{"id":166163,"date":"2026-09-05T12:43:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=166163"},"modified":"2026-09-05T12:53:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:53:14","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"166163\" class=\"elementor elementor-166163 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, roh dalam tradisi Jermanik<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr adalah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu wujud tanpa tubuh yang dipercayai mempunyai pengaruh di dunia.\" tabindex=\"0\">roh<\/span> dalam tradisi Jermanik.<\/p><p><strong>Penekan malam wanita, watak purba yang terpelihara secara linguistik.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Roh: Wujud tanpa jasad atau separuh berjasad, roh orang mati, roh alam, roh rumah atau penjaga ambang. Bertindak dalam kehidupan seharian, sering terikat dengan tempat atau keluarga.\">Roh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166149\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dunia tuhan dan roh pra-Kristian di Eropah Utara dan Tengah.\">Germanik<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Tidak ada tajuk yang dijumpai pada halaman ini.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKandungan\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-168269\" alt=\"Mahr - Roh dari tradisi Jermanik, ilustrasi bersejarah\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr (secara tradisi berjantina wanita) adalah watak dalam kepercayaan rakyat Jermanik yang berkait rapat dengan Alp.<\/p><p>Kedua-duanya adalah roh penekan malam, kedua-duanya menyebabkan mimpi buruk dan <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166376\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Keadaan persepsi di mana kesedaran terjaga tetapi tubuh masih lumpuh akibat atonia REM; sering disertai halusinasi.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">lumpuh tidur<\/a>. Perbezaannya bersifat linguistik-sejarah: Mahr berasal daripada lapisan Jermanik purba yang lebih awal (Jermanik <em>*maran-<\/em>), yang diwarisi dalam bahasa Inggeris Kuno <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, bahasa Norse Kuno <em>mara<\/em>, dan bahasa Jerman Tinggi Kuno <em>mara<\/em>. Perkataan Inggeris <em>nightmare<\/em> dan Perancis <em>cauchemar<\/em> membawa perkataan ini hingga hari ini.<\/p><div><p><strong>Watak wanita dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyampaian pengetahuan dan cerita dari generasi ke generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradisi lisan<\/span> Nordik dan Jerman<\/strong><\/p><p>Mahr sering muncul dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyampaian pengetahuan dan cerita dari generasi ke generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradisi lisan<\/span> Nordik dan Jerman sebagai watak malam wanita. Dalam <em>Prosa-Edda<\/em> karya Snorri Sturluson (ditulis sekitar tahun 1220), digambarkan watak wanita yang bersifat separuh dongeng, separuh iblis, yang wataknya berlegar antara dewi dan iblis wanita.<\/p><p>Walaupun Edda tidak secara eksplisit menamakan Mahr, gangguan malam oleh makhluk wanita yang digambarkan itu sepadan dengan laporan Mahr yang didokumentasikan kemudian. Tradisi rakyat Sweden dan Jerman pada Zaman Moden Awal kemudiannya memperincikan lagi watak ini.<\/p><p>Jacobus Sprenger dan ahli demonologi lain dalam Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum) menggambarkan iblis malam wanita yang mengganggu lelaki dan berhubungan dengan mereka. Dalam beberapa kes, makhluk ini dikenal pasti sebagai M\u00e4hre atau Mahr, yang menunjukkan kesinambungan antara tradisi Nordik pagan dan demonologi Kristian.<\/p><p>Jadi Mahr bukan sekadar diambil daripada tradisi asing, tetapi merupakan hasil tempatan dengan kedalaman sejarahnya sendiri.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ringkasan: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jenis:<\/strong> Roh penekan malam wanita<br>Asal: Lapisan Jermanik purba (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Teks: Norse Kuno, Inggeris Kuno, Jerman Tinggi Pertengahan; Grimm, koleksi kajian rakyat<br>Zaman: awal Zaman Pertengahan hingga kini (secara linguistik masih hidup hari ini)<br>Pertahanan: seperti Alp, Drudenfu\u00df, kasut, keluli, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tumpuan pertuturan manusia kepada tuhan.\" tabindex=\"0\">doa<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pengenalan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dibuktikan secara linguistik sebagai purba-Jermanik (akar bersama dalam bahasa Norse Kuno, Inggeris Kuno, Jerman Tinggi Kuno). Terdapat rujukan zaman pertengahan dalam kesusasteraan dan sumber undang-undang. Didokumentasikan secara meluas pada abad ke-19 (Grimm). Masih hidup hingga hari ini dalam perkataan \u201enightmare&#8221; \/ \u201ecauchemar&#8221; \/ \u201eAlbtraum&#8221; (yang terakhir ini sebagai sinonim untuk kedua-dua watak).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kawasan Penyebaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seluruh kawasan Jermanik, dengan nama serantau: Mahr (Jerman), mare (Inggeris dalam <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (Norse Kuno\/Sweden), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, bahasa Belanda <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Merambah ke bahasa-bahasa Roman melalui bahasa Perancis <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Status Sumber<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teks perubatan Inggeris Kuno, saga Norse Kuno (Raja Vanlandi dalam Ynglinga saga dibunuh oleh seekor Mara), sumber undang-undang Jerman Tinggi Pertengahan, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Keseluruhan cerita dewa-dewi yang diwarisi dalam sesuatu budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologi<\/span> Grimm, arkib kajian rakyat abad ke-19\/20.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Norse Kuno:<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, plural <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Inggeris Kuno: <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Jerman Tinggi Kuno: <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Bentuk moden: Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, Inggeris <em>nightmare<\/em>, Perancis <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Berkaitan: Alp (jantina lelaki, sering digunakan sebagai sinonim).<\/p><p>Ynglinga saga menceritakan bagaimana Ratu-ahli sihir Sweden, Hulda, menghantar seekor Mara untuk menyerang Raja Vanlandi, yang terpijak-pijak dalam tidurnya di atas katilnya. Ini adalah salah satu bukti sastera tertua dan menunjukkan kuasa maut watak ini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ciri-ciri Wesen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Penampilan<\/strong><\/p><p>Sosok wanita, kecil, dengan rambut panjang yang kusut. Boleh mengambil rupa haiwan seperti kucing, anjing, atau labah-labah. Masuk melalui lubang kunci, serombong, atau celah pintu. Di sesetengah kawasan, ia digambarkan sebagai wanita muda yang cantik, di kawasan lain sebagai wanita tua yang kedut.<\/p><p><strong>Tingkah Laku<\/strong><\/p><p>Duduk di atas dada orang yang tidur, menekan, merampas nafas, dan menyebabkan keadaan mimpi ngeri. Boleh &#8220;menunggang&#8221; kuda, dan pada waktu pagi kuda-kuda tersebut kelihatan dengan bulu tengkuk yang kusut (&#8220;kepang Mahr&#8221;) serta letih. Dalam kes paling teruk boleh membawa kepada kematian (Ynglinga saga).<\/p><p><strong>Bidang Kesan<\/strong><\/p><p>Bilik tidur, kandang kuda. Malam-malam tertentu (hari sempadan, malam Khamis) dianggap sangat rentan. Menurut kepercayaan rakyat, orang yang lemah peredaran darah, selepas makan berat, atau tidur mengiring atas belakang lebih berisiko.<\/p><p><strong>Kedudukan Mitologi<\/strong><\/p><p>Berasal daripada zaman Jerman purba. Mungkin berkait rapat dengan konsep jiwa yang mengembara (<em>mara<\/em> sebagai bentuk jiwa wanita yang terpisah dan mengembara pada waktu malam). Dalam tradisi Slavik terdapat tokoh yang berkait rapat (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Penampilan dan Simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p>Mahr digambarkan sebagai bayang-bayang samar yang duduk di atas orang yang tidur. Kadangkala ia muncul sebagai makhluk seperti peri. Alp boleh mengambil rupa haiwan, kuda, burung, atau kucing. Sesak nafas dan kelumpuhan pernafasan adalah ciri khasnya. Besi dianggap sebagai pelindung.<\/p><div><p><strong>Sihir dan Tradisi Rakyat Zaman Moden Awal<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam bahasa Jerman abad ke-16 hingga ke-18, Mahr amat berkait rapat dengan sihir. Wanita yang dituduh sebagai penyihir antara lain didakwa &#8220;menunggang&#8221; sebagai Mahr pada waktu malam ke atas orang yang tidur, menyebabkan mimpi ngeri, dan menggoda lelaki.<\/p><p>Sempadan antara bentuk makhluk syaitan dan penyihir yang bertukar secara sihir kepada rupa ini sering kabur. Cerita rakyat kampung menyebut tentang wanita yang boleh <em>menunggang sebagai Mahr<\/em>, iaitu menghantar jiwa mereka dalam rupa ini sementara tubuh fizikal mereka tidur.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Kepercayaan ini tidak terhad kepada satu kawasan sahaja, tetapi tersebar luas di seluruh kawasan berbahasa Jerman dan Skandinavia. Jacob Grimm mendokumentasikan dalam <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Keseluruhan cerita dewa-dewi yang diwarisi dalam sesuatu budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) beratus-ratus laporan tentang Mahr dari pelbagai kawasan, dan menunjukkan bahawa tradisi Mahr lebih lama dan lebih tersebar berbanding sangkaan perhatian akademik pada masa itu.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek terpenting Mahr secara ringkas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontekst Budaya<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lapisan Jerman purba; mungkin bentuk jiwa wanita yang mengembara. Secara linguistik masih kekal dalam perkataan &#8220;nightmare&#8221; dan &#8220;cauchemar&#8221; hingga hari ini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sasaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Orang yang sedang tidur (mengiring atas belakang, selepas makan berat), kuda di kandang. Malam-malam sempadan tertentu amat rentan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Penampilan Mahr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wanita, kecil, rambut panjang yang kusut. Boleh bertukar menjadi haiwan (kucing, labah-labah). Digambarkan secara serantau sebagai wanita cantik atau wanita tua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fungsi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Menekan, merampas nafas, menyebabkan mimpi ngeri. &#8220;Menunggang&#8221; kuda. Boleh membawa maut menurut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyampaian ilmu dan cerita merentasi generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradisi<\/span> sastera (Ynglinga saga).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perlindungan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sama seperti Alp: tanda Drudenfu\u00df, kasut disusun terbalik di hadapan katil, pisau di bawah bantal. Tambahan: buku nyanyian gereja atau kitab mazmur di bawah bantal, membuat tanda salib sebelum tidur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vergleichbares<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alp (kerabat rapat), Mora\/Mura Slavik, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166122\">Lil\u016b dan Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166143\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166134\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166140\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pertahanan dan Tafsiran<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Amalan Pertahanan<\/strong><\/p><p>Sama seperti pertahanan Alp: tanda Drudenfu\u00df, kasut disusun terbalik, pisau di bawah bantal, kitab mazmur atau Bible di bawah kepala. Secara serantau: penyapu dengan bulu ke atas diletakkan di penjuru, patung jerami kecil di kandang.<\/p><p><strong>Perlindungan Kuda<\/strong><\/p><p>Di kandang untuk mengelakkan &#8220;penunggangan&#8221; oleh Mahr: cermin Alp (sekeping cermin di leher kuda), azimat yang diberkati, lampu kandang yang dinyalakan. Bulu tengkuk kusut pada waktu pagi dianggap tanda jelas lawatan Mahr.<\/p><p><strong>Tafsiran Moden<\/strong><\/p><p>Seperti Alp, Mahr kini difahami sebagai fenomena <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166376\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Keadaan sedar semasa atonia otot REM; ditafsirkan di seluruh dunia sebagai pengalaman hantu (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 boleh dijelaskan secara neurologi.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">kelumpuhan tidur<\/a>. Penyelidikan folklor (David Hufford dan lain-lain) menunjukkan bahawa fenomenologi pengalaman ini stabil merentasi budaya, imej mitologi berbeza-beza, tetapi pengalaman itu sendiri tetap sama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persamaan dan Penerimaan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Paralel Pan-Jermanik dan Slavik<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp di kawasan berbahasa Jerman, <em>mare<\/em> dalam bahasa Inggeris, <em>mara<\/em> dalam bahasa Nordik, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> di kawasan Slavik. Semuanya menunjukkan kepada satu lapisan Indo-Eropah yang sama, atau bahkan lebih tua.<\/p><p><strong>Paralel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zaman kebudayaan Yunani dan Rom, kira-kira 800 SM hingga 600 M.\" tabindex=\"0\">Zaman Purba<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166122\">Lil\u016b dan Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166143\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166134\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166140\">Striga<\/a> berkongsi struktur dan fungsi dengan Mahr. Sosok malam berbentuk wanita yang menghimpit orang tidur adalah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu unsur kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> yang tersebar di seluruh dunia.<\/p><p><strong>Resepsi<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Nachtmahr<\/em> (1781) karya F\u00fcssli merupakan penggambaran visual yang paling terkenal. Puisi Heine dan Erlk\u00f6nig karya Goethe turut mengolah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu unsur kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> ini. Kesusasteraan dan filem seram moden turut kerap mengangkat sosok ini.<\/p><p><strong>Kesan Berterusan dan Resepsi:<\/strong> Tradisi Mahr terus hidup dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem keagamaan di mana pakar tertentu berhubung dengan alam roh.\" tabindex=\"0\">syamanisme<\/span> moden. Fenomena mimpi ngeri kadangkala dikaitkan dengannya. Dalam psikologi Barat, Alb dianggap sebagai fenomena merentas budaya. Dalam genre fantasi, Mahr sering digambarkan sebagai penipu berbentuk peri. Budaya Alp masih hidup di Bavaria.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Sifat Fizikal dan Iblis Mahr<\/strong><\/p><p>Satu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu unsur kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> yang berulang dalam laporan-laporan ini ialah kehadiran fizikal Mahr yang bersifat mendua. Sesetengah kisah bercerita tentang sosok yang dapat dilihat dan disentuh, seorang wanita kurus dengan kuku jari yang panjang dan wajah pucat, yang membuat gerakan seolah-olah mencekik.<\/p><p>Laporan lain pula lebih menunjukkan kehadiran yang bersifat spiritual atau tidak nyata, semacam bentuk ketakutan yang diinternalisasikan, yang tidak dapat difahami sebagai objek fizikal semata-mata. Sifat mendua ini menjadikan Mahr bukan sepenuhnya rohani mahupun sepenuhnya jasmani, tetapi berada di sempadan antara kedua-duanya.<\/p><p>Persoalan sama ada Mahr harus difahami sebagai makhluk iblis, sebagai unjuran ketakutan manusia, atau sebagai akibat gangguan tidur secara perubatan, telah dijawab secara berbeza-beza dalam kajian folklor. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mengkaji agama-agama secara perbandingan dan tanpa keterikatan kepercayaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ilmu pengajian agama<\/span> masa kini menghargai sifat mendua ini tanpa cuba menyelesaikannya, dan memperlakukan Mahr sebagai hasil kebudayaan yang mempunyai fungsi sosial dan psikologi yang nyata.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr dan Perkataan Eropah untuk Mimpi Ngeri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Mahr<\/em> adalah salah satu makhluk roh yang paling berkesan dari segi bahasa dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyebaran ilmu dan naratif merentasi generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradisi<\/span> Jermanik. Namanya terkandung dalam perkataan Inggeris <em>nightmare<\/em>, perkataan Perancis <em>cauchemar<\/em>, dan beberapa lagi perkataan Eropah untuk mimpi ngeri. Kesan ini menunjukkan bahawa gagasan roh perempuan yang menghimpit orang tidur pada waktu malam tersebar luas di kawasan Eropah Barat dan mempunyai akar yang dalam.<\/p><p>Kumpulan perkataan ini terbukti dengan baik merentasi bahasa-bahasa Jermanik, dalam bahasa Jerman Tinggi Kuno, dalam bahasa Inggeris Kuno sebagai <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, dan dalam bahasa Norse Kuno sebagai <em>mara<\/em>. Kesusasteraan Norse Kuno mengandungi kisah yang mengagumkan dalam <em>Ynglinga saga<\/em> oleh Snorri Sturluson: Raja Vanlandi dihimpit hingga mati oleh seekor <em>mara<\/em>, yang mula-mula memijak kakinya, kemudian kepalanya.<\/p><p>Bahagian ini termasuk antara kesaksian sastera terperinci tertua bagi gagasan ini, dan menunjukkan bahawa Mahr sudah dianggap sebagai ancaman maut sejak Zaman Pertengahan.<\/p><p>Penyelidikan linguistik telah mencadangkan pelbagai tafsiran akar perkataan ini, antaranya kaitan dengan kata kerja yang bermaksud &#8220;menghancurkan&#8221; atau &#8220;menghimpit&#8221;, yang sesuai dengan fungsi roh penghimpit ini. Tidak ada etimologi yang benar-benar dipastikan. Namun yang pasti adalah jangkauan geografi dan masa yang luas bagi perkataan ini.<\/p><p>Mahr dengan demikian menjadi contoh bagaimana sesuatu makhluk roh boleh memberi kesan melalui bahasa yang jauh melebihi latar belakang kepercayaan asalnya. Sesiapa yang hari ini menyebut mimpi ngeri, tanpa disedari, menggunakan nama roh penghimpit purba ini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr Antara Makhluk Roh dan Jiwa yang Dihantar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyebaran ilmu dan naratif merentasi generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradisi<\/span> rakyat mengenai Mahr tidak seragam, sebaliknya menggabungkan dua model penjelasan yang berbeza. Menurut yang pertama, Mahr adalah makhluk roh tersendiri yang datang dari luar dan menghimpit orang tidur.<\/p><p>Menurut yang kedua, Mahr adalah jiwa atau kehendak yang dihantar dari seseorang yang masih hidup. Dalam tafsiran kedua ini, seseorang, sering tanpa disedari sendiri, menyeksa orang lain semasa tidur, kerana sebahagian dirinya meninggalkan badan dan berjalan sebagai Mahr.<\/p><p>Daripada gagasan kedua ini timbul pola naratif yang khusus. Satu jenis kisah yang tersebar luas menyatakan bahawa Mahr menyusup ke bilik tidur melalui lubang kecil, misalnya lubang kayu buku. Jika lubang itu ditutup, ia tidak dapat keluar lagi dan terperangkap.<\/p><p>Pada waktu pagi, seorang, sering seorang wanita, ditemui di tempat itu dan didedahkan sebagai Mahr. Dalam sesetengah versi, lelaki itu berkahwin dengan wanita tersebut, tetapi sebaik lubang yang dahulu ditutup dibuka semula, dia hilang melalui jalan yang sama.<\/p><p>Kisah-kisah ini mengaitkan Mahr secara rapat dengan kepercayaan ahli sihir dan gagasan tentang jiwa yang bergerak bebas. Kajian ilmu agama dan folklor melihat ini sebagai percantuman beberapa lapisan: gagasan lama tentang roh penghimpit malam, gagasan jiwa yang dihantar, dan kepercayaan ahli sihir zaman moden awal.<\/p><p>Oleh itu, Mahr bukanlah makhluk yang jelas bentuknya dengan riwayat hidup yang tetap, tetapi satu titik pertemuan di mana pelbagai kepercayaan bersilang. Kepelbagaian lapisan inilah yang menjadikannya subjek yang sangat bernilai untuk kajian kepercayaan roh rakyat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mangsa yang Ditunggangi: Mahr, Haiwan dan Manusia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Satu cabang khusus dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Penyampaian pengetahuan dan cerita merentasi generasi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradisi lisan<\/span> Mahr bukan berkaitan manusia, tetapi ternakan. Di sebahagian besar kawasan berbahasa Jerman dan Skandinavia, Mahr juga dipercayai menjadi wabak bagi kuda.<\/p><p>Seekor kuda yang pada waktu pagi didapati keletihan, berpeluh dan berbulu tengkuk kusut dipercayai telah ditunggangi oleh Mahr. Helai-helai bulu tengkuk yang kusut dan terikat itu disebut <em>Mahrlocken<\/em> (ikal Mahr) atau istilah serupa, dan ditafsirkan sebagai bukti nyata lawatan malam tersebut.<\/p><p>Tanggapan ini menjelaskan satu pemerhatian pertanian yang sebenar: kuda memang boleh berpeluh dan berbulu tengkuk kusut sepanjang malam, sama ada disebabkan penyakit, kegelisahan, atau parasit.<\/p><p>Dalam konteks kepercayaan Mahr, pemerhatian ini dianggap sebagai pengesahan lawatan hantu tersebut. Ini membawa kepada langkah-langkah perlindungan di kandang kuda: orang menggantung objek-objek tertentu, mengukir simbol pada kayu, atau bergantung pada tumbuhan pelindung untuk menghalau Mahr.<\/p><p>Istilah untuk bulu tengkuk yang kusut itu di sesetengah kawasan turut digunakan untuk menggambarkan fenomena pada manusia, iaitu rambut yang sangat kusut dan tidak dapat diurai lagi. Penyelidikan kajian rakyat telah mendokumentasikan dengan baik bagaimana tanggapan Mahr ini merebak daripada bilik tidur ke kandang kuda, dan daripada pengalaman lumpuh tidur kepada pemerhatian terhadap haiwan.<\/p><p>Ini jelas menunjukkan bagaimana satu corak penjelasan yang sudah mantap boleh berkembang merangkumi fenomena-fenomena baharu yang sentiasa muncul. Apa yang asalnya dijelaskan oleh Mahr adalah rasa tercekik yang menakutkan pada waktu malam yang dialami manusia. Apa yang turut dijelaskannya adalah sederet pemerhatian ganjil lain yang tidak dapat difahami, yang boleh disesuaikan dengan corak tafsiran yang sama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pautan lanjutan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pautan dalaman yang disyorkan:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166149\">Jerman<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=165834\">Alp<\/a> (kekerabatan paling rapat), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166160\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166162\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166161\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166122\">Lil\u016b dan Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166143\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li>Penyelidikan <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166376\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Keadaan jaga dengan atonia otot REM; ditafsirkan di seluruh dunia sebagai pengalaman hantu (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 dapat dijelaskan secara neurologi.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">kelumpuhan tidur<\/a><\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u201eDer Nachtmahr&#8221;<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bahan bacaan (pilihan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Pilihan karya utama mengenai Mahr:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Philadelphia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berlin 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya rujukan utama lain dalam <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166246\">senarai bibliografi<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Amalan perlindungan yang diterangkan di sini merupakan pentafsiran kajian agama terhadap tradisi bersejarah. iWell Guard menyambung garis sejarah budaya objek perlindungan yang dibawa ini dan mewakili bentuk kontemporarinya. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr - Penekan Malam Wanita","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahr, penekan malam wanita dalam tradisi Jermanik. 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