkning med vann.<\/p><p>Beskyttelsesfigurer og amuletter spilte en viktig rolle i denne praksisen. Fra mesopotamiske hus er det kjent sm\u00e5 leirfigurer av beskyttende vesener som ble gravd ned under d\u00f8rtersklene, samt innskrevne plaketter.<\/p><p>Funnene viser at gallu for menneskene ikke var et abstrakt mytisk vesen, men en f\u00f8lbar trussel som man m\u00f8tte med et utarbeidet rituelt repertoar. Tekstene forbinder dermed demonologi og legekunst til en enhet, hvor sykdom og demonisk angrep ofte betyr det samme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fra det sumeriske ordet til den akkadiske demonen: etymologi og klassifisering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Navnet Gallu byr p\u00e5 flere spr\u00e5k- og religionshistoriske sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l som diskuteres i assyriologien. Ordet er av sumerisk opprinnelse og betegner i de eldste belegg en underverdensdemon, en tjener eller fangevokter i d\u00f8dsriket. Til akkadisk ble det overtatt som l\u00e5nord.<\/p><p>Forskningen plasserer gallu i det st\u00f8rre systemet av mesopotamiske lavere vesener. Dette systemet omfatter en hel rekke demonbetegnelser, blant annet <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141250\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu og flere andre, som betegner delvis klart avgrensede, delvis overlappende omr\u00e5der. Gallu tilh\u00f8rer gruppen av vesener knyttet til underverdenen og til den voldelige bortf\u00f8relsen av mennesker.<\/p><p>Et eget sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l gjelder ordets mulige videre liv. I den senere aramaiske og i den j\u00f8diske tradisjonen finnes demonbetegnelser som lydlig minner om <em>gallu<\/em>, og det har blitt diskutert om det her foreligger en overleveringslinje fra den mesopotamiske arven.<\/p><p>Dette sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5let er ikke endelig avklart; lydlikheten alene er ikke noe bevis, og overgangene mellom det gamle Orientens demonsystemer er komplekse.<\/p><p>Viktig for forst\u00e5elsen er at den mesopotamiske religionen skilte klart mellom de store, navngitte og i templer tilbedte gudene og lavere vesener som gallu.<\/p><p>Gallu-demonene ble ikke tilbedt; de var funksjonsvesener i den kosmiske ordenen, som man ikke m\u00f8tte med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summen av religi\u00f8se tilbedelseshandlinger for en gudinne, gud eller hellig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, men med avvergelse. Denne skillelinjen preger hele det mesopotamiske forholdet til det demoniske.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Videre lenker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140800\">Edimmu, beslektet mesopotamisk d\u00f8ds\u00e5nd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140796\">Lamashtu, beslektet mesopotamisk demoninne<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140797\">Pazuzu, apotropeon mot Lamashtu og beslektede demoner<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140971\">Ereshkigal, underverdenens herskerinne, oppdragsgiver for galla-demonene<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140963\">Nergal, underverdensgud, alliert<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=141061\">Rabisu, beslektet \u00ablurende\u00bb demon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/no\/?page_id=140798\">Mesopotamisk tradisjon, samlet kontekst<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kilder og litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En regelmessig rekke symbolske handlinger med religi\u00f8s eller kulturell betydning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Beskyttelsespraksisen som beskrives her, er en religionsvitenskapelig plassering av historiske tradisjoner. iWell Guard knytter seg til denne kulturhistoriske linjen av b\u00e6rbare beskyttelsesobjekter og representerer en samtidig form av denne. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - underverdensdemoner, budbringere og fullbyrdere av d\u00f8dsriket","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gall\u00fb h\u00f8rer til de eldste belagte demongestaltene i Mesopotamia. De st\u00e5r n\u00e6r underverdenen og dens herskerinne Ere\u0161kigal","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-140801","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - underverdensdemoner, budbringere og fullbyrdere av d\u00f8dsriket<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gall\u00fb h\u00f8rer til de eldste belagte demongestaltene i Mesopotamia. 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