{"id":169263,"date":"2026-09-05T14:06:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:06:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169263"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:36:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:36:26","slug":"besprechen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/besprechen\/","title":{"rendered":"Besprechen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Besprechen \u2014 hi\u00f0 l\u00e6knandi verndaror\u00f0<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Verndara\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/span>Verndarath\u00f6fn og \u00e1kall<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Besprechen er ath\u00f6fn sem er s\u00e9rstaklega vel \u00feekkt \u00ed \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa, \u00fear sem einstaklingur reynir me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e6la l\u00e1gt e\u00f0a \u00ed h\u00e1lfum hlj\u00f3\u00f0um forna form\u00falu a\u00f0 afst\u00fdra ska\u00f0a fr\u00e1 manni e\u00f0a d\u00fdri.<\/p>

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201ebesprechen\u201c v\u00edsar h\u00e9r til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feekja einhvern e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 me\u00f0 form\u00falu, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 umvefja me\u00f0 or\u00f0um og \u00feannig verjast ska\u00f0legum \u00e1hrifum e\u00f0a sn\u00faa vi\u00f0 \u00e1hrifum sem \u00feegar hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Besprechen er fr\u00e1brug\u00f0i\u00f0 Bannspruch<\/a> \u00e1 einn mikilv\u00e6gan h\u00e1tt: \u00fea\u00f0 beinist s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 reka \u00fat e\u00f0a binda veru heldur a\u00f0 manninum e\u00f0a d\u00fdrinu sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna e\u00f0a vernda.<\/p>

Form\u00falur besprechen eru \u00ed munnm\u00e6lum<\/span> oft styttri, hnitmi\u00f0a\u00f0ri og sni\u00f0nar a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num kvillum e\u00f0a h\u00e6ttum, svo sem bl\u00e6\u00f0ingum, bruna, illu auga, h\u00fa\u00f0kveisu (erysipelas) e\u00f0a barnasj\u00fakd\u00f3mum.<\/p>

Samt\u00edmis krefst ath\u00f6fnin \u00ed m\u00f6rgum hef\u00f0um s\u00e9rstakrar getu hj\u00e1 \u00feeim sem framkv\u00e6mir hana, getu sem er skilgreind \u00fdmist me\u00f0 uppruna, aldri, kyni e\u00f0a h\u00e6fileika sem liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 sem gu\u00f0lega gj\u00f6f.<\/p>\n

Besprechen tilheyrir flokki verndarathafna og \u00e1kalla<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Besprechen notar hi\u00f0 tala\u00f0a verndaror\u00f0 sem vopn gegn sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi og \u00f3g\u00e6fu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Skj\u00f3tt yfirlit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Besprechen v\u00edsar til \u00feess a\u00f0 tala verndandi e\u00f0a l\u00e6knandi form\u00falu yfir manni e\u00f0a d\u00fdri. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa er ath\u00f6fnin vel skjalfest fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum fram \u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1ratugi 20. aldar. H\u00fan tengir kristna \u00fe\u00e6tti, \u00e1kall<\/span> \u00e1 heilaga menn e\u00f0a gu\u00f0sn\u00f6fn, vi\u00f0 forkristnar ger\u00f0ir, go\u00f0sagnalegt ford\u00e6mi og \u00fatbreidda form\u00faluger\u00f0.<\/p>

Ekki er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 allir hafi getu til \u00feessa, heldur s\u00e9rstakir einstaklingar eins og eldri konur, sj\u00f6undi sonur e\u00f0a lj\u00f3sm\u00f3\u00f0irin. Form\u00falan er \u00ed m\u00f6rgum hef\u00f0um leynileg og m\u00e1 ekki tala h\u00e1tt e\u00f0a fyrir framan \u00f3kunnuga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Uppruni og munnm\u00e6li<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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R\u00e6tur besprechen n\u00e1 lengra aftur en kristin munnm\u00e6li<\/span>.<\/p>

Merseburgar-galdraform\u00falurnar fr\u00e1 10. \u00f6ld, elstu var\u00f0veittu \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi vitnisbur\u00f0irnir af \u00feessari ger\u00f0, s\u00fdna grunnger\u00f0 sem talin er einkennandi fyrir \u00feessa ath\u00f6fn: go\u00f0sagnalegt ford\u00e6mi, \u00fear sem gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a hetja leysir vandam\u00e1l, og \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st fylgir form\u00falan \u201eEins og \u00fea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1, svo megi \u00fea\u00f0 gerast n\u00fa\u201c.<\/p>

\u00deessi ger\u00f0, hi\u00f0 svonefnda historiola-form, kemur fram \u00ed besprechen-form\u00falum v\u00ed\u00f0s vegar um Evr\u00f3pu, sem bendir til mikils aldurs og \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu.<\/p>\n

\u00cd kristinni hef\u00f0 eru hei\u00f0in gu\u00f0an\u00f6fn oft skipt \u00fat fyrir Jes\u00fa, Mar\u00edu og heilaga menn, en ger\u00f0in er oft enn kunnugleg.<\/p>

S\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mir ath\u00f6fnina v\u00edsar til \u00feess a\u00f0 Kristur hafi l\u00e6kna\u00f0 s\u00e1r, a\u00f0 Mar\u00eda hafi teki\u00f0 hitann af Jes\u00fabarninu, og heldur svo \u00e1fram: Svo skal \u00feetta s\u00e1r einnig gr\u00f3a, \u00feessi hiti einnig hverfa. Kirkjur\u00e9ttur hefur \u00edtreka\u00f0 ford\u00e6mt sl\u00edkar athafnir, sem bendir til \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu \u00feeirra og seiglu.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 fyrri n\u00fd\u00f6ld s\u00fdna galdram\u00e1laskj\u00f6l, l\u00e6knisr\u00e1\u00f0ab\u00e6kur og biskupsv\u00edsitas\u00eduskr\u00e1r a\u00f0 besprechen var v\u00ed\u00f0a stunda\u00f0 \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi.<\/p>

Oft voru \u00fea\u00f0 konur sem framkv\u00e6mdu athafnina fyrir \u00feorp sitt e\u00f0a samf\u00e9lag, me\u00f0 form\u00falur fyrir s\u00e1r, sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma \u00ed b\u00faf\u00e9 e\u00f0a ska\u00f0a af illu auga. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld s\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00e1ttafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi, Austurr\u00edki og Sviss umfangsmiklum s\u00f6fnum sl\u00edkra form\u00fala.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Virknihugmynd samkv\u00e6mt munnm\u00e6lum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Verkunarm\u00e1ti besprechen byggist \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugmynd a\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l, \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 er m\u00e6lt r\u00e9ttilega og \u00ed r\u00e9ttu innra hugarfari, hafi skipandi kraft \u00e1 hi\u00f0 kosm\u00edska uppl\u00fdsingasvi\u00f0.<\/p>

Ska\u00f0inn, \u00e1hrifin, illskan, er talin vera eitthva\u00f0 sem hefur komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 manninum utan fr\u00e1. Form\u00falan nefnir \u00feessa illsku, \u00fatsk\u00fdrir hana sem framandlega og \u00f3vi\u00f0eigandi, og hafnar henni.<\/p>\n

Tilv\u00edsun til heilagra valdheimilda er h\u00e9r lykilatri\u00f0i: s\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mir ath\u00f6fnina talar ekki \u00ed eigin nafni, heldur sem mi\u00f0ill m\u00e1ttar sem er ofar honum.<\/p>

\u00deetta er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ath\u00f6fnin er \u00ed m\u00f6rgum hef\u00f0um bundin vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na ger\u00f0 einstaklinga: ekki mega e\u00f0a geta allir gegnt \u00feessu mi\u00f0lunarhlutverki. \u00dear sem pers\u00f3nulega getuna skortir, telst form\u00falan \u00e1hrifalaus.<\/p>\n

Leynileg mi\u00f0lun form\u00falunnar, fr\u00e1 konu til manns, fr\u00e1 hinum eldri til hins yngri, \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0num t\u00edma og undir \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um, er einnig fastur hluti af r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0i munnm\u00e6lanna. Form\u00falur sem eru \u00f6llum kunnar teljast \u00ed m\u00f6rgum l\u00fdsingum uppurnar e\u00f0a veikari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u00datbrei\u00f0sla yfir menningarheima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Grunnhugmynd besprechen er ekki bundin vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi sv\u00e6\u00f0i. Samb\u00e6rilegar athafnir m\u00e1 finna \u00ed n\u00e6r allri evr\u00f3pskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa. \u00c1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum kallast \u00feeir sem stunda \u00feetta \u201ekloka gubbar\u201c e\u00f0a \u201ekloka gummor\u201c, vitrir menn og vitrar konur.<\/p>

\u00c1 Englandi er tala\u00f0 um \u201ecunning folk\u201c, sem s\u00f3ttu besprechen-form\u00falur \u00far handskrifu\u00f0um handritum. \u00cd R\u00fasslandi og v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 me\u00f0al slavneskra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a er til hi\u00f0 svonefnda \u201escheptanie\u201c, hv\u00edsl l\u00e6knandi or\u00f0a, sem er skylt \u00e1 formger\u00f0arlegan h\u00e1tt hinu \u00fe\u00fdska besprechen.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00cdrlandi og \u00ed Skotlandi eru l\u00e6knisform\u00falur var\u00f0veittar \u00e1 gel\u00edsku, svonefnd \u201eortha\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eeolas\u201c, sem hafa s\u00f6mu historiola-uppbyggingu. \u00cdrsk form\u00fala til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna bruna v\u00edsar til heilagrar Brigid, sem l\u00e6kna\u00f0i \u00e1verka, alveg eins og l\u00e1g\u00fe\u00fdsk form\u00fala fyrir sama vandam\u00e1l v\u00edsar til Krists.<\/p>\n

Einnig utan Evr\u00f3pu finnast formger\u00f0arlega tengdar athafnir. \u00cd hlutum Vestur-Afr\u00edku og \u00ed afr\u00edk\u00f3-kar\u00edb\u00edskri hef\u00f0 eru \u00feekktar form\u00falur sem eru tala\u00f0ar yfir sj\u00fakum e\u00f0a h\u00e6tt manni og eiga a\u00f0 hafa verndandi e\u00f0a l\u00e6knandi kraft. \u00cd nokkrum sv\u00e6\u00f0um Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku hefur var\u00f0veist saml\u00f6gun frumbyggja- og kristinna besprechen-hef\u00f0a fr\u00e1 t\u00edma n\u00fdlendustefnu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Gegn hverju hann er nota\u00f0ur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd munnm\u00e6lum<\/span> beinist besprechen a\u00f0allega gegn \u00e1hrifum sem hafa haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 einstakling fr\u00e1 utana\u00f0komandi a\u00f0ila e\u00f0a hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1fram. Me\u00f0al algengustu skjalfestu notkunarsvi\u00f0anna eru:<\/p>\n

Illt auga, sem \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum er tali\u00f0 vera kraftur sem berst me\u00f0 \u00f6fund e\u00f0a illri \u00e6tlan og valdi sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum e\u00f0a \u00f3h\u00f6ppum. Andar og vofur, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feeir sem hafa veri\u00f0 \u00f3r\u00f3leg eftir andl\u00e1t einstaklings og elta uppi e\u00f0a veikja lifandi f\u00f3lk.<\/p>

Nornablessun og ska\u00f0agaldur, \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00e1hrif sem \u00f6nnur pers\u00f3na hefur beitt me\u00f0 illri \u00e6tlan. \u00c1kve\u00f0nir sj\u00fakd\u00f3mar hj\u00e1 m\u00f6nnum og b\u00faf\u00e9na\u00f0i, sem \u00ed heiminum fyrir i\u00f0nv\u00e6\u00f0ingu voru oft raktir til yfirn\u00e1tt\u00farulegra \u00e1hrifa, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al ristill, ro\u00f0i, ormar e\u00f0a martr\u00f6\u00f0. A\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1lfar og martra\u00f0ir, sem taldar voru valda svefntruflunum, k\u00f6fnunartilfinningu og n\u00e6turskelk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Notkun og takmarkanir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd munnm\u00e6lahef\u00f0inni<\/span> er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0in skilyr\u00f0i \u00feurfi a\u00f0 vera uppfyllt til a\u00f0 s\u00e6ringin virki, en \u00feau eru mismunandi eftir sv\u00e6\u00f0um og heimildum \u00fe\u00f3tt sameiginlegur kjarni s\u00e9 til sta\u00f0ar. Form\u00falan ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vera r\u00e9tt, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja fullkomlega var\u00f0veitt og s\u00f6g\u00f0 or\u00f0r\u00e9tt \u00e1n breytinga.<\/p>

S\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mir s\u00e6ringuna ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast h\u00e6fur til \u00feess. Yfirleitt \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 ath\u00f6fninni, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minnsta kosti \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 heyrast \u00feegar form\u00falan sj\u00e1lf er s\u00f6g\u00f0 upph\u00e1tt. \u00cd sumum heimildum er tiltekinn t\u00edmi dags \u00e1skilinn, oft d\u00f6gun e\u00f0a s\u00f3lsetur.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra takmarkana sem var\u00f0veist hafa er einnig s\u00fa hugmynd a\u00f0 s\u00e6ringin virki ekki gegn \u00f6flugri andst\u00e6\u00f0ingi. Gegn dj\u00f6fli<\/span> af h\u00e1um styrkleika dugar einf\u00f6ld l\u00e6kningaform\u00fala ekki, \u00fear \u00fearf fullkomna bannf\u00e6ringarath\u00f6fn. Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessari r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0i er s\u00e6ringin \u00e6tlu\u00f0 fyrir hversdagsleg \u00e1hrif, ekki fyrir \u00f3venjuleg tilvik.<\/p>\n

H\u00fan er n\u00e1skyld bannf\u00e6ringarform\u00falunni<\/a> en a\u00f0greinist fr\u00e1 henni me\u00f0 \u00e1herslu sinni \u00e1 \u00feann sem fyrir \u00e1hrifunum ver\u00f0ur, frekar en \u00e1 veruna sem veldur \u00feeim. \u00cd sumum heimildum eru \u00feessar tv\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sameina\u00f0ar: form\u00falan \u00e1varpar fyrst manneskjuna og v\u00edsar svo illskunni burt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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