{"id":165838,"date":"2026-09-05T12:40:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:40:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=165838"},"modified":"2026-09-05T12:53:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T12:53:45","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"165838\" class=\"elementor elementor-165838 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, roh dari tradisi Buddha<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utusan maut Yama, pelaksana hukuman karma.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamadutas dalam sistem Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Yamadutas adalah <strong>utusan maut Yama<\/strong>, tuan alam kematian dalam tradisi Veda, Hindu dan Buddha.<\/p><p>Dalam Garuda Purana dan sistem Naraka dalam Mahabharata, mereka mengambil jiwa sejurus selepas <strong>saat kematian<\/strong>. Tugas mereka merangkumi: mengenal pasti jiwa, melerai ikatan-ikatan kehidupan, mengiringi jiwa merentasi <strong>sungai Vaitarani<\/strong>, dan menyerahkannya ke mahkamah Yama di <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. Di sana, jurutulis <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> menimbang jasa dan kesalahan, lalu Yama menjatuhkan hukuman.<\/p><p>Hukuman membawa ke salah satu daripada <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (neraka): Raurava (neraka jeritan), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Penerimaan Buddha (Mahayana, Vajrayana) mengekalkan skema ini, tetapi menambah kemungkinan pembebasan melalui pembacaan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Suku kata atau rumus suci yang diulang-ulang dalam Hindu dan Buddha.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> dan amalan keadaan peralihan (Bardo, Kitab Kematian Tibet). Secara ikonografi, Yamadutas digambarkan berkulit gelap, membawa jerat dan gada, serta menunggang kerbau air.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Roh: Wujud tanpa jasad atau separa jasad, roh orang mati, wujud alam, roh rumah atau penjaga sempadan. Bertindak dalam kehidupan seharian, sering terikat kepada tempat atau keluarga.\">Roh<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166172\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradisi Buddha dengan Bodhisattva, dewa-dewa pelindung, roh lapar dan penjaga neraka.\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Tidak ada tajuk yang dijumpai pada halaman ini.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKandungan\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-168253\" alt=\"Yamaduta - Roh dari tradisi Buddhisme, ilustrasi bersejarah\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta adalah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Wujud tanpa jasad yang dipercayai mempunyai kesan di dunia.\" tabindex=\"0\">roh<\/span> dari tradisi Buddha.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bta ialah utusan maut yang berkhidmat kepada Yama, tuan alam kematian dalam tradisi India-Buddha. Ketika kematian berlaku, mereka muncul untuk mengambil jiwa dan membawanya ke mahkamah Yama.<\/p><p>Di sana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hindu, Buddha dan Jainisme, hukum akibat perbuatan: setiap tindakan memberi kesan kepada kewujudan seterusnya.\">karma<\/span> ditimbang; Yama menjatuhkan hukuman; para Yamad\u016bta melaksanakannya, sama ada di alam syurga atau di Naraka (neraka). Tokoh ini menghubungkan tradisi pemujaan roh orang mati India dan Buddha; di Asia Timur, ia bercantum dengan konsep alam kematian tempatan.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eSutta Utusan Dewa\u201d) dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Koleksi kitab suci sesebuah agama yang diakui sebagai autoritatif.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> Pali menceritakan satu babak kepada Buddha: seorang yang telah mati dibawa ke hadapan Yama; Yama menyoal sama ada dia tidak pernah melihat \u201eutusan dewa\u201d, iaitu usia tua, penyakit, kematian dan mayat, yang sepatutnya mendorongnya untuk berubah.<\/p><p>Oleh itu, Yamad\u016bta bukan sekadar pelaksana hukuman, tetapi juga pemberi amaran tentang kehidupan. Peranan ganda ini menjadikan tokoh ini kaya secara teologi.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana dan topografi Yamaloka<\/strong><\/p><p>Penggambaran paling terperinci tentang <em>Yamaduta<\/em> terdapat dalam <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (abad ke-8 hingga ke-10), di mana para utusan Yama diklasifikasikan mengikut pangkat dan fungsi mereka. Selain daripada peranan sebagai penjaga atau utusan biasa, mereka juga berfungsi sebagai juri dan pencatat hukuman karma.<\/p><p>Setiap orang yang mati diiringi oleh Yamaduta peribadinya dari alam kematian ke Maharloka, tempat Yama mengadakan pengadilan. Topografi Yamaloka sendiri, seperti yang digambarkan dalam pelbagai Purana, menunjukkan struktur birokratik: pintu gerbang, jalan, dewan keadilan, serta pelbagai kawasan neraka. Yamaduta adalah pentadbir topografi ini, bukan sekadar pengawalnya.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ringkasan pantas: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jenis:<\/strong> Utusan maut, pelaksana neraka<br>Asal-usul: Berkhidmat kepada Yama, tuan alam kematian<br>Teks: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jataka, Abhidharmakosha, Kitab Kematian Tibet<br>Zaman: Veda-Buddha hingga kini<br>Bentuk Asia Timur: dalam sistem alam kematian Cina sebagai utusan Yanluo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pengenalan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zeitraum der Texte<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Latar belakang Veda (Yama dalam Rigveda), perkembangan Buddha dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Koleksi kitab suci sesebuah agama yang diakui sebagai autoritatif.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> Pali dan sutra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Kenderaan Besar'; salah satu daripada tiga tradisi utama Buddha, dengan ideal Bodhisattva dan refleksi falsafah yang mendalam.\">Mahayana<\/span>. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, abad ke-4\/5 Masihi) menyusun secara sistematik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Konsep tentang struktur dan susunan dunia dalam sesebuah budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span>. Kitab Kematian Tibet (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Buddha Tibet, keadaan peralihan antara dua kewujudan; Bardo Th\u00f6dol menggambarkan fasa selepas kematian.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, abad ke-8 atau lebih lewat) dengan penggambaran terperinci tentang Yamad\u016bta. Rujukan Cina dan Jepun terdapat dalam kesusasteraan alam kematian Buddha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kawasan Penyebaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anak benua India, negara-negara Theravada, Asia Timur (di China sebagai utusan Yanluo, dikenali sebagai Niu Tou \u201eKepala Lembu\u201d dan Ma Mian \u201eMuka Kuda\u201d), Tibet dengan perluasan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Kenderaan Berlian'; bentuk tantrik Buddha Mahayana, terutamanya di Tibet, dengan amalan Yidam dan teknik mantra sebagai teras.\">Vajrayana<\/span>, dan Jepun dengan perkembangan Emma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Status Sumber<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya dan Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kitab Kematian Tibet; panduan ritual untuk keadaan peralihan selepas kematian.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, kisah-kisah alam kematian Cina (kesusasteraan <em>Di Yu<\/em>), dan Jigoku-z\u014dshi Jepun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nama dan Tulisan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, &#8220;utusan Yama&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, &#8220;penjaga Yama&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, &#8220;orang Yama&#8221;.<br>Cina: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, &#8220;kepala lembu dan wajah kuda&#8221;, bentuk berpasangan yang popular).<br>Jepun: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama sebagai Emma.<br>Tibet: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Penentuan khusus di Asia Timur amat menarik: pasangan kepala lembu dan wajah kuda merupakan perkembangan tersendiri dalam tradisi Cina. Kedua-duanya digambarkan sebagai pegawai dunia bawah yang berkuasa di bawah Yanluo Wang dan menonjol dalam kuil-kuil keagamaan rakyat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ciri-ciri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rupa<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam tradisi India, sering digambarkan dengan aura api, senjata, dan rantai. Boleh berbentuk haiwan atau separa haiwan. Dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu tentang kandungan gambar dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> Cina, digambarkan khusus sebagai kepala lembu dan wajah kuda, bersenjata gada atau garpu. Dalam thangka Tibet, digambarkan garang, menari, dengan simbol tengkorak.<\/p><p><strong>Kelakuan<\/strong><\/p><p>Muncul semasa kematian, mengikat jiwa, dan membawanya kepada Yama. Di Naraka, mereka melaksanakan hukuman karma tanpa kekejaman peribadi, sebaliknya sebagai tugas fungsional. Dalam tafsiran Devad\u016bta, mereka juga bersifat simbolik: kehidupan itu sendiri memberi peringatan melalui usia tua, penyakit, dan kematian.<\/p><p><strong>Bidang pengaruh<\/strong><\/p><p>Alam peralihan semasa proses kematian, mahkamah Yama, serta Naraka (neraka-neraka). Dalam tradisi Asia Timur, mereka juga dibahagikan kepada jawatan-jawatan khusus di dunia bawah, setiap satu daripada sepuluh neraka mempunyai pegawainya sendiri.<\/p><p><strong>Kedudukan mitologi<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam tradisi Veda, Yama adalah manusia pertama yang mati dan pergi ke dunia bawah, lalu menjadi pemerintahnya. Utusan-utusannya adalah pegawai sistem kosmik, bukan syaitan yang autonomi. Penerimaan Buddhis mengekalkan kedudukan fungsional ini.<\/p><div><p><strong>Ciri fizikal dan fungsi menakutkan<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam bahagian-bahagian Mahabharata dan Purana kemudiannya, Yamaduta digambarkan dengan ciri fizikal tertentu: kulit hitam, mata merah, rambut ular atau nyala api sebagai ganti rambut, serta senjata besi. Ciri-ciri ini bersifat fungsional dan bukan sewenang-wenangnya: tujuannya untuk mengejutkan manusia dan mendorong mereka merenung kehidupan sendiri.<\/p><p>Rupa ini bersifat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Menolak kemalangan; simbol apotropaik (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) melindungi daripada magik jahat dan mata jahat.\">apotropaik<\/span> dan sekaligus bermeditasi. Melihat seorang Yamaduta menandakan peralihan daripada kehidupan kepada tanggungjawab. Dalam komentar tantrik, fungsi menakutkan ini dijelaskan dengan lebih terus: Yamaduta adalah penjelmaan sedar akibat karma, bukan entiti biologi.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek penting Yamad\u016bta secara ringkas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asal<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Berkhidmat kepada Yama, penguasa kematian. Berasaskan tradisi Veda-Buddha. Diformulasikan secara khusus di Asia Timur di bawah Yanluo\/Emma, dengan hierarki pegawai tersendiri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sasaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mereka yang nazak semasa kematian, si mati dalam keadaan peralihan, makhluk neraka untuk melaksanakan hukuman. Secara tidak langsung, semua makhluk hidup sebagai peringatan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rupa Bentuk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Di India, dengan aura api dan senjata. Di Cina, digambarkan khusus sebagai kepala lembu dan wajah kuda. Di Tibet, garang, menari, dengan hiasan tengkorak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pengaruh Yamaduta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mengambil jiwa yang nazak, membawanya ke mahkamah Yama, melaksanakan hukuman karma. Bersifat fungsional, bukan kejam secara peribadi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cara penangkisan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bukan penangkisan, tetapi kehidupan yang benar: perbuatan beretika, mencari perlindungan kepada Tiga Mustika, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Seruan atau permohonan yang ditujukan kepada dewa atau kuasa tertentu.\" tabindex=\"0\">seruan<\/span> kepada Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Buddhisme Mahayana, seorang yang telah mencapai pencerahan tetapi menangguhkan pembebasan sendiri demi ajaran untuk makhluk lain.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> makhluk neraka). Tibet: amalan Phowa (pemindahan kesedaran pada saat kematian).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vergleichbares<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166126\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166135\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166142\">Dirae<\/a>, pengiring Amduat Mesir, malaikat maut Kristian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upacara kematian dan pengurusan mayat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Persediaan menjelang kematian<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam tradisi Theravada: pembacaan Paritta dan sutta Metta kepada mereka yang nazak. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kenderaan Besar; salah satu daripada tiga tradisi utama Buddhisme, dengan ideal Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>: pembacaan mantra Amitabha untuk dilahirkan semula di Tanah Suci-Nya dan bukan di alam Yama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kenderaan Berlian; bentuk tantrik Buddhisme Mahayana, terutamanya di Tibet, dengan amalan Yidam sebagai intinya.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa sebagai meditasi kematian khusus untuk keluar daripada kitaran.<\/p><p><strong>Upacara selepas kematian<\/strong><\/p><p>Kitab Kematian Tibet memberikan arahan kepada si mati untuk 49 hari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Buddhisme Tibet, keadaan peralihan antara dua kewujudan; Bardo Th\u00f6dol menerangkan fasa selepas kematian.\">Bardo<\/span>, termasuk pertemuan khusus dengan Yamad\u016bta. Tradisi Cina dengan upacara kematian &#8220;tujuh-tujuh&#8221; (49 hari dengan upacara mingguan). Obon Jepun dan upacara serupa untuk melegakan keadaan si mati.<\/p><p><strong>Dimensi etika<\/strong><\/p><p>Ajaran Devad\u016bta mengajar bahawa kehidupan itu sendiri menghantar utusan-utusannya: usia tua, penyakit, dan pandangan terhadap mayat. Sesiapa yang mendengarnya tidak perlu takut banyak di mahkamah Yama. Sesiapa yang mengabaikannya akan menemui dirinya dalam kelahiran semula yang selaras.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persamaan dan Penerimaan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zaman kebudayaan Greek dan Rom, sekitar 800 SM hingga 600 M.\" tabindex=\"0\">Zaman Purba<\/span> dan persamaan Mesopotamia<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166126\">Gallu<\/a> Mesopotamia sebagai badan pelaksana dunia bawah, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166135\">Keres<\/a> Greek sebagai roh kematian perempuan, serta figur pengiring Amduat Mesir dalam perjalanan matahari melalui dunia bawah.<\/p><p><strong>Perkembangan di Asia Timur<\/strong><\/p><p>Niu Tou Ma Mian dari China dan pegawai Emma dari Jepun mempunyai susunan kedudukan pegawai yang konkrit dalam kepercayaan rakyat, lengkap dengan surat-menyurat dan pemeriksaan. Sistem Di Yu (&#8220;penjara bumi&#8221;) merupakan salah satu pentadbiran dunia bawah yang paling terperinci di dunia.<\/p><p><strong>Penerimaan Moden<\/strong><\/p><p>Filem Bollywood dengan watak Yamraj, anime Jepun dengan motif shinigami, dan drama Korea dengan watak Malaikat Maut, semuanya mengolah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unsur kandungan yang berulang dalam seni atau penceritaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> Yamad\u016bta dalam bentuk moden.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta dan Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt dalam Islam<\/strong><\/p><p>Terdapat persamaan yang menarik antara Yamaduta dalam tradisi Hindu dan malaikat maut dalam tradisi Islam, iaitu <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Kedua-dua tradisi menggambarkan makhluk langit yang muncul pada waktu kematian. Kedua-duanya menilai perbuatan si mati berdasarkan rekod agama atau karma mereka.<\/p><p>Kedua-duanya kelihatan menakutkan pada rupa luaran, tetapi adil dalam fungsi mereka. Namun, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bahasa Arab bermaksud 'para malaikat'; dalam al-Quran, kelas kosmologi malaikat yang paling utama ialah Jibril, Mikail dan Israfil.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> Islam merupakan agen moral Tuhan, sementara Yamaduta lebih merupakan kuasa pentadbiran yang neutral. Perbezaan ini menunjukkan perbezaan dalam persoalan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Masalah teologi tentang keserasian antara kekuasaan dan kebaikan Tuhan dengan kewujudan kejahatan di dunia.\">teodisi<\/span>: dalam Hinduisme, karma bertindak dengan sendirinya, sementara dalam Islam, keadilan bergantung pada belas kasihan Tuhan.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta sebagai utusan dewa maut<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nama <em>Yamaduta<\/em> secara literal bermaksud &#8220;utusan Yama&#8221;. Yama ialah penguasa alam maut, sebuah watak yang berasal daripada agama Veda dan tersebar ke seluruh Asia Selatan dan Timur melalui Buddhisme dan Hinduisme.<\/p><p>Yamaduta adalah bawahannya, diutus untuk mengumpul roh orang yang telah meninggal dan membawa mereka ke hadapan mahkamah penguasa maut. Mereka bukanlah kuasa yang berdiri sendiri, sebaliknya pegawai dalam sebuah susunan kosmik.<\/p><p>Dalam teks-teks Buddha, Yamaduta muncul dalam beberapa peranan. Satu bahagian penting terdapat dalam <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> daripada Kanun Pali, walaupun di situ tumpuan lebih kepada &#8220;utusan ilahi&#8221;, iaitu usia tua, penyakit dan kematian sebagai tanda amaran yang sepatutnya memberi peringatan kepada setiap manusia.<\/p><p>Selain itu, terdapat gambaran yang lebih konkrit tentang utusan neraka yang menangkap si mati dan membawanya ke hadapan Yama. Yama kemudian mencela si mati kerana telah melihat tanda-tanda amaran usia tua, penyakit dan kematian semasa hidupnya, tetapi tidak mengambil iktibar daripadanya.<\/p><p>Gabungan antara gambaran yang menakutkan dengan peringatan etika ini merupakan ciri khas dalam pengolahan Buddha terhadap Yamaduta. Mereka adalah watak yang menakutkan, tetapi ketakutan itu mempunyai tujuan pengajaran. Penyelidikan mengenai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gambaran tentang struktur dan susunan dunia dalam sesebuah budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> Buddha menekankan bahawa gambaran neraka dalam Buddhisme direka sebagai ilustrasi yang mendalam bagi hukum karma dan bukan sebagai tujuan tersendiri.<\/p><p>Yamaduta tidak melaksanakan hukuman yang sewenang-wenangnya, mereka hanya melaksanakan apa yang timbul daripada perbuatan si mati sendiri. Hakim sebenar akhirnya adalah hukum sebab dan akibat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta dalam gambaran neraka dan seni kuil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seni lukis Buddha di Asia telah menggambarkan Yamaduta dalam pelbagai bentuk, terutamanya dalam gambaran besar neraka yang terdapat di kuil-kuil, pada lukisan dinding dan gulungan lukisan. Program lukisan ini menunjukkan mahkamah maut Yama dan hukuman di berbagai-bagai neraka, sering dengan cara yang sangat gambaran jelas.<\/p><p>Dalam lukisan-lukisan ini, Yamaduta muncul sebagai penjaga dan tukang seksa yang melaksanakan hukuman, sering dengan ciri-ciri haiwan, seperti kepala lembu atau kuda, sebuah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kajian tentang kandungan gambar dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> yang amat ketara dalam tradisi Asia Timur.<\/p><p>Gambaran neraka sebegini mempunyai fungsi pendidikan yang jelas. Ia diletakkan di tempat-tempat yang dilihat oleh orang awam, dan ia menggambarkan akibat perbuatan yang tidak baik dengan cara yang dapat difahami walaupun tanpa pengetahuan teks.<\/p><p>Di Thailand, dalam tradisi Tibet, di China, Korea dan Jepun, terdapat versi tersendiri bagi tradisi lukisan ini, yang mengisi rangka asas yang sama dengan ciri-ciri kawasan masing-masing.<\/p><p>Dalam versi Asia Timur, warisan India bergabung dengan konsep sepuluh raja dunia bawah, sehingga Yama muncul sebagai salah seorang daripada sepuluh hakim, setanding dengan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=165859\">Yeomra<\/a> dari Korea.<\/p><p>Bagi kajian ilmu agama, tradisi lukisan ini merupakan sumber penting kerana ia menunjukkan bagaimana ajaran tentang karma dan mahkamah maut disampaikan kepada dunia kehidupan orang awam. Yamaduta muncul dalam gambar-gambar ini sebagai watak yang jelas dan menakutkan, bukan sebagai konsep teologi yang abstrak.<\/p><p>Penyelidikan sejarah seni juga menggunakan gambar-gambar neraka yang masih terpelihara untuk mengesan penyebaran konsep-konsep tertentu merentasi masa dan ruang, kerana daripadanya dapat dikesan jalur penyebaran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gambaran tentang struktur dan susunan dunia dalam sesebuah budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> Buddha antara wilayah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta dan Yamadut dalam Hinduisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanggapan tentang Yamaboten bukan hanya wujud dalam agama Buddha, malah turut berakar kukuh dalam agama Hindu, di mana utusan ini kerap disebut <em>Yamadut<\/em>. Satu kisah yang amat terkenal, yang tercatat dalam beberapa Purana, mengisahkan tentang Ajamila.<\/p><p>Ajamila ialah seorang lelaki yang telah menjalani hidup yang penuh kesilapan, dan pada saat kematiannya dia hendak dibawa oleh para Yamaboten. Namun pada saat-saat akhir hayatnya, dia menyebut nama anaknya, yang secara kebetulan turut merupakan salah satu nama Tuhan Vishnu. Lantaran itu, para utusan Vishnu, iaitu <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, muncul, menentang para Yamaboten dan membebaskan Ajamila.<\/p><p>Kisah ini amat bermakna dari segi teologi. Dalam tradisi pemujaan Vishnu, kisah ini dijadikan bukti tentang kekuatan penyelamat yang terkandung dalam nama ilahi: bahawa sekadar sebutan nama itu secara tidak sengaja pun mempunyai kesan penyelamatan.<\/p><p>Dalam kisah ini, para Yamaboten melambangkan logik ketat perbuatan dan balasan, manakala para utusan Vishnu melambangkan belas kasihan yang boleh mematahkan logik tersebut. Perselisihan antara kedua-dua kumpulan utusan ini digambarkan dalam teks-teks tersebut sebagai satu perdebatan sebenar mengenai keadilan dan belas kasihan.<\/p><p>Dari sudut kajian agama, episod ini menunjukkan bahawa Yamaduta diberi penekanan yang berbeza-beza dalam pelbagai aliran keagamaan India, bergantung pada sudut pandangan teologi masing-masing. Dalam rangka kerja yang berpaksikan karma secara ketat, mereka adalah pelaksana yang tidak dapat dielakkan.<\/p><p>Dalam aliran-aliran yang berpaksikan penyerahan diri dan belas kasihan, mereka menjadi satu kuasa yang boleh diatasi melalui perhatian <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Satu wujud yang dipuja sebagai suci dalam sesuatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">tuhan<\/span> penyelamat. Justeru, Yamaduta merupakan petunjuk yang baik tentang bagaimana satu tanggapan mitologi yang sama boleh diklasifikasikan dan dinilai secara berbeza dalam sistem keagamaan yang berlainan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pautan lanjutan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pautan dalaman yang disyorkan:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166172\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166178\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166180\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166179\">Penjaga Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166181\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166126\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166135\">Keres<\/a> (persamaan)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166276\">Yama<\/a> sebagai Tuhan Kematian (Hindu)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol dan Buku Kematian Tibet<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kepustakaan Penyelidikan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Pilihan karya utama mengenai Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya rujukan lain terdapat dalam <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ms\/?page_id=166246\">Senarai Rujukan<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Amalan perlindungan yang diterangkan di sini adalah pentafsiran ilmiah terhadap tradisi bersejarah. iWell Guard menyambung kepada garis sejarah budaya objek pelindung yang boleh dipakai ini dan mewakili bentuk kontemporarinya. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta utusan maut Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 utusan maut Dewa Yama","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bta ialah utusan maut yang berkhidmat kepada Yama, tuan alam kematian dalam tradisi India-Buddha. Ketika kematian berlaku, mereka muncul untuk mengambil jiwa","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-165838","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 utusan maut Dewa Yama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bta ialah utusan maut yang berkhidmat kepada Yama, tuan alam kematian dalam tradisi India-Buddha. 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