{"id":169250,"date":"2026-09-05T14:06:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:06:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169250"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:36:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:36:07","slug":"throskuldarvernd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/throskuldarvernd\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd: hur\u00f0ir, gluggar og h\u00fasinngangur"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd: verndun dyra\u00fer\u00f6skulds, glugga og h\u00fasinngangs<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd n\u00e6r yfir alla si\u00f0i sem nota\u00f0ir voru til a\u00f0 vernda dyra\u00fer\u00f6skuld, glugga og h\u00fasinngang gegn ska\u00f0legum \u00e1hrifum. H\u00fan byggist \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugmynd a\u00f0 op s\u00e9 s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mur sta\u00f0ur, \u00fear sem eitthva\u00f0 getur komist inn \u00ed h\u00fasi\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00deessi grein setur \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt samhengi og rekur sl\u00f3\u00f0 hennar fr\u00e1 forn\u00f6ld<\/span> til n\u00fat\u00edmalegrar t\u00falkunar. \u00dear er sk\u00fdrt \u00e1 milli s\u00f6gulega skjalfests si\u00f0venja<\/span> og n\u00fat\u00edmalegrar t\u00falkunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Verndart\u00e1kn<\/span>\u00devermenningarlegt<\/a>Verndarl\u00f6gm\u00e1l<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u00der\u00f6skuldarv\u00f6rn\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Sk\u00fdring: hva\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd merkir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd er samheiti fyrir si\u00f0i sem sn\u00faa a\u00f0 opum h\u00fass. \u00c1tt er fyrst og fremst vi\u00f0 dyra\u00fer\u00f6skuldinn, dyrakarminn, gluggana og h\u00fasinnganginn \u00ed heild. \u00deessir sta\u00f0ir voru \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum \u00e1litnir s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir.<\/p>

Grunnhugmyndin er einf\u00f6ld. H\u00fas telst vera vernda\u00f0 r\u00fdmi, en \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00fdmi hefur nau\u00f0synleg op. \u00cd gegnum \u00feau ganga menn inn og \u00fat, og \u00ed gegnum \u00feau gat, samkv\u00e6mt \u00fatbreiddri hugmynd, einnig ska\u00f0legt \u00e1hrif komist inn.<\/p>

\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd sn\u00fdr \u00fev\u00ed beint a\u00f0 \u00feessum umbreytingarst\u00f6\u00f0um. H\u00fan samanstendur af merkjum, hlutum e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fnum sem komi\u00f0 er fyrir \u00e1 e\u00f0a yfir \u00fer\u00f6skuldinum og eiga a\u00f0 tryggja opi\u00f0.<\/p>

A\u00f0fer\u00f0irnir eru mj\u00f6g fj\u00f6lbreyttar. Skr\u00e1\u00f0 eru rist t\u00e1kn, hengdir hlutir, \u00edgr\u00f3pa\u00f0ir hlutir, dreift efni og m\u00e1lu\u00f0 mynstur. Allt \u00feetta \u00e1 sameiginlegt a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til sta\u00f0ar opsins.<\/p>

Innan verndart\u00e1kna<\/a> er \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd s\u00ed\u00f0ur eitt einstakt t\u00e1kn<\/span> heldur nokkurs konar notkunarsvi\u00f0. H\u00fan tekur saman \u00fea\u00f0 sem gert var \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0num sta\u00f0, nefnilega vi\u00f0 innganginn.<\/p>

\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd tengist n\u00e1i\u00f0 verndarhringnum. Me\u00f0an hringurinn afmarkar heilt sv\u00e6\u00f0i, verndar \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd hi\u00f0 einstaka op sem gengi\u00f0 er inn um til a\u00f0 komast \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>

\u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd sn\u00fdr ekki a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 ska\u00f0a \u00ed \u00ferengri merkingu, heldur einnig a\u00f0 heill h\u00fass. Sumir si\u00f0ir \u00e1tti a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 velgengni streymdi \u00far h\u00fasinu, a\u00f0rir \u00e1tti a\u00f0 draga hana inn. \u00deannig hefur \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd, auk hinnar verjandi hli\u00f0ar, einnig var\u00f0veitandi og bj\u00f3\u00f0andi hli\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Uppruni og s\u00f6guleg d\u00fdpt \u00fer\u00f6skuldarverndar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Vernd hur\u00f0a og glugga er jafng\u00f6mul hinu fasta h\u00fasi. \u00deegar fr\u00e1 fornu Austurl\u00f6ndum n\u00e6r eru \u00feekktir si\u00f0ir sem nota\u00f0ir voru til a\u00f0 verja innganga, sem m\u00e1 rekja \u00fat fr\u00e1 textum og fornleifafundum.<\/p>

\u00cd Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu voru litlar f\u00edg\u00farur grafnar \u00ed j\u00f6r\u00f0ina vi\u00f0 dyraop. \u00deessar svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u apotropaia \u00e1tti a\u00f0 tryggja innganginn. Me\u00f0fylgjandi textar l\u00fdsa a\u00f0fer\u00f0inni og \u00feeim hugmyndum sem henni tengdust.<\/p>

\u00cd hinu forna fara\u00f3ska Egyptalandi m\u00e1 finna t\u00e1kn og \u00e1letranir me\u00f0 verndandi merkingu \u00e1 hur\u00f0um og yfir innganga. Einnig \u00fear var inngangurinn talinn sta\u00f0ur sem kraf\u00f0ist s\u00e9rstakrar athygli.<\/p>

\u00cd gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverska heiminum var inngangurinn tengdur vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar gu\u00f0ir, og \u00e1 hur\u00f0ir voru fest t\u00e1kn og hlutir. Dyrakarminn kemur fram \u00ed fornum ritum sem mikilv\u00e6gur sta\u00f0ur h\u00fass.<\/p>

\u00c1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum og \u00ed upphafi n\u00fdaldar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu h\u00e9lt \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd \u00e1fram \u00ed h\u00fasasi\u00f0um. Rist t\u00e1kn \u00e1 dyrabj\u00e1lka og yfir innganga eru v\u00ed\u00f0a sta\u00f0fest \u00e1 var\u00f0veittum byggingum.<\/p>

\u00cd heild s\u00fdnir \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd sig sem heg\u00f0un sem er sta\u00f0fest yfir mj\u00f6g langan t\u00edma og \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum. H\u00fan er s\u00ed\u00f0ur farandi minni<\/span> en aftur og aftur endurn\u00fdju\u00f0 umhyggja fyrir innganginum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hugmyndin \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 hinn h\u00e6ttulega umbreytingarsta\u00f0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Hugmyndalegur kjarni \u00fer\u00f6skuldarverndar er hugmyndin um hinn h\u00e6ttulega umbreytingarsta\u00f0. \u00der\u00f6skuldurinn er sta\u00f0urinn \u00fear sem innra r\u00fdmi\u00f0 endar og ytra r\u00fdmi\u00f0 byrjar. Hann er \u00feannig landamerki og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma gat \u00ed \u00feeim landamerkjum.<\/p>

Ska\u00f0leg \u00e1hrif voru \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00faarkerfum \u00e1litin koma utan fr\u00e1 og \u00feurfa a\u00f0 ganga inn \u00ed r\u00fdmi til a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif. Opi\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed sta\u00f0urinn \u00fear sem sl\u00edkur inngangur virtist yfirleitt m\u00f6gulegur.<\/p>

\u00der\u00f6skuldurinn var \u00e1litinn s\u00e9rstakur sta\u00f0ur, hvorki alveg inni n\u00e9 alveg \u00fati. Sl\u00edkir millista\u00f0ir voru \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum taldir s\u00e9rstaklega merkingar\u00ferungnir og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir.<\/p>

Af \u00feeirri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u snerist verndin ekki um alla vegginn, heldur beint a\u00f0 opinu. Loka\u00f0ur veggur var talinn \u00f6ruggur, en dyraopi\u00f0 aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti sta\u00f0urinn \u00fear sem landamerkin voru rofin.<\/p>

T\u00e1kn og hlutir vi\u00f0 innganginn \u00e1tti a\u00f0 loka gatinu \u00ed landamerkjunum a\u00f0 n\u00fdju, svo a\u00f0 segja. \u00deau b\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 fasta vegginn vernd \u00e1 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00feeim sta\u00f0 \u00fear sem veggurinn \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera opinn.<\/p>

Hugmyndin sem l\u00fdst er h\u00e9r er s\u00f6guleg-menningarleg \u00fatsk\u00fdring. H\u00fan l\u00fdsir \u00fev\u00ed hvers vegna f\u00f3lk vernda\u00f0i innganginn, og skjalfestir tr\u00fa. H\u00fan er engin s\u00f6nnun fyrir virkni. Ranns\u00f3knir l\u00fdsa hugmyndinni \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 sta\u00f0festa hana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00e6mi fr\u00e1 forn\u00f6ld og Austurl\u00f6ndum n\u00e6r<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu voru ra\u00f0ir sm\u00e1rra leirf\u00edg\u00fara grafnar undir \u00fer\u00f6skuldum h\u00fasa og halla. Me\u00f0fylgjandi galdratextar nefna f\u00edg\u00farurnar me\u00f0 n\u00f6fnum og l\u00fdsa \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafi \u00e1tt a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggi innganga.<\/p>

Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskar heimildir vitna einnig um a\u00f0 t\u00e1kn og \u00e1letranir hafi veri\u00f0 sett \u00e1 dyrakarma. Innganginn birtist \u00ed \u00feessum textum sem sta\u00f0ur sem s\u00e9rst\u00f6k athygli var veitt \u00ed byggingu og venju<\/span>.<\/p>

\u00cd Egyptalandi fara\u00f3anna voru dyrahur\u00f0arbitar og dyrastafir skreyttir \u00e1letrunum sem me\u00f0al annars h\u00f6f\u00f0u verndandi merkingu. \u00c1 innganginn birtust einnig t\u00e1kn sem talin voru hafa fr\u00e1hrindandi virkni.<\/p>

\u00cd r\u00f3mverska heiminum var dyrasv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 tengt \u00e1kve\u00f0num gu\u00f0um, og \u00e1 innganginn voru sett t\u00e1kn og hlutir. Textar fr\u00e1 forn\u00f6ld<\/span> nefna si\u00f0i sem sneru a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldi og dyrakarmi.<\/p>

\u00cd hef\u00f0 Gy\u00f0inga er kunn festing \u00e1 \u00e1letru\u00f0um skriftahylki \u00e1 dyrastafinn, sem er enn \u00ed dag hluti af tr\u00faari\u00f0kun. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00edsar s\u00e9rstaklega til dyrastafsins sem merkingarb\u00e6ran sta\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00deessi d\u00e6mi s\u00fdna a\u00f0 inngangurinn var \u00ed hinu forna Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafssv\u00e6\u00f0i og Austurl\u00f6ndum n\u00e6r sta\u00f0ur eigin si\u00f0a. \u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd er \u00feannig vel skjalfest yfir margar menningarheima.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1 gr\u00edska heiminum er var\u00f0veitt a\u00f0 inngangurinn var tengdur r\u00edki \u00e1kve\u00f0inna gu\u00f0a og a\u00f0 greinar, b\u00f6nd og sm\u00e1 t\u00e1kn voru fest \u00e1 dyr. Rith\u00f6fundar fornaldar<\/span> nefna si\u00f0i sem sneru a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldinum, me\u00f0al annars vi\u00f0 flutning \u00ed n\u00fdtt h\u00fas. Inngangurinn birtist \u00fear sem sta\u00f0ur \u00fear sem umskipti og umhyggja m\u00e6tast.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00e6mi \u00far evr\u00f3pskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00faargaldri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd evr\u00f3pskum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00faarg\u00f6ldrum er \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd vel skjalfest. \u00c1 var\u00f0veittum b\u00e6ndab\u00e6jum finnast rist t\u00e1kn \u00e1 dyrabitum, yfir innganga og \u00e1 gluggum. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00e1ttafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar safnanir hafa skr\u00e1\u00f0 sl\u00edk t\u00e1kn n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega.<\/p>

Me\u00f0al var\u00f0veittra verndarr\u00e1\u00f0a voru hestaskeifur festar yfir dyrum, ristar stj\u00f6rnuf\u00edg\u00farur og krossar, hlutir m\u00fara\u00f0ir inn og pl\u00f6ntur hengdar vi\u00f0 e\u00f0a yfir innganginn.<\/p>

Einnig var efnum eins og salti str\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f6skulda. \u00deessi tenging bindur \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd vi\u00f0 hugmyndina um salt og j\u00e1rn sem fr\u00e1hrindandi efni, sem fjalla\u00f0 er um \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri grein.<\/p>

\u00c1kve\u00f0nir t\u00edmar \u00fe\u00f3ttu s\u00e9rlega vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir, svo sem \u00e1kve\u00f0nar n\u00e6tur \u00e1rsins. \u00c1 \u00feessum stundum voru dyr og gluggar s\u00e9rstaklega merktir t\u00e1knum e\u00f0a trygg\u00f0ir me\u00f0 hlutum.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1sagnir af \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd skjalfesta v\u00e6ntingar notenda, ekki sta\u00f0festa virkni. \u00de\u00e6r s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja innganginn var skili\u00f0 sem ath\u00f6fn sem skapa\u00f0i \u00f6ryggistilfinningu.<\/p>

Me\u00f0 hnignun galdravenja \u00ed heimilisl\u00edfi missti \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd sitt daglega hlutverk. Var\u00f0veitt eru fyrst og fremst rist t\u00e1kn \u00e1 g\u00f6mlum byggingum, sem n\u00fa eru ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 \u00ed byggingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>

Val \u00e1kve\u00f0inna vi\u00f0artegunda og plantna vi\u00f0 innganginn er einnig \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00e1ttafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega skjalfest. \u00c1 dyr og yfir innganga voru fest grein af bl\u00f3m\u00feyrni, einiberjalyngi e\u00f0a reynivi\u00f0i, sem talin var hafa fr\u00e1hrindandi merkingu. Sl\u00edk pl\u00f6ntume\u00f0ul b\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 ristu t\u00e1knin og tengdu \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd vi\u00f0 hi\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0ara svi\u00f0 verndarplanta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00e6mi fr\u00e1 As\u00edu og \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd Su\u00f0ur-As\u00edu eru l\u00f6g\u00f0 g\u00f3lf- og \u00fer\u00f6skuldarmynstur \u00far hveiti, hr\u00edsgrj\u00f3namj\u00f6li e\u00f0a litu\u00f0u dufti fyrir dyra\u00fer\u00f6skulda. \u00deessi mynstur skreyta innganginn og merkja hann samt\u00edmis sem merkingarb\u00e6ran sta\u00f0 h\u00fassins.<\/p>

\u00cd K\u00edna eru festir r\u00e6mur me\u00f0 \u00e1letrunum, myndir og t\u00e1kn \u00e1 dyr, s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00fe\u00e1ttaskil. Dyrafleyginn og dyrakarmurinn eru \u00fear fastir sta\u00f0ir heimilissi\u00f0a, \u00fear sem t\u00e1kn me\u00f0 verndandi merkingu birtast.<\/p>

\u00cd \u00edslamska heiminum eru \u00fatbreiddar \u00e1letranir, hendur og augnmyndir yfir innganga. Inngangurinn er \u00fear valinn sta\u00f0ur fyrir t\u00e1kn eins og Nazar Boncu\u011fu<\/a>, sem er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 verjast \u00fev\u00ed sem tali\u00f0 er ska\u00f0legt augnar\u00e1\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00cd hlutum Afr\u00edku eru hlutir, pl\u00f6ntur og t\u00e1kn fest vi\u00f0 innganga til a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggi h\u00fassins. Innganga \u00e1 b\u00e6jarhla\u00f0 fer oft \u00ed gegnum merkt sv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>

\u00devert \u00e1 \u00feessi sv\u00e6\u00f0i kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 inngangurinn er n\u00e6rri alls sta\u00f0ar sta\u00f0ur eigin si\u00f0a. \u00der\u00f6skuldarvernd er ekki stef<\/span> einnar menningar, heldur \u00fatbreidd umhyggja.<\/p>

Fj\u00f6lbreytni d\u00e6manna s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldarvernd ber a\u00f0 skilja sem v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kt notkunarsvi\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 kemur fram alls sta\u00f0ar \u00fear sem h\u00fas er hugsa\u00f0 sem vernda\u00f0ur sta\u00f0ur me\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegum opum.<\/p>

\u00cd Austurl\u00f6ndum fj\u00e6r til forna eru einnig kunnir \u00e1letra\u00f0ir dyranaglar og grundvallargjafir, sem voru lag\u00f0ar inn \u00ed \u00fer\u00f6skulda og veggi vi\u00f0 byggingu. \u00de\u00e6r nefna byggingara\u00f0ilann og kalla samt\u00edmis fram vernd fyrir bygginguna. \u00deessar fundnu leifar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 umhyggjan fyrir innganginum haf\u00f0i \u00feegar fastan sess vi\u00f0 byggingu h\u00fass.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Notkun \u00ed rit\u00faali og daglegu l\u00edfi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins \u00e1tti oft r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til hversdagslegra atbur\u00f0a vi\u00f0 byggingu h\u00fass. Innm\u00fara\u00f0ir hlutir og innskornar r\u00fanir ur\u00f0u til me\u00f0an byggingin var reist og ur\u00f0u \u00fear me\u00f0 fastir \u00ed sessi til varanlegrar tilvistar.<\/p>

A\u00f0rar tegundir skj\u00f3lunar voru endurn\u00fdja\u00f0ar me\u00f0 reglulegu millibili. Salti sem str\u00e1\u00f0 var, jurtum sem hengdar voru upp og m\u00e1lu\u00f0um \u00fer\u00f6skuldarmynstrum var reglulega skipt \u00fat. \u00deessi endurn\u00fdjun ger\u00f0i skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins a\u00f0 endurteknum si\u00f0<\/span>.<\/p>

\u00c1kve\u00f0in tilefni juku \u00e1 skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins. Fyrir vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mar n\u00e6tur, vi\u00f0 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ir e\u00f0a \u00e1 s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum t\u00edmam\u00f3tum \u00ed l\u00edfi fj\u00f6lskyldunnar voru dyr og gluggar b\u00fanir vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarmerkjum e\u00f0a hlutum.<\/p>

Einnig var h\u00e1ttsemi vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldinn bundin \u00e1kve\u00f0num reglum. \u00cd m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum \u00feykir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3vi\u00f0eigandi e\u00f0a \u00f3heillav\u00e6nlegt a\u00f0 standa e\u00f0a dvelja \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f6skuldinum. Sl\u00edkar heg\u00f0unarreglur teljast til v\u00ed\u00f0ara samhengis skj\u00f3lunar \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins.<\/p>

Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins var oft tengd vi\u00f0 upphaflega tala\u00f0ar blessunaror\u00f0. \u00deegar merki var komi\u00f0 fyrir e\u00f0a efni str\u00e1\u00f0 m\u00e1tti fylgja or\u00f0atilt\u00e6ki sem fylgdi ath\u00f6fninni.<\/p>

Ekki er til nein samr\u00e6md athafnaskipan fyrir skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins. N\u00e1kv\u00e6mt form hennar var h\u00e1\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0i, byggingarh\u00e6tti og hef\u00f0, sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3knir hafa margsinnis sta\u00f0fest.<\/p>

Athafnir vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldinn voru einnig bundnar reglum \u00feegar fari\u00f0 var \u00far h\u00fasi e\u00f0a inn \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0. A\u00f0 st\u00edga yfir \u00fer\u00f6skuldinn me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num f\u00e6ti og a\u00f0 bera br\u00fa\u00f0i yfir \u00fer\u00f6skuldinn heyra til \u00feessa samhengis. Sl\u00edkir si\u00f0ir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldurinn var ekki a\u00f0eins sta\u00f0ur merkja, heldur einnig sta\u00f0ur bundinnar h\u00e1ttsemi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Skyldar verndarformir og afm\u00f6rkun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins er n\u00e1i\u00f0 tengd hugmyndinni um verndarhring. B\u00e6\u00f0i byggja \u00e1 hugmyndinni um m\u00f6rk. Hringurinn umlykur sv\u00e6\u00f0i, en skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins tryggir \u00f6ryggi einstakrar opnunar \u00ed \u00feessum m\u00f6rkum.<\/p>

Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins er einnig n\u00e1i\u00f0 tengd hugmyndinni um salt og j\u00e1rn sem varnarefni. Hestaskeifur yfir dyrum og salt \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f6skuldi tengja innganginn vi\u00f0 efni\u00f0 sem nota\u00f0 er \u00fear.<\/p>

Margir hlutir sem komi\u00f0 er fyrir vi\u00f0 inngang eru \u00ed lei\u00f0inni verndargripir og talismanar<\/a>. Augamerki\u00f0 yfir dyrum e\u00f0a upphengda h\u00f6ndin eru sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 verndarmerki sem h\u00e9r eru notu\u00f0 \u00e1 sta\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins.<\/p>

Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins sker sig fr\u00e1 hreinum verndargrip<\/span> vegna sta\u00f0artengingar sinnar. Verndargrip<\/span> m\u00e1 bera \u00e1 l\u00edkamanum. Skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins er aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti bundin fastri sta\u00f0setningu \u00ed byggingunni.<\/p>

M\u00f6rk eru dregin gagnvart einf\u00f6ldu byggingarskrauti. Skreytingar \u00e1 dyrum og gluggum bera ekki alltaf verndandi merkingu. \u00dea\u00f0 sem skiptir m\u00e1li er hvort merki vi\u00f0 inngang hafi veri\u00f0 eignu\u00f0 varnandi hlutverk.<\/p>

\u00deessi flokkun \u00ed n\u00e1grannahugt\u00f6kum hj\u00e1lpar til vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilgreina skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega. H\u00fan er sta\u00f0bundi\u00f0 notkunarsvi\u00f0 sem sameinar sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 verndarmerki, efni og athafnir vi\u00f0 inngang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N\u00fat\u00edmaleg vi\u00f0taka skj\u00f3lunar \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Sumar tegundir skj\u00f3lunar \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins eru enn lifandi \u00ed dag. Hinn hebreski skriftarh\u00f3lkur \u00e1 dyrastafnum er hluti af tr\u00faari\u00f0kun samt\u00edmans. Einnig er hestaskeifan yfir dyrum v\u00ed\u00f0a sett upp enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag, oft frekar sem si\u00f0ur<\/span> en sem verndarmi\u00f0ill.<\/p>

\u00cd byggingarfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> eru innskornar r\u00fanir \u00e1 g\u00f6mlum byggingum vi\u00f0urkennt ranns\u00f3knarefni. \u00de\u00e6r eru skr\u00e1\u00f0ar, t\u00edmasettar og t\u00falka\u00f0ar sem vitnisbur\u00f0ur um horfna heimilissi\u00f0i.<\/p>

\u00cd n\u00fat\u00edma es\u00f3terisma<\/span> og \u00ed vins\u00e6lum r\u00e1\u00f0gjafab\u00f3kum er skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins stundum tekin upp. Sl\u00edkt frambo\u00f0 \u00e6tti a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a me\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdni, \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1hrifin sem \u00fev\u00ed er eignu\u00f0 eru ekki sta\u00f0fest.<\/p>

\u00cd d\u00e6gurmenningu koma \u00fer\u00f6skuldar og inngangar oft fram sem sta\u00f0ir umbreytingar og h\u00e6ttu. Kvikmyndir og s\u00f6gur taka upp \u00fe\u00e1 fornu hugmynd a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldurinn s\u00e9 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mur sta\u00f0ur.<\/p>

Fyrir tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins sk\u00fdrt d\u00e6mi um verndarreglu sem er bundin \u00e1kve\u00f0num sta\u00f0. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir hvernig hugmyndin um vi\u00f0kv\u00e6ma umbreytingu hefur skapa\u00f0 si\u00f0i \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum.<\/p>

S\u00e1 sem kynnir s\u00e9r skj\u00f3lun \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins \u00ed dag finnur \u00ed henni fyrst og fremst menningars\u00f6gulegt efni. Yfirvegu\u00f0 n\u00e1lgun skilur \u00e1 milli sta\u00f0festrar s\u00f6gu si\u00f0sins og n\u00fat\u00edma fyrirheita um \u00e1hrif sem standast ekki sko\u00f0un.<\/p>

Byggingars\u00f6gulegar ranns\u00f3knir hafa einnig kanna\u00f0 innganginn sem mikilv\u00e6gan sta\u00f0. Dyrabitar, dyraumb\u00fana\u00f0ur og \u00fer\u00f6skuldasteinar voru oft s\u00e9rstaklega hanna\u00f0ir og \u00e1letra\u00f0ir. \u00deessi byggingarlega \u00e1herslu \u00e1 innganginn samr\u00e6mist hugmyndinni um a\u00f0 umbreytingin ver\u00f0skuldi s\u00e9rstaka athygli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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