{"id":165842,"date":"2026-09-05T12:40:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:40:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=165842"},"modified":"2026-09-05T12:54:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:54:17","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"165842\" class=\"elementor elementor-165842 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, roh dari tradisi Tibet<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen adalah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wujud tanpa jasad yang dipercayai mempunyai pengaruh di dunia.\" tabindex=\"0\">roh<\/span> dari tradisi Tibet.<\/p><p>Roh pahlawan merah dari pergunungan Tibet, penguasa batu dan rentas gunung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Geist: Wujud tanpa jasad atau separuh berjasad, roh orang mati, wujud alam, roh rumah atau penjaga ambang. Bertindak dalam kehidupan seharian, sering terikat pada tempat atau keluarga.\">Roh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166189\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradisi Buddha-Tibet dan B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, dunia Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Tidak ada tajuk yang dijumpai pada halaman ini.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKandungan\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-168233\" alt=\"Tsen - Roh dari tradisi Tibet, ilustrasi sejarah\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen (Tibet: <em>btsan<\/em>) membentuk kelas roh Tibet tersendiri: roh pahlawan batu, rentas gunung dan cerun gunung yang curam. Mereka digambarkan secara konsisten sebagai lelaki pahlawan berpakaian merah yang menunggang kuda merah, membawa panah dan pedang, serta boleh muncul secara mendadak dari celah batu.<\/p><p>Tsen tidak jahat secara semula jadi, tetapi berbahaya dan tidak menentu. Mereka menghukum sebarang sikap tidak menghormati dengan serta-merta; kawasan mereka dikelilingi peraturan tingkah laku yang ketat.<\/p><p>Ramai Tsen telah diikat dengan sumpah semasa proses penyebaran Buddhisme di Tibet dan dilantik sebagai roh penjaga (Dharmapala) bagi kuil-kuil tertentu. Seorang wakil terkenal ialah Pehar, yang dibawa ke Samye pada abad ke-8 dan dijadikan orakel negara.<\/p><div><h3>Sejarah awal B\u00f6n dan hierarki roh<\/h3><p>Agama B\u00f6n, tradisi keagamaan pra-Buddha Tibet, membahagikan dunia ghaib kepada hierarki wujud bukan manusia yang kompleks. <em>Tsen<\/em> termasuk dalam klasifikasi ini sebagai roh gunung dan roh perang yang khusus. Menurut sumber B\u00f6n, Tsen wujud pada fasa kosmik yang lebih awal, sebelum dewa-dewa atau tabiat Buddha menyusun dunia.<\/p><p>Oleh itu mereka lebih tua daripada Buddhisme dan lebih tertanam dalam tanah Tibet. Golongan imam B\u00f6n (<em>drangpo<\/em>) mengkhusus dalam meredakan Tsen melalui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Persembahan kepada dewa untuk menyatakan terima kasih, permohonan atau penghormatan.\" tabindex=\"0\">persembahan<\/span> dan perjanjian. Pada abad ke-7 hingga ke-11, semasa pergolakan Buddha di Tibet, ramai roh ini tidak dimusnahkan sebaliknya diserap ke dalam Buddhisme.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil ringkas: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jenis:<\/strong> Roh pahlawan, iblis gunung<br>Asal: Tradisi B\u00f6n pra-Buddha; sering pahlawan yang gugur atau putera yang dibuang<br>Teks: Kitaran Padmasambhava, Epik Gesar, buku ritual tempatan<br>Kesan: Sakit mendadak, kemalangan di rentas gunung, kerasukan<br>Perlindungan: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Persembahan kepada dewa untuk menyatakan terima kasih, permohonan atau penghormatan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Persembahan<\/span> sang, Tsen-torma, mengelak waktu yang tidak sesuai<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kedudukan Sejarah<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura Tsen berasal daripada agama B\u00f6n pra-Buddha. Mereka membentuk salah satu daripada tiga kelas wujud asal (lha, klu, btsan). Dengan pergolakan Buddha pada abad ke-7 hingga ke-8, banyak Tsen diserap ke dalam sistem keagamaan baharu; sesetengah dijadikan roh penjaga, yang lain kekal sebagai penguasa gunung yang ditakuti.<\/p><p>Epik Gesar, salah satu epik lisan terbesar di dunia, mengenali pelbagai figura Tsen sebagai musuh dan sekutu. Sehingga kini, kuil-kuil Tsen masih dikekalkan di banyak rentas gunung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kawasan Penyebaran<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen terikat pada formasi batu tertentu, rentas gunung, cerun gunung yang curam dan batu-batu tunggal yang mencolok. Setiap rentas penting di kawasan tanah tinggi mempunyai Tsen tersendiri, sering dengan nama dan ritual khusus.<\/p><p>Tempat-tempat tipikal: puncak rentas gunung dengan bendera doa (<em>lung ta<\/em>), batu-batu besar yang berdiri sendiri, dinding batu merah atau mencolok, mata air di kaki formasi sedemikian. Sesetengah Tsen juga mendiami runtuhan dan kubu lama, terutamanya jika dikaitkan dengan pertempuran sejarah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Status Sumber<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sumber utama: Kitaran Padmasambhava, terutamanya kisah penaklukan; Epik Gesar dalam versi lisan dan bertulisnya; buku ritual tempatan yang dikekalkan untuk kuil-kuil tertentu. Karya rujukan: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Khusus mengenai Pehar: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u201eFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama India, ajaran dan susunan tindakan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la\u201c; selain itu kesusasteraan mengenai orakel negara Nechung.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nama dan Varian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibet <em>btsan<\/em>, disebut Tsen atau Ts\u00e4n.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u201eRaja Tsen\u201c.<\/li><li>Yul lha dang btsan, roh penjaga tempatan dan Tsen bersama.<\/li><li>Pehar, Tsen yang paling terkenal, dijadikan penguasa penjaga orakel Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Legpa, asalnya wujud seperti Tsen, diikat oleh Padmasambhava.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ciri-ciri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rupa.<\/strong> Pahlawan lelaki berwarna merah tua, dalam perisai lengkap, dengan jubah merah, topi keledar merah, panah dan pedang, menunggang kuda merah dengan pelapik pelana merah. Dalam lukisan thangka sering digambarkan dengan atribut kala jengking atau burung pemangsa.<\/p><p>Tingkah laku. Muncul pada waktu malam dan senja, secara mendadak dari celah batu. Mereka mengekori orang yang tidak menghormati, menunggang merentasi rentas gunung yang sunyi, dan boleh muncul dalam kumpulan. Pertemuan boleh dialami sebagai kelemahan tubuh mendadak, pening, demam atau sesak nafas.<\/p><p>Fungsi penjagaan. Tsen yang telah diikat menjadi penjaga setia bagi kuil dan tempat mereka. Dalam fungsi ini mereka termasuk dalam kelas <em>srung ma<\/em>, dewa penjaga.<\/p><div><h3>Klasifikasi Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc dalam B\u00f6n<\/h3><p>Dalam sistem B\u00f6n terdapat klasifikasi ketat bagi wujud ghaib mengikut ruang dan elemen: <em>Tsen<\/em> adalah wujud gunung dan langit; <em>Nyen<\/em> adalah roh gunung dan penghuni hutan; <em>Lu<\/em> adalah penghuni air seperti Naga; <em>D\u00fc<\/em> adalah roh yang terikat pada bumi. Dalam klasifikasi ini, Tsen adalah yang tertinggi sekaligus paling liar.<\/p><p>Berbeza daripada roh gunung lain, Tsen mempunyai orientasi perang yang kuat: mereka melindungi sempadan wilayah dan kehormatan keluarga. Mereka kurang berminat dengan kesuburan berbanding keberanian dan kemuliaan. Perbezaan ini menjelaskan mengapa Tsen lebih sering diseru oleh pahlawan dan raja, sementara roh Lu diminta oleh petani untuk berkat air.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek penting Tsen secara ringkas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asal Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradisi B\u00f6n pra-Buddha; sering pahlawan yang gugur atau putera yang digulingkan dan kembali sebagai roh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sasaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pengembara di rentas gunung yang tinggi, pemburu, gembala, pedagang dengan kafilah; pekerja binaan di kawasan yang tidak diberkati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rupa Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sosok pahlawan merah menyala berbaju zirah penuh, menunggang kuda merah, membawa panah dan pedang; kadangkala dengan atribut kala jengking.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wirkungsbereich<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Penyakit ketinggian yang tiba-tiba, demam, sesak nafas, kemalangan di laluan gunung, kerasukan oleh kemarahan; secara positif: perlindungan tegas sebagai penjaga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perlindungan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persembahan asap sang di laluan gunung, Tsen-Torma, bacaan teks ritual khusus, pemasangan bendera doa merah; peraturan tingkah laku yang ketat di lokasi Tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persamaan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Roh pahlawan gunung Mongolia; makhluk gunung Iberia utara-Jermanik; <em>yaksha<\/em> India sebagai penjaga gunung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amalan Pelindung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Persembahan Sang di laluan gunung.<\/strong> Pengembara berhenti di laluan tinggi, menyalakan unggun api kecil daripada ranting juniper dan menaburkan tepung; seruan <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (\u201edipersembahkan kepada dewa-dewa&#8221;) dan bendera doa (<em>lung ta<\/em>) mengiringi perjalanan melalui laluan tersebut.<\/p><p>Torma Tsen. Dalam upacara biara, patung torma disediakan khas untuk golongan Tsen, sering berupa bentukan merah daripada tsampa, dengan pewarna merah.<\/p><p>Tempat pemujaan dan timbunan batu. Di kaki batu-batu Tsen dan di kemuncak laluan gunung terdapat timbunan batu kecil (<em>la btsas<\/em>), yang mana pengembara akan meletakkan satu lagi batu.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah tempat atau institusi di mana petunjuk ilahi diperoleh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Orakel<\/span>. Sebilangan Tsen dilembagakan sebagai penguasa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah tempat atau institusi di mana petunjuk ilahi diperoleh.\" tabindex=\"0\">orakel<\/span>; Pehar bertutur melalui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah tempat atau institusi di mana petunjuk ilahi diperoleh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Orakel<\/span> Nechung sehingga kini dalam kerajaan buangan Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, persamaan dalam budaya lain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mongolia.<\/strong> Selepas penyebaran Buddhisme di Mongolia pada abad ke-13 hingga ke-16, tokoh-tokoh yang serupa dengan Tsen diserapkan ke dalam sistem roh penjaga Mongolia.<\/p><p>India\/Buddhisme. <em>Yaksha<\/em> sebagai sosok penjaga berkongsi profil asas dengan roh tempatan yang bercirikan ketenteraan.<\/p><p>Eropah. Roh pahlawan merah di gunung dan laluan gunung terdapat dalam legenda Iberia utara dan kawasan Alpine; namun tidak wujud hubungan sejarah yang sebenar.<\/p><p>Tradisi syamanistik. Kepercayaan Siberia dan Asia Tengah mengenai penguasa gunung berkongsi banyak ciri asas yang sama.<\/p><div><h3>Amalan keagamaan tempatan dan sistem perjanjian Tsen<\/h3><p>Pada tahap kerohanian tempatan, Tsen berfungsi sebagai sekutu kosmik masyarakat setempat. Sebuah gunung didiami dan diperintah oleh Tsen tertentu. Pengembara mesti memperkenalkan diri dan memohon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pengucapan kesejahteraan dan perlindungan, sering dalam bentuk bahasa yang tetap.\" tabindex=\"0\">restu<\/span>.<\/p><p>Para pahlawan membuat perjanjian dengan Tsen tempatan demi memperoleh kemenangan. Sistem perjanjian Tsen (<em>damtsig<\/em>) menunjukkan hubungan timbal balik: manusia berjanji untuk memberi penghormatan, sementara Tsen memberikan perlindungan dan kejayaan.<\/p><p>Perjanjian ini difahami sebagai serius dan mengikat; pelanggaran perjanjian Tsen dihukum dengan nasib buruk selama beberapa generasi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu elemen kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motif<\/span> perjanjian dengan roh gunung terdapat dalam banyak budaya sebelum Buddha, tetapi Tibet telah mengekalkannya dalam bentuk penyepaduan yang unik ke dalam sebuah sistem keagamaan yang besar.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kedudukan dalam sistem roh tempatan Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Btsan<\/em> (disebut tsen) tergolong dalam kelas roh asli Tibet yang membentuk pandangan dunia Tibet sebelum dan bersama dengan Buddhisme.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Kajian ilmiah keagamaan, terutamanya karya asas <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> oleh Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956), meletakkan mereka dalam sebuah sistem padat yang antara lain merangkumi <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166198\">klu<\/a> perairan dan dunia bawah, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166197\">gnyan<\/a> sfera pertengahan, serta <em>lha<\/em> langit.<\/span><\/p><p>Dalam kerangka ini, <em>btsan<\/em> adalah roh kawasan pertengahan hingga atas, sering terikat kepada batu, laluan gunung, cerun gunung merah dan pokok-pokok tertentu yang menonjol.<\/p><p>Ciri khas mereka adalah warna merah. <em>Btsan<\/em> digambarkan sebagai penunggang merah di atas kuda merah, berbaju zirah dan bersenjatakan panah atau lembing.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu tentang kandungan imej dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ikonografi<\/span> ini mengaitkan mereka dengan peperangan, perburuan dan kematian mengejut. Penyakit yang timbul tanpa amaran, terutamanya yang berdemam atau disertai lumpuh, secara tradisinya ditafsirkan sebagai serangan <em>btsan<\/em>. Istilah <em>btsan<\/em> dalam bahasa Tibet juga merupakan kata sifat yang bermaksud berkuasa dan ganas, yang secara langsung menggambarkan sifat kelas ini.<\/p><p>Kedalaman sejarah perkataan ini amat menarik. <em>Btsan<\/em> merupakan sebahagian daripada gelaran raja <em>btsan po<\/em>, yang digunakan untuk merujuk pemerintah empayar Tibet (abad ke-7 hingga ke-9).<\/p><p>Penyelidikan melihat ini sebagai petunjuk hubungan asal yang rapat antara sistem pemerintahan, pemujaan gunung dan konsep kelas roh yang berkuasa dan bercirikan ketenteraan. Dengan tersebarnya Buddhisme, <em>btsan<\/em> seperti roh-roh sebelum Buddha yang lain tidak dihapuskan, sebaliknya diserapkan ke dalam sistem Buddhisme dan sebahagiannya diikat sebagai dewa pelindung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pengikatan kepada Buddhisme dan peranan sebagai pelindung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradisi Tibet mengenal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu elemen kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau naratif.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> bahawa guru-guru berkuasa seperti Padmasambhava pada abad ke-8 telah menakluki roh-roh tempatan dan mengikat mereka melalui sumpah untuk melindungi ajaran Buddha. Bagi <em>btsan<\/em>, ini bermakna kewujudan berganda.<\/p><p>Sebaliknya, sesetengah daripada mereka kekal sebagai roh liar yang tidak terikat, mengintai di batu-batu dan laluan gunung mereka. Namun, sesetengah <em>btsan<\/em> yang amat berkuasa boleh diangkat menjadi <em>srung ma<\/em>, iaitu dewa pelindung biara dan garis keturunan ajaran.<\/p><p>Contoh yang paling terkenal ialah dewa pelindung <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166289\">Pehar<\/a> atau lingkungannya, di mana sebahagian pengikutnya digolongkan dalam kelas <em>btsan<\/em>. Pelindung biara yang terkenal, Tsiu Marpo, yang dihormati di biara pusat Samye, juga dianggap sebagai <em>btsan<\/em>: seorang penunggang kuda berbaju perang merah yang boleh dirujuk sebagai dewa oracle.<\/p><p>Ini menunjukkan bahawa kelas ini sama sekali tidak selalu dianggap negatif. Seorang <em>btsan<\/em> yang telah diikat menjadi pelindung yang berkesan justeru kerana kegarangan dan kekuatan pertempuran asalnya kekal terpelihara, dan kini digunakan untuk berkhidmat kepada biara.<\/p><p>Dalam kehidupan ritual harian biara, ikatan ini diperbaharui secara berkala. Persembahan korban, terutamanya bahan berwarna merah, serta pembacaan jampi pengikat, mengekalkan hubungan ini. Kajian menekankan bahawa hubungan ini dianggap rapuh dan berbahaya.<\/p><p>Seorang <em>btsan<\/em> pelindung yang diabaikan atau dihina boleh berbalik menentang komuniti yang sebenarnya dijaganya. Dengan ini, cara masyarakat Tibet berhubung dengan <em>btsan<\/em> berbeza secara asasnya daripada usaha semata-mata untuk menghalau roh jahat. Ia bukan tentang pemusnahan, tetapi tentang pengurusan berterusan sesuatu kuasa yang berbahaya namun berguna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pautan lanjutan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pautan dalaman yang disyorkan:<\/p><ul><li>Halaman budaya <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Profil individu lain dari Tibet: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166198\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166197\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166199\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166201\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Persamaan: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166171\">Hinduisme<\/a> (Yaksha).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bahan bacaan (pilihan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Satu pilihan padat karya utama mengenai Tsen:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan susunan tindakan yang betul.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> Dalam: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), hlm. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Ed., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Wien, \u00d6AW). Kumpulan karya mengenai kajian dewa gunung.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Kesusasteraan standard (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Ed.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya standard lain dalam <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166246\">senarai rujukan<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Amalan perlindungan yang diterangkan di sini merupakan pentafsiran kajian agama terhadap tradisi bersejarah. iWell Guard menyambung garis sejarah budaya objek perlindungan yang dibawa ini dan mewakili bentuk kontemporarinya. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1717,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen - Roh Pahlawan Merah dari Pergunungan Tibet","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, roh pahlawan merah dari pergunungan Tibet. Penguasa batu dan rentas gunung, leluhur yang ditakuti serta peranan mereka dalam kepercayaan B\u00f6n pra-Buddha.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-165842","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen - Roh Pahlawan Merah dari Pergunungan Tibet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, roh pahlawan merah dari pergunungan Tibet. 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