{"id":166284,"date":"2026-09-05T12:44:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:44:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=166284"},"modified":"2026-09-05T12:56:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:56:53","slug":"yama-hakim-kematian","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/yama-hakim-kematian\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (Hakim Kematian)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"166284\" class=\"elementor elementor-166284 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme, Dewa dalam tradisi Buddha<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhisme adalah Dewa dalam tradisi Buddha.<\/p><p><strong>Dewa kematian Buddha dan hakim jiwa selepas kematian.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama berperanan dalam Buddhisme sebagai hakim karma dan pentadbir alam-alam Neraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tuhan \/ Dewi: Kuasa tertinggi yang diperibadikan dalam pantheon sesebuah budaya, dengan bidang tanggungjawab yang jelas, kuasa alam, nasib, peperangan, kesuburan. Disembah melalui pemujaan, korban dan institusi kuil.\">Dewa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166172\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradisi Buddha dengan Bodhisattva, dewa pelindung, hantu kebuluran dan penjaga neraka.\">Buddhisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166227\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dewa-dewa alam bawah dan kematian, penguasa dunia akhirat, hakim kematian, pengiring jiwa.\">Dewa Kematian<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-168210\" alt=\"Yama Hakim Kematian - Dewa-dewa daripada tradisi Buddhisme, ilustratif secara sejarah\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sekilas pandang: Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jenis:<\/strong> Dewa utama Buddha (Mahayana, Vajrayana), hakim kematian dan penjaga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan susunan perlakuan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Keseluruhan dewa-dewa sesebuah agama atau budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Buddhisme (semua aliran), diambil daripada Yama Hindu<br>Fungsi: Hakim kematian, penjaga hukum karma, dalam tradisi Tibet merupakan wrathful deity<br>Atribut utama: Buku Kematian, Cermin Karma, Pedang (Khadga), Jerat (Pasha), Kerbau Hitam<br>Tempat pemujaan utama: biara-biara Gelug Tibet (Tarian Cham), Jepun (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Bentuk-bentuk berbeza: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Jepun), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (China)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pengenalan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dibawa bersama Buddhisme dari India ke semua negara Buddha (asal usul Veda dalam <em>Rigveda<\/em>, sejak 1200 SM). Dalam tradisi Pali (Theravada), dia merupakan pemeriksa utama dalam pengadilan kematian.<\/p><p>Dalam Mahayana terdapat korpus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hindu dan Buddhisme, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> tersendiri (contohnya <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). Di Tibet sejak abad ke-8 Masihi, dia dikenali sebagai <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> dan menjadi tokoh sentral dalam pantheon wrathful-deity tradisi Vajrayana. Zaman kemuncak: di biara-biara Gelug Tibet hingga kini, dengan persembahan tarian Cham yang dramatik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kawasan Penyebaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tempat pemujaan utama: <strong>biara-biara Gelug<\/strong> Tibet (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Tashilhunpo, dengan tarian Yama-Dharmaraja-Cham), <strong>Jepun<\/strong> sebagai Enma-O (di setiap <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bangunan yang digunakan untuk pemujaan satu atau beberapa dewa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kuil<\/span> kematian), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> sebagai Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Di negara-negara Theravada (Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) sebagai kehadiran kosmik latar belakang. Di China sebagai <em>Yanluo<\/em> (halaman tersendiri).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Status Sumber<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sumber utama: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (Pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hindu dan Buddhisme, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (Cina), <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> Tibet (&bdquo;Buku Kematian Tibet&ldquo;, sumber klasik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ajaran ilmiah mengenai Tuhan dan kepercayaan sesebuah agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> Yama-Dharmaraja), teks tantrik mengenai Sadhana Yama-Dharmaraja. Kesusasteraan sekunder: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dalam Buddhisme sering digambarkan dengan kepala lembu, tanduk besar, wajah menakutkan, kulit hitam atau biru gelap. Kadangkala dia mempunyai dua atau empat tangan. Dia membawa <em>Damaru<\/em> (tongkat tulang kematian) dan tali jerat jiwa.<\/p><p>Di sekelilingnya, syaitan dan Yaksha menari. Api mengelilinginya; darah menitis dari mulutnya. Dalam karya seni Tibet, dia sering digambarkan duduk di dalam gua atau di istananya di Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ciri-ciri Wesen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dalam ajaran Buddha bukanlah hukuman, tetapi cermin. Hakim Yama bertindak secara automatik: setiap perbuatan (<em>Karma<\/em>) akan membawa akibatnya sendiri. Dalam amalan tantrik, Yama tidak dimohon belas kasihan, tetapi divisualisasikan sebagai guru kefanaan.<\/p><p>Upacara kematian dalam Buddhisme Tibet menyapa Yama secara langsung, dengan permohonan agar jiwa dibukakan laluan <em>Bardo<\/em> yang baik. Para pengamal belajar untuk berhadapan dengan Yama tanpa rasa takut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek terpenting Yama (Buddhisme) sekilas pandang. Ruangan berikut merumuskan asal usul, fungsi, penampilan, pemujaan, simbol dan persamaan budaya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asal Usul Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama diambil dalam Buddhisme daripada Yama Hindu (mati pertama versi Veda), mengekalkan fungsi sebagai hakim kematian, namun ditafsir semula secara Buddha: bukan hakim yang sewenang-wenangnya, tetapi pengantara cermin karma.<\/p><p>Dalam sistem Bardo Thodol Tibet, dia muncul kepada si mati dalam keadaan Bardo antara kematian dan kelahiran semula, cerminnya menunjukkan kepada si mati karmanya sendiri, tanpa Yama sendiri membuat penghakiman. Hukuman timbul daripada reaksi karma diri sendiri. Dalam bentuk wrathful sebagai Yama-Dharmaraja: pelindung <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan susunan perlakuan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> daripada segala ancaman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golongan Sasaran Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hakim kematian dalam keadaan Bardo. Penjaga hukum karma. Dalam tradisi tantrik Vajrayana, sebagai Yidam pelindung (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wesen yang dipuja sebagai suci dalam sesebuah agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">dewa<\/span> meditasi) terhadap segala ancaman dalaman dan luaran, terutamanya terhadap ketakutan akan kematian. Pelindung amalan pemeriksaan diri (melihat dengan jujur perbuatan sendiri). Dalam tarian Cham Tibet, sebagai peringatan ritual akan kefanaan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Penampilan Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam kebanyakan tradisi Asia, digambarkan secara antropomorfik sebagai pegawai tegas yang membawa Kitab Kematian dan alat tulis. Dalam tradisi Vajrayana Tibet, dikenali sebagai <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: sosok murka berwarna biru gelap atau hitam berkepala kerbau, bermata tiga, berambut berapi, dengan aura menyala.<\/p><p>Berhiaskan tulang, memakai kain kulit harimau. Di tangannya terdapat cawan tengkorak (Kapala), Khatvanga (tongkat kerajaan bertengkorak), tali jerat (Pasha), dan pedang. Menunggang kerbau hitam yang memijak seorang manusia. Ditemani oleh saudara perempuannya, Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kesan Yama dalam Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wilayah pengaruh:<\/strong> Dalam Bardo Thodol Tibet, Yama dijangka muncul dalam keadaan bardo, dan orang yang nazak disiapkan untuk pertemuan dengannya. Dalam tarian Cham Tibet, terdapat konfrontasi ritual dengan hakim kematian ini (menggunakan topeng dramatik). Dalam amalan tantrik, dia dijadikan yidam pelindung melalui meditasi. Dalam upacara kematian Theravada dan Mahayana, dia menjadi perantara latar bagi karma. Di Jepun, sebagai Enma-O, dia menjadi tokoh sentral di setiap tanah perkuburan Buddha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cara Menangkis Yama dalam Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kitab Kematian, Cermin Karma (Karma-Darpana), Pedang (Khadga), Tali Jerat (Pasha), Kerbau Hitam (haiwan tunggangan), Khatvanga (tongkat kerajaan bertengkorak), Kapala (cawan tengkorak), Kepala Kerbau (dalam bentuk murka Tibet), mata ketiga, rambut berapi. Tumbuhan suci: tidak ada yang khusus. Arah suci: Selatan (dalam tradisi India).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persamaan Yama dalam Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (Hinduisme, asal usul), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Hinduisme \/ Buddhisme), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, bentuk murka Vajrayana), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jepun), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, Raja Neraka Pertama daripada Sepuluh), <em>Hades<\/em> (Yunani), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Mesir, pengiring + hakim), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanik), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Aztec). Yama merupakan salah satu konsep ketuhanan yang paling tersebar luas di dunia, dari India ke seluruh Asia hingga ke Jepun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pertahanan praktikal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritual untuk menangkis<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu urutan tindakan simbolik yang tersusun dengan makna keagamaan atau kebudayaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> penangkisan Yama dalam Buddhisme: pembacaan teks Dharani dan seruan kepada Bodhisattva pada waktu-waktu berbahaya (proses kematian, pengalaman hampir mati). Ritual api Goma (persembahan api Tibet) ditujukan untuk melawan hukuman Yama. Tradisi nyanyian menggunakan mantra dewa-dewa welas asih untuk melunakkan keputusan hakim Yama. Amalan rakyat Buddha China: kertas persembahan dihantar ke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bangunan yang digunakan untuk penyembahan satu atau lebih dewa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kuil<\/span> Maharaja Jed untuk meredakan hakim Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Jampi dan seruan<\/strong><\/p><p>Mantra Jizo (Bodhisattva neraka) dan seruan Avalokiteshvara dipercayai sebagai penangkis hukuman Yama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hinduisme dan Buddhisme, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Kasih Sayang Besar (Karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hinduisme dan Buddhisme, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>) dibaca. Dalam tradisi Tibet: visualisasi Yamantaka dalam Guhyasamaja Tantra, penaklukan Yama secara agresif oleh &#8220;Penakluk Iblis Yamantaka&#8221;. Teks asal Sanskrit: &#8220;Om j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan susunan tindakan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Azimat dan simbol pelindung<\/strong><\/p><p>Arca Jizo sebagai simbol pelindung di kuil-kuil China-Jepun. Tasbih Buddha (Mala) dengan 108 manik, dikaitkan secara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yang berkaitan dengan satu urutan tindakan keagamaan yang telah ditetapkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> dengan usaha meredakan penjaga neraka. Bukti arkeologi: batu stela Buddha dari abad ke-7 di China\/Korea yang menggambarkan hakim Yama bersama penyelamat Bodhisattva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama dalam Buddhisme, Persamaan dalam Kebudayaan Lain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama dalam Buddhisme menyerupai Yama Hindu, tetapi kurang bersifat sebagai &#8220;hakim&#8221; dan lebih sebagai &#8220;perwujudan hukum&#8221;. Dengan konsep Maut Kristian (<em>Thanatos<\/em> atau <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>), dia berkongsi sifat tidak dapat dielakkan.<\/p><p>Dalam konteks Tibet, Yama ialah Dharmapala, &#8220;pelindung <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan susunan tindakan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>&#8220;, serupa dengan Kali atau Bhairava dalam Hinduisme. Warna hitam dan bentuk ganas merupakan ciri sejagat bagi dewa-dewa kematian.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama antara Warisan Veda dan Tafsiran Semula Buddha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tokoh Yama dalam Buddhisme tidak muncul secara berasingan, tetapi berasal daripada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sesuatu yang dianggap ilahi dan disembah dalam sesuatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">dewa<\/span> India yang lebih awal. Dalam India zaman Veda, dalam nyanyian pujian <em>Rigveda<\/em>, Yama adalah manusia pertama yang meninggal dunia, dan dengan itu menjadi raja orang mati yang telah menemui jalan ke alam akhirat.<\/p><p>Dia memerintah sebuah wilayah yang bercahaya, tempat para leluhur yang telah meninggal berkumpul, dan lebih bersifat sebagai penerima orang mati yang mesra daripada hakim yang menghukum.<\/p><p>Buddhisme mewarisi Yama, tetapi mengubah fungsinya secara mendalam. Dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gambaran tentang struktur dan susunan alam semesta dalam sesuatu budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> Buddha, Yama menjadi penguasa alam bawah dan hakim yang menentukan kelahiran semula orang yang telah meninggal, terutamanya siapa yang akan memasuki alam neraka.<\/p><p>Peralihan ini daripada penerima roh yang diberkati kepada hakim yang bersalah berkait rapat dengan ajaran utama Buddha tentang <em>karma<\/em>: nasib selepas kematian ditentukan oleh perbuatan seseorang, dan Yama menjadi lambang bagi hubungan ini.<\/p><p>Satu wawasan penting dalam kajian agama ialah bahawa dalam pemahaman Buddha yang ketat, Yama tidak menghukum secara sewenang-wenangnya. Teks-teks berulang kali menegaskan bahawa <em>karma<\/em> itu sendiri yang menentukan kelahiran semula, dan Yama lebih menunjukkan kepada si mati perbuatannya sendiri.<\/p><p>Sebuah perumpamaan terkenal dalam <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> daripada Kanun Pali menggambarkan Yama menunjukkan kepada si mati utusan-utusan ilahi, iaitu usia tua, penyakit dan kematian, sambil bertanya sama ada dia tidak menyedari amaran-amaran ini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama dalam Buddhisme Tibet dan Roda Kehidupan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam Buddhisme Tibet, Yama memperoleh kepentingan ikonografi dan ritual yang sangat menonjol. Di sini dia biasanya muncul sebagai <em>Shinje<\/em>, dalam bentuk yang menakutkan, dengan kepala lembu jantan, lingkaran api dan atribut seorang hakim kematian, sering berdiri di atas seekor lembu jantan.<\/p><p>Penggambarannya yang terkenal ialah pada apa yang disebut Roda Kehidupan, iaitu <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. Dalam komposisi gambar yang tersebar luas ini, yang menghiasi kawasan pintu masuk banyak biara, sebuah wujud besar yang menunjukkan taring memegang roda enam alam kewujudan dengan cakar dan giginya.<\/p><p>Wujud yang mendakap roda ini biasanya ditafsirkan sebagai Yama, iaitu penjelmaan sifat sementara dan kematian, yang menguasai semua bentuk kewujudan bersyarat. Gambar ini menyampaikan ajaran bahawa setiap alam kelahiran semula, termasuk syurga, tertakluk kepada kematian dan dengan itu genggaman Yama.<\/p><p>Di samping itu, tradisi Tibet juga mengenali sosok meditatif Yamantaka, yang namanya bermaksud penakluk Yama atau pengakhir kematian. Yamantaka dianggap sebagai penjelmaan garang Bodhisattva Manjushri dan melambangkan kebijaksanaan yang mengatasi kematian itu sendiri.<\/p><p>Dalam konstelasi ini, kedudukan ambivalen Yama menjadi jelas: dia adalah tuhan kematian dan sekaligus kuasa yang boleh diatasi melalui pencapaian kesedaran. Penyelidikan melihat dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ajaran tentang kandungan gambar dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> Yama Tibet yang kaya ini sebagai gabungan model India dengan tanggapan tempatan Tibet mengenai dewa gunung dan dewa kematian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama di Asia Timur: Dari Dewa India kepada Hakim Neraka Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dengan penyebaran Buddhisme ke China, Korea dan Jepun, Yama turut berpindah dan tertanam mendalam dalam tanggapan akhirat tempatan. Di China, sosok India ini bergabung dengan konsep dunia bawah yang tersusun secara birokratik dan menjadi Yanluo Wang, Raja Yanluo, salah seorang daripada sepuluh raja neraka yang masing-masing mengetuai mahkamah dunia bawah.<\/p><p>Sepuluh Raja Dunia Bawah ini menyiasat roh orang mati dalam siri peringkat yang berturutan, dan si mati melalui mereka satu demi satu sebelum keputusan dibuat mengenai kewujudan seterusnya. Yanluo Wang biasanya memegang kedudukan raja kelima. Keseluruhan sistem ini mencerminkan pengalaman dengan hierarki pegawai duniawi, dengan daftar, penghakiman dan hukuman.<\/p><p>Di Jepun, sosok ini diterima sebagai Enma atau Enma-\u014d, dan di Korea sebagai Yeomra. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166282\">Enma<\/a> adalah sosok yang dikenali dalam agama rakyat Jepun, sering digambarkan dengan wajah merah, tutup kepala kehakiman dan sebuah papan tulis atau cermin yang memaparkan perbuatan si mati.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mengkaji agama secara perbandingan tanpa terikat kepercayaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kajian agama<\/span> menegaskan bahawa bentuk-bentuk Asia Timur ini jauh melampaui model India dan Yama di sana menjadi sebahagian tetap tanggapan akhirat popular yang menggabungkan unsur Buddha, Tao dan agama rakyat. Transformasi daripada sosok cahaya Veda melalui hakim India-Buddha hingga birokrat neraka Asia Timur merupakan contoh pengajaran mengenai pemindahan budaya keagamaan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pautan lanjutan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166276\">Yama (Hinduisme), akar<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166236\">Yamaraja, bentuk berkaitan<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166282\">Enma-O, bentuk Jepun<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=165859\">Yeomra, bentuk Korea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166280\">Yanluo, bentuk China<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166172\">Buddhisme, gambaran keseluruhan pantheon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166227\">Dewa kematian, subkategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bahan bacaan (pilihan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (banyak terjemahan, contohnya Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entri &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya rujukan lain dalam <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166246\">Senarai Bibliografi<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 Dewa Kematian Buddha dan Hakim Karma","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama dalam Buddhisme: kepala lembu, hakim Bardo dan penegak karma. 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