{"id":169230,"date":"2026-09-05T14:06:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169230"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:35:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:35:35","slug":"laeknapoki-slettuthjoda-nordur-ameriku","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/laeknapoki-slettuthjoda-nordur-ameriku\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e6knapoki sl\u00e9ttu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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L\u00e6knapokinn: pers\u00f3nulegur kraft- og verndargripur sl\u00e9ttu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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L\u00e6knapokinn, sem \u00ed enskum\u00e1lu\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knum er nefndur medicine bundle, er pers\u00f3nulegt e\u00f0a samf\u00e9lagslegt hylki \u00far le\u00f0ri e\u00f0a kl\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem sl\u00e9ttu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku var\u00f0veita hluti me\u00f0 helgum tilgangi. Innihald hans er \u00ed hugum \u00feeirra sem bera hann uppspretta kraftar, lei\u00f0sagnar og verndar.<\/p>

\u00cdslenska hugtaki\u00f0 l\u00e6knir\/lyf \u00e1 h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 medicine \u00ed enskunni, sem endurspeglar sj\u00e1lft frumbyggjahugtak um andlegan kraft og er ekki a\u00f0 skilja \u00ed skilningi evr\u00f3pskrar l\u00e6knislistar.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1 utana\u00f0komandi sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e1 l\u00fdsa l\u00e6knapokanum sem grip sem tengir saman pers\u00f3nulega tr\u00far\u00e6kni<\/span>, go\u00f0sagnafr\u00e1sagnir og f\u00e9lagslega skipan. Margt um innihald hans er af \u00e1settu r\u00e1\u00f0i ekki gert opinbert og heyrir a\u00f0eins til vi\u00f0komandi bera og samf\u00e9laga. \u00deessi kynningars\u00ed\u00f0a sta\u00f0setur l\u00e6knapokann sem kraft- og verndargrip \u00ed andlegri i\u00f0kun sl\u00e9ttu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Verndart\u00e1kn<\/span>Frumbyggjar Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku<\/a>Pers\u00f3nulegur verndargripur<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Sta\u00f0setning l\u00e6knapokans<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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L\u00e6knapokinn er me\u00f0al \u00feeirra gripa frumbyggjatr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku sem oftast er nefndur en jafnframt s\u00e1 sem mestum misskilningi er sveipa\u00f0ur. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn nota enska hugtaki\u00f0 medicine bundle \u00fev\u00ed \u00edslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 poki l\u00fdsir formfj\u00f6lbreytileikanum a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 hluta.<\/p>

\u00c1tt er vi\u00f0 samsafn hluta sem bundi\u00f0 er saman og vafi\u00f0 inn \u00ed e\u00f0a sauma\u00f0 \u00ed hylki. \u00cdslenska heiti\u00f0 l\u00e6knapoki hefur \u00fe\u00f3 fest sig \u00ed sessi og er nota\u00f0 h\u00e9r.<\/p>

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 medicine \u00ed enskunni var nota\u00f0 af fer\u00f0am\u00f6nnum og kaupm\u00f6nnum til a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a frumbyggjahugtak. \u00deetta hugtak v\u00edsar til andlegs kraftar sem getur b\u00fai\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00f3lki, d\u00fdrum, st\u00f6\u00f0um og hlutum. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0ing sem \u201elyf“ e\u00f0a \u201el\u00e6kning“ n\u00e6r \u00fev\u00ed ekki tilganginum. L\u00e6knapokinn er ekki lyfjahylki heldur tr\u00faarlegur gripur.<\/p>

Landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega liggur megin\u00feungi skjalfestrar munnm\u00e6lahef\u00f0ar<\/span> \u00e1 Miklusl\u00e9ttum Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fe.e. \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i n\u00faverandi bandar\u00edskra r\u00edkja \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Montana, Nor\u00f0ur- og Su\u00f0ur-Dak\u00f3ta, Wyoming og Nebraska, auk a\u00f0liggjandi sv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed Kanada. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0ir eins og Lakota, Cheyenne, Blackfoot, Crow, Arapaho og Pawnee hafa hver s\u00edna eigin hef\u00f0 fyrir sl\u00edkri bindingu.<\/p>

Innan \u00feessara hef\u00f0a er greint \u00e1 milli pers\u00f3nulegra og samf\u00e9lagslegra b\u00fanta. Pers\u00f3nulegt bundin fylgir einum einstaklingi, samf\u00e9lagslegt bundin heyrir h\u00f3pi, \u00e6ttb\u00e1lki e\u00f0a heilli \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 og er var\u00f0veitt af tilkj\u00f6rnum v\u00f6r\u00f0um. B\u00e6\u00f0i formin fylgja s\u00ednum eigin reglum.<\/p>

L\u00e6knapokinn heyrir til hins v\u00ed\u00f0ara samhengis verndart\u00e1kna<\/a> en er \u00f3l\u00edkur hreinum skart- e\u00f0a happagrip. Merking hans opnast a\u00f0eins \u00ed gegnum fr\u00e1sagnir, s\u00f6ngva og heg\u00f0unarreglur sem tengjast honum. \u00c1n \u00feessa samhengis er hann a\u00f0eins le\u00f0urb\u00fant.<\/p>

Fyrir hlutl\u00e6ga framsetningu er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 m\u00f6rg sm\u00e1atri\u00f0i um innihald og notkun eru af \u00e1settu r\u00e1\u00f0i ekki ger\u00f0 opinber. \u00deessi texti l\u00fdsir \u00fev\u00ed sem er skjalfest \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0iritum og hefur veri\u00f0 gefi\u00f0 \u00fat af frumbyggjah\u00f6fundum, og gefur engar lei\u00f0beiningar um eftirger\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Uppruni og saga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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I\u00f0kun helgra bundna \u00e1 s\u00e9r langa s\u00f6gu \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, en n\u00e1kv\u00e6m upphaf hennar er ekki unnt a\u00f0 t\u00edmasetja. Fornleifafundir af samsettum hlutah\u00f3pum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0isk\u00fdrslur fr\u00e1 18. og 19. \u00f6ld benda til a\u00f0 hef\u00f0in hafi veri\u00f0 til l\u00f6ngu \u00e1\u00f0ur en samskipti vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pub\u00faa h\u00f3fust. Skriflegar heimildir hefjast fyrst me\u00f0 skrifum fer\u00f0amanna og kaupmanna.<\/p>

\u00c1 19. \u00f6ld skjalfestu ind\u00ed\u00e1naumbo\u00f0smenn, tr\u00fabo\u00f0ar og fyrstu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ingar m\u00f6rg sl\u00edk bundin, oft \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja tr\u00faarlega merkingu \u00feeirra. Miklusl\u00e9ttur upplif\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma dj\u00fapst\u00e6\u00f0 umbrot vegna skinnaverslunar, b\u00f3lus\u00f3ttarfaraldra, hvarfs v\u00edsundahjar\u00f0a og brottflutnings \u00e1 verndarsv\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deessi umbrot breyttu einnig \u00fev\u00ed hvernig fari\u00f0 var me\u00f0 bundin.<\/p>

Me\u00f0 verndarsv\u00e6\u00f0astefnunni og banni \u00e1 fj\u00f6lda athafna komust margar hef\u00f0ir bundna \u00ed h\u00e6ttu. Sum bundin var falin, \u00f6nnur gefin \u00e6ttingjum og enn \u00f6nnur komust, me\u00f0 \u00fevingun e\u00f0a s\u00f6lu, \u00ed hendur safnara og safna. Saga l\u00e6knapokans er \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlega tengd s\u00f6gu n\u00fdlendustefnunnar.<\/p>

\u00deekkt d\u00e6mi um samf\u00e9lagslegt bundin er hi\u00f0 heilaga p\u00edpubundin Lakota, sem tengt er fr\u00e1s\u00f6gninni um Hv\u00edtu v\u00edsundak\u00e1lfakonuna. Sl\u00edk bundin hafa \u00e1kve\u00f0inn v\u00f6r\u00f0 og er komi\u00f0 \u00e1fram milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00deau eru ekki einkagripir.<\/p>

\u00c1 20. \u00f6ld leiddu tr\u00fafrelsisl\u00f6g Bandar\u00edkjanna og Kanada til sm\u00e1m saman endurvakningar \u00e1 ath\u00f6fnum sem \u00e1\u00f0ur voru banna\u00f0ar. American Indian Religious Freedom Act fr\u00e1 1978 markar h\u00e9r mikilv\u00e6g t\u00edmam\u00f3t \u00ed l\u00f6gum. M\u00f6rg samf\u00e9l\u00f6g t\u00f3ku bundnahef\u00f0ir s\u00ednar upp aftur \u00e1 opinberum vettvangi.<\/p>

Samhli\u00f0a \u00feessu h\u00f3fu s\u00f6fn og samf\u00e9l\u00f6g vi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur um afhendingu bundna. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act fr\u00e1 1990 skapa\u00f0i lagalegan ramma fyrir \u00feetta \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Nokkur mikilv\u00e6g bundin hafa fr\u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sn\u00fai\u00f0 aftur til v\u00f6rslu uppruna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sinna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Form, efni og ger\u00f0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Me\u00f0ikapoki samanstendur ytra s\u00e9\u00f0 af hl\u00edf\u00f0arhylki, oft \u00far tannbj\u00f6rsu\u00f0u le\u00f0ri af v\u00edsund, hj\u00f6rtard\u00fdri e\u00f0a ant\u00edl\u00f3pu, sjaldnar \u00far efni. Hylki\u00f0 getur veri\u00f0 einfaldur pungur me\u00f0 sn\u00faru e\u00f0a flatur b\u00f6ggull sem er reima\u00f0ur saman me\u00f0 b\u00f6ndum. St\u00e6r\u00f0 og skreytingar eru mj\u00f6g misjafnar.<\/p>

Skreytingar geta veri\u00f0 m\u00e1la\u00f0ar, \u00fatsauma\u00f0ar me\u00f0 burstum broddgeltis e\u00f0a unnar me\u00f0 glerperlum, sem var\u00f0 algengt \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld. \u00c1 sumum hylkjum eru r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg munstur, \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum myndr\u00e6nar framsetningar af d\u00fdrum e\u00f0a himint\u00e1knum. \u00datf\u00e6rslan fylgir b\u00e6\u00f0i sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundnum og pers\u00f3nulegum reglum.<\/p>

Innihald b\u00fants er breytilegt eftir bera og tilgangi og er \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0iritum l\u00fdst me\u00f0 var\u00fa\u00f0. Me\u00f0al \u00feess sem nefnt er eru fja\u00f0rir, steinar, \u00feurrka\u00f0ir pl\u00f6ntuhlutar, d\u00fdrahlutar, litarefni og litlar \u00fatskornar f\u00edg\u00farur. Hver hlutur v\u00edsar til fr\u00e1sagnar e\u00f0a atbur\u00f0ar sem \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0.<\/p>

Samsetning pers\u00f3nulegs b\u00fants m\u00e1 oft rekja til draumsj\u00f3nar e\u00f0a s\u00fdnaleitar. Lei\u00f0beiningarnar sem berast \u00ed s\u00fdninni \u00e1kvar\u00f0a hva\u00f0a hlutir eru teknir upp og hva\u00f0a reglur gilda. B\u00fant ver\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed ekki til me\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsu vali heldur me\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6lum sem reynast bindandi.<\/p>

Sameiginleg b\u00fant eru opnu\u00f0, hreinsu\u00f0 og bundin saman \u00e1 n\u00fdjan leik vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0in tilefni. \u00deessi ath\u00f6fn er sj\u00e1lf helgisi\u00f0ur<\/span> me\u00f0 s\u00f6ngl\u00f6gum og b\u00e6num. \u00deekkingin \u00e1 r\u00e9ttri r\u00f6\u00f0 tilheyrir skyldum var\u00f0veislumannsins og er a\u00f0eins gefin \u00e1fram til eftirmanna.<\/p>

\u00deessi texti gefur v\u00edsvitandi ekki n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma sm\u00ed\u00f0isl\u00fdsingu. Framlei\u00f0sla b\u00fants er bundin fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum, s\u00f6ngl\u00f6gum og heimildum sem eru ekki a\u00f0gengileg utan vi\u00f0komandi samf\u00e9lags. Eftirger\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feessa grundvallar v\u00e6ri eing\u00f6ngu yfirtaka \u00e1 ytra formi \u00e1n merkingar \u00feess.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Tr\u00faarlegur og go\u00f0s\u00f6gulegur bakgrunnur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Tr\u00faarlegur grundv\u00f6llur me\u00f0ikapoka er hugmyndin um samfellda andlega orku sem tengir alla hluta veraldarins. Hj\u00e1 Lakota er \u00feessi v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka veruleiki nefndur Wakan Tanka, sem einungis er unnt a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a \u00f3fullkomlega sem hinn mikla leyndard\u00f3m. \u00d6nnur sl\u00e9ttuf\u00f3lk nota eigin hugt\u00f6k.<\/p>

Me\u00f0ikapoki telst vera sta\u00f0ur \u00fear sem manneskja stendur \u00ed skipul\u00f6g\u00f0u sambandi vi\u00f0 \u00feessa orku. Hlutirnir sem var\u00f0veittir eru \u00ed honum eru ekki t\u00e1kn \u00ed hreinum myndlegum skilningi, heldur bur\u00f0arberar tengingar sem er upplifu\u00f0 sem raunveruleg vi\u00f0 d\u00fdr, n\u00e1tt\u00faru\u00f6fl og forfe\u00f0ur. \u00deessi tenging er stofnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00fdninni.<\/p>

M\u00f6rg b\u00fant eru tengd fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum um uppruna sinn. Sameiginleg b\u00fant hafa oft \u00edtarlega stofnfr\u00e1s\u00f6gn sem segir hvernig andavera e\u00f0a go\u00f0s\u00f6guleg gestalt hafi f\u00e6rt m\u00f6nnum b\u00fanti\u00f0. \u00deessi fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn veitir notkun \u00feess l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti.<\/p>

D\u00fdr gegna s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku hlutverki \u00ed \u00feessum fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum. V\u00edsundur, bj\u00f6rn, \u00f6rn, bj\u00f3r og \u00f6nnur d\u00fdr koma fram sem kennarar og hj\u00e1lparar sem manneskja hittir \u00ed s\u00fdninni. Hlutur \u00ed b\u00fantinu getur minnt \u00e1 sl\u00edkan fund og haldi\u00f0 honum vi\u00f0varandi til sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>

Me\u00f0ikapoki er \u00feannig hluti af v\u00ed\u00f0ara svi\u00f0i helgra hluta, \u00fear sem draumavei\u00f0ari<\/a> og a\u00f0rir var\u00f0ir hlutir eiga sinn sta\u00f0. \u00d3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed sem vins\u00e6lar framsetningar gefa til kynna myndast \u00fe\u00f3 ekkert samr\u00e6mt kerfi \u00far \u00feessum hlutum, heldur tilheyra \u00feeir tilteknum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um og samhengjum.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 skilja a\u00f0 tr\u00faarleg merking hv\u00edlir ekki \u00ed hlutnum sj\u00e1lfum, heldur \u00ed tengslum milli bera, fr\u00e1sagnar og samf\u00e9lags. B\u00fant \u00e1n \u00feessara tengsla missir merkingu s\u00edna fyrir upprunamenninguna, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00f3breytt \u00ed \u00fatliti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Helgisi\u00f0abundin notkun og berar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Umgengni vi\u00f0 me\u00f0ikapoka fylgir f\u00f6stum si\u00f0areglum sem eru \u00e1kve\u00f0nar \u00ed s\u00fdninni e\u00f0a me\u00f0 munnlegri arfleif\u00f0<\/span>. \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al eru fyrirm\u00e6li um hver megi snerta b\u00fanti\u00f0, hven\u00e6r \u00fea\u00f0 skuli opna\u00f0 og hva\u00f0a f\u00e6\u00f0u e\u00f0a athafnir skal for\u00f0ast \u00ed n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0 \u00feess. \u00deessar reglur eru bindandi.<\/p>

Pers\u00f3nuleg b\u00fant fylgja bera s\u00ednum \u00ed gegnum mikilv\u00e6g \u00e6viskei\u00f0. \u00deau geta veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00fdnaleit, fyrir erfi\u00f0ar raunir e\u00f0a \u00e1 veikindat\u00edmum. Berinn hl\u00fair a\u00f0 b\u00fantinu me\u00f0 b\u00e6num, s\u00f6ngl\u00f6gum og reykelsisbrennslu, me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 salv\u00edu e\u00f0a s\u00e6tgrasi.<\/p>

Sameiginleg b\u00fant eru notu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1rsh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0um, vi\u00f0 s\u00f3ldans-ath\u00f6fnina<\/span> e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k tilefni eins og str\u00ed\u00f0, fri\u00f0arsamninga e\u00f0a uppskeru. Var\u00f0veisluma\u00f0ur \u00feess ber mikla \u00e1byrg\u00f0 og l\u00fdtur sj\u00e1lfur str\u00f6ngum l\u00edfsreglum. Emb\u00e6tti var\u00f0veislumanns getur gengi\u00f0 \u00ed arf e\u00f0a veri\u00f0 yfirf\u00e6rt me\u00f0 ath\u00f6fn<\/span>.<\/p>

Afhending b\u00fants er sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 helgisi\u00f0abundin ath\u00f6fn. H\u00fan fer ekki fram me\u00f0 s\u00f6lu heldur me\u00f0 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legri yfirf\u00e6rslu \u00fear sem n\u00fdi berinn er innleiddur \u00ed skyldur og fr\u00e1sagnir. \u00d3heimil afhending telst gr\u00f3ft brot.<\/p>

Konur og karlar geta, eftir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 og b\u00fanttegund, veri\u00f0 berar e\u00f0a var\u00f0veislumenn. Sum b\u00fant eru s\u00e9rstaklega bundin tilteknu kyni e\u00f0a \u00e1kve\u00f0num f\u00e9l\u00f6gum. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn vara vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 alh\u00e6fa h\u00e9r, \u00fev\u00ed reglurnar eru mismunandi fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 til \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar.<\/p>

\u00deegar beri eldist e\u00f0a deyr eru eigin fyrirm\u00e6li fyrir \u00f6rl\u00f6g b\u00fantsins. \u00dea\u00f0 getur fari\u00f0 til eftirmanns, veri\u00f0 grafi\u00f0 me\u00f0 hinum l\u00e1tna e\u00f0a veri\u00f0 leyst upp \u00e1 fyrirskipa\u00f0an h\u00e1tt. R\u00e9ttur endir b\u00fants telst jafn mikilv\u00e6gur og upphaf \u00feess.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundin afbrig\u00f0i og tengt efni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Innan sl\u00e9ttusv\u00e6\u00f0anna miklu (Great Plains) er verulegur munur \u00e1 hef\u00f0um b\u00fanta. Blackfoot-f\u00f3lki\u00f0 \u00e1 me\u00f0al annars bifurb\u00fanta og b\u00fanta sem tengjast ve\u00f0ri og \u00e1rlegri hringr\u00e1s. Me\u00f0al Pawnee eru b\u00fantar n\u00e1tengdir athugun stjarna og ma\u00edsr\u00e6kt.<\/p>

Lakota og Dakota tengja \u00e1kve\u00f0na sameiginlega b\u00fanta vi\u00f0 Heil\u00f6gu p\u00edpuna og vi\u00f0 s\u00f3lardans-ath\u00f6fnina<\/span>. Me\u00f0al Cheyenne skipa tveir st\u00f3rir \u00e6ttb\u00e1lkab\u00fantar mikilv\u00e6gan sess, og var\u00f0veisla \u00feeirra er bundin \u00e1kve\u00f0num fj\u00f6lskyldum. Hver \u00feessara hef\u00f0a hefur s\u00ednar eigin fr\u00e1sagnir.<\/p>

Utan sl\u00e9ttusv\u00e6\u00f0anna miklu m\u00e1 einnig finna samb\u00e6rilegar venjur. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed sk\u00f3glendinu \u00ed austri og \u00ed su\u00f0vesturhlutanum kannast einnig vi\u00f0 helgib\u00fanta, en \u00feeir hafa s\u00edn eigin form og merkingar. \u00dev\u00ed er ekki r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 setja alla frumbyggjab\u00fanta undir sama hatt.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0innar m\u00e1 bera sameiginlega b\u00fanta saman vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur var\u00f0veitt helgigripas\u00f6fn, til d\u00e6mis helgar minjar e\u00f0a d\u00fdrgripi sem eru bundnir \u00e1kve\u00f0num var\u00f0veislum\u00f6nnum. Sl\u00edkur samanbur\u00f0ur hj\u00e1lpar til vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 setja hlutina \u00ed samhengi, en m\u00e1 ekki hylja s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u frumbyggjahef\u00f0anna.<\/p>

Pers\u00f3nulegir b\u00fantar standa \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum verndargripum sem bornir eru \u00e1 l\u00edkamanum v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim. \u00deeir sem hafa \u00e1huga \u00e1 \u00feessu v\u00ed\u00f0ara samhengi finna hugtakalega \u00fatlistun \u00ed greininni um verndargripi og talisman<\/a>. Me\u00f0ic\u00ednupokinn er eitt d\u00e6mi innan \u00feessa brei\u00f0a svi\u00f0s.<\/p>

N\u00e1skyldir, en ekki eins, eru sm\u00e1ir sauma\u00f0ir le\u00f0urpokar sem innihalda einstaka verndargripi og eru bornir \u00e1 l\u00edkamanum. Sl\u00edkir pokar eru sta\u00f0festir \u00ed nokkrum menningarheimum sl\u00e9ttusv\u00e6\u00f0anna. \u00deeir mynda \u00e1 vissan h\u00e1tt sm\u00e6kka\u00f0a \u00fatg\u00e1fu af pers\u00f3nulega b\u00fantinum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Merking sem verndargripur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li margra sl\u00e9ttu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a er me\u00f0ic\u00ednupokinn talinn verndandi vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hann kemur \u00e1 reglubundnu sambandi vi\u00f0 andlega krafta. Verndin er ekki skilin sem v\u00e9lr\u00e6n \u00e1hrif, heldur sem aflei\u00f0ing r\u00e9ttra tengsla milli manns, andavera og samf\u00e9lags. B\u00fantinn er b\u00e6\u00f0i t\u00e1kn og mi\u00f0ill \u00feessa sambands.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindalegu sj\u00f3narhorni m\u00e1 l\u00fdsa \u00feessari verndarhugmynd sem lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00f3vissu. \u00cd tilverumynd sem einkenndist af vei\u00f0um, str\u00ed\u00f0i, sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum og ve\u00f0ri veitti b\u00fantinn stefnu og tilfinningu fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 athafna sig ekki \u00e1n stu\u00f0nings. Hann skipulag\u00f0i tengslin vi\u00f0 heiminn.<\/p>

Verndin sn\u00fdr a\u00f0 mismunandi svi\u00f0um, eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a b\u00fant er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Sumir b\u00fantar tengjast l\u00e6kningu, a\u00f0rir \u00e1rangri \u00ed vei\u00f0um, verndun samf\u00e9lagsins e\u00f0a \u00e1rangri mikilv\u00e6gra verkefna. \u00deessi tilgangur er \u00e1kve\u00f0inn \u00ed stofns\u00f6gunum.<\/p>

\u00deessi texti gerir engar sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingar um raunveruleg \u00e1hrif. Fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindalegu sj\u00f3narhorni er a\u00f0eins m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00feeirri merkingu sem eigendur eigna hlutnum, ekki hvort \u00feessi eigindsetning l\u00fdsi \u00e1hrifum sem n\u00e1 \u00fat fyrir tr\u00fana sj\u00e1lfa. Lofor\u00f0 um l\u00e6kningu eru \u00fatiloku\u00f0.<\/p>

Einnig er f\u00e9lagslega hli\u00f0 verndarinnar mikilv\u00e6g. Sameiginlegur b\u00fant verndar ekki einstakling, heldur bindur h\u00f3p saman og minnir hann \u00e1 uppruna sinn og skyldur. Verndin felst h\u00e9r einnig \u00ed samst\u00f6\u00f0u samf\u00e9lagsins.<\/p>

A\u00f0 lokum er verndin bundin skyldum. S\u00e1 sem var\u00f0veitir b\u00fant ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 fylgja reglum hans. Brot \u00e1 \u00feessum reglum er tali\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegt, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 raskar \u00feeirri skipan sem verndin byggir \u00e1. Vernd og \u00e1byrg\u00f0 eru \u00ed \u00feessari hugmynd \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanleg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Ranns\u00f3knarsaga, si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l og menningarleg yfirtaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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V\u00edsindaleg umfj\u00f6llun um me\u00f0ic\u00ednupokann h\u00f3fst \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld me\u00f0 skr\u00e1ningum fer\u00f0alanga og fyrstu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Rannsakendur eins og Clark Wissler og George Bird Grinnell s\u00f6fnu\u00f0u umfangsmiklum fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum, en t\u00falku\u00f0u b\u00fantana oft innan ramma sinna eigin, framvindukenndu forsenda.<\/p>

D\u00f6kkur kafli \u00ed \u00feessari ranns\u00f3knars\u00f6gu er yfirtaka b\u00fanta fyrir s\u00f6fn. Fj\u00f6lmargir b\u00fantar b\u00e1rust til evr\u00f3pskra og nor\u00f0ur-amer\u00edskra safna me\u00f0 \u00fevingun, svikum e\u00f0a s\u00f6lu \u00ed ney\u00f0. Margir \u00feessara gripa voru sameiginleg helgi, og fjarl\u00e6ging \u00feeirra var upplifu\u00f0 sem miki\u00f0 tj\u00f3n.<\/p>

\u00cd dag gildir \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> s\u00fa grunnregla a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins er birt um verndu\u00f0 efni \u00fea\u00f0 sem upprunasamf\u00e9l\u00f6gin heimila. \u00c1kve\u00f0in sm\u00e1atri\u00f0i \u00ed innihaldi b\u00fantanna og tilheyrandi s\u00f6ngvum eru v\u00edsvitandi ekki \u00e6tlu\u00f0 almenningi. \u00deessi takm\u00f6rkun er virt og ekki skilin sem galli.<\/p>

Menningarleg yfirtaka me\u00f0ic\u00ednupokans af h\u00e1lfu es\u00f3ter\u00edskra<\/span>– og vell\u00ed\u00f0unargeira er s\u00e9rstakt si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegt vandam\u00e1l. B\u00fantar sem eru seldir \u00e1n tengsla vi\u00f0 samf\u00e9lag, lei\u00f0beiningar um a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a sl\u00edka sj\u00e1lfur og s\u00f6lur\u00e1\u00f0stefnur losa hlutinn fr\u00e1 merkingu sinni og eru af m\u00f6rgum frumbyggjum \u00e1litnar s\u00e1randi.<\/p>

Endurheimt, \u00fe.e. skil b\u00fanta til uppruna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sinna, hefur veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt m\u00e1lefni fr\u00e1 t\u00edunda \u00e1ratug 20. aldar. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act skapa\u00f0i lagalegan ramma fyrir \u00feetta \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Fj\u00f6lmargir \u00e6ttb\u00e1lkab\u00fantar hafa s\u00ed\u00f0an skila\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00far s\u00f6fnum.<\/p>

Fyrir alvarlega framsetningu lei\u00f0ir \u00feetta til sk\u00fdrrar afst\u00f6\u00f0u. Me\u00f0ic\u00ednupokinn er h\u00e9r l\u00fdst fr\u00e1 utana\u00f0komandi sj\u00f3narhorni tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0innar<\/span>, \u00e1n lei\u00f0beininga um eftirger\u00f0 og \u00e1n \u00e1setnings um a\u00f0 opinbera verndu\u00f0 \u00feekkingarg\u00f6gn. \u00deeir sem vilja kynna s\u00e9r efni\u00f0 n\u00e1nar \u00e6ttu fyrst a\u00f0 lesa frumbyggjah\u00f6funda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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M\u00f3tt\u00f6kur \u00ed dag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd uppruna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0unum eru b\u00fantahef\u00f0ir v\u00ed\u00f0a r\u00e6kta\u00f0ar opinsk\u00e1tt \u00e1 n\u00fd. Eftir \u00e1ratugi banna og leynilegrar arflei\u00f0ingar hefur helgisi\u00f0ahef\u00f0in veri\u00f0 endurl\u00edfgu\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00f6rgum samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum. Ver\u00f0ir og bertar mi\u00f0la \u00feekkingu sinni til yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p>

\u00deessi endurl\u00edfgun er hluti af v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari menningarlegri endurn\u00fdjun sem tekur einnig til tungum\u00e1ls, s\u00f6nglaga og landr\u00e9ttinda. L\u00e6kningapokinn er \u00fear t\u00e1kn samfellu hef\u00f0ar sem hefur ekki rofna\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir k\u00fagun n\u00fdlenduherra. Endurkomu hans \u00far s\u00f6fnum er liti\u00f0 \u00e1 sem t\u00e1knr\u00e6nan gj\u00f6rning.<\/p>

\u00cd d\u00e6gurmenningu utan frumbyggjasamf\u00e9laga er hugtaki\u00f0 l\u00e6kningapoki v\u00ed\u00f0a nota\u00f0 og oft afbaka\u00f0. Kvikmyndir, sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gur og augl\u00fdsingar nota \u00fea\u00f0 sem sta\u00f0al\u00edmynd um andlega v\u00eddd ind\u00ed\u00e1na. \u00deessar myndir eiga sjaldan miki\u00f0 skylt vi\u00f0 hina raunverulegu framkv\u00e6md.<\/p>

Dulspekigeirinn b\u00fd\u00f0ur poka, lei\u00f0beiningar og n\u00e1mskei\u00f0 sem v\u00edsa til frumbyggjafyrirmynda. Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9\u00f0 er \u00fear um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0a, n\u00fat\u00edmalega m\u00f3tt\u00f6kuform sem ber a\u00f0 skilja sk\u00fdrt fr\u00e1 hef\u00f0 uppruna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. H\u00fan fylgir reglum hins hnattr\u00e6na marka\u00f0ar andlegra vara.<\/p>

S\u00f6fn hafa breytt vi\u00f0m\u00f3ti s\u00ednu gagnvart b\u00fantum. M\u00f6rg s\u00f6fn hafa h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 s\u00fdna heil\u00f6g b\u00fant, r\u00e1\u00f0gast vi\u00f0 upprunasamf\u00e9l\u00f6gin og veita fulltr\u00faum \u00feeirra a\u00f0gang. Sum b\u00fant eru var\u00f0veitt \u00ed samr\u00e1\u00f0i, \u00f6nnum skila\u00f0.<\/p>

Fyrir \u00e1hugasama lesendur er r\u00e1\u00f0legt a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast efni\u00f0 me\u00f0 varf\u00e6rni. A\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r \u00feekkingar um l\u00e6kningapokann er l\u00f6gm\u00e6tt, en a\u00f0 leika eftir framkv\u00e6md hans er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki. Vir\u00f0ingarfull afsta\u00f0a byrjar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna m\u00f6rk \u00feess sem er opinberlega a\u00f0gengilegt. Fleiri verndargripi kynnir hlutinn Verndart\u00e1kn<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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