{"id":169167,"date":"2026-09-05T14:06:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:06:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169167"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:33:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:33:58","slug":"apkallu-verndargripir-mesopotamiu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/apkallu-verndargripir-mesopotamiu\/","title":{"rendered":"Apkallu \u2013 verndargripir mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskra heimila"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Apkallu \u2013 vitrar verndarf\u00edg\u00farur hins forna Austurlands<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Apkallu<\/span> eru vitrar verndarf\u00edg\u00farur hins forna Austurlands. Litlar f\u00edg\u00farur af \u00feeim voru grafnar undir g\u00f3lf mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskra h\u00fasa til a\u00f0 vernda \u00edb\u00faana fr\u00e1 ska\u00f0legum \u00f6flum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Verndart\u00e1kn<\/span>Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00eda<\/a>Verndarvera<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Apkallu\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Yfirlit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apkallu<\/span> eru verndarf\u00edg\u00farur fr\u00e1 hinu forna Austurlandi. \u00cd mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri hugmyndaheimi voru \u00fe\u00e6r vitrar verur, og litlar f\u00edg\u00farur \u00ed mynd \u00feeirra \u00fej\u00f3nu\u00f0u til a\u00f0 vernda h\u00fas Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu<\/a>.<\/p>

Hi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaka vi\u00f0 Apkallu<\/span>-f\u00edg\u00farurnar er notkun \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e6r voru ekki bornar og ekki settar upp s\u00fdnilegar, heldur faldar. \u00de\u00e6r voru grafnar undir g\u00f3lf h\u00fasanna.<\/p>

Af \u00feessari falinni sta\u00f0setningu lei\u00f0ir s\u00e9rst\u00f6k sta\u00f0a \u00feeirra me\u00f0al verndargripa. Apkallu<\/span> verku\u00f0u \u00ed leyni. Verndarm\u00e1ttur \u00feeirra var til sta\u00f0ar \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e6just.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span> heyra til heims mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskra verndaranda. \u00c1samt v\u00e6ngju\u00f0um hli\u00f0v\u00f6r\u00f0um og \u00f6\u00f0rum verndarverum myndu \u00feau kerfi sem trygg\u00f0i \u00f6ryggi bygginganna og \u00edb\u00faa \u00feeirra.<\/p>

\u00cd tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/span> eru Apkallu<\/span> gott d\u00e6mi um falda verndargripi, um byggingaruppf\u00f3rn og um verndun h\u00fass fr\u00e1 grunni. \u00deau eru vel sta\u00f0fest me\u00f0 fundum og textum.<\/p>

Nafni\u00f0 Apkallu<\/span> v\u00edsar til visku. Apkallu<\/span> voru taldar vitrar verur, og einmitt viska \u00feeirra var hluti af verndarm\u00e6tti \u00feeirra. \u00deessi tengsl eru \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hinir sj\u00f6 vitringar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00cd mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri arfleif\u00f0<\/span> eru Apkallu<\/span> fyrst og fremst \u00feekktar sem hinir sj\u00f6 vitringar. \u00deetta eru sj\u00f6 vitrar verur fr\u00e1 frumt\u00ed\u00f0, t\u00edmanum fyrir st\u00f3rfl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00deessum sj\u00f6 vitringum var eigna\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa flutt mannkyninu grundv\u00f6ll menningarins. \u00deeir voru taldir \u00feeir sem kenndu \u00feekkingu, listir og skipulag si\u00f0menningarins.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span> st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00feannig vi\u00f0 upphaf menningarins. \u00deeir voru frumt\u00edma kennimeistarar sem f\u00e6r\u00f0u m\u00f6nnum \u00fea\u00f0 sem lyfti l\u00edfi \u00feeirra yfir hreina tilvist.<\/p>

\u00deekkt vera \u00far \u00feessu samhengi er vitringur sem kom \u00far vatninu og kenndi m\u00f6nnum menningu. Hann er \u00feekktur \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari arfleif\u00f0<\/span> undir gr\u00edsku nafni.<\/p>

Hinir sj\u00f6 vitringar voru engir venjulegir menn. \u00deeir voru taldir verur af h\u00e6rri tegund, h\u00e1lfgu\u00f0legir, af \u00f3venjulegri visku og me\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakri n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 gu\u00f0ina.<\/p>

Af \u00feessari st\u00f6\u00f0u Apkallu<\/span> sem frumt\u00edma bera visku m\u00e1 \u00fatsk\u00fdra verndarm\u00e1tt \u00feeirra. Verur sem t\u00e1knu\u00f0u \u00feekkingu og skipulag heimsins g\u00e1tu haldi\u00f0 \u00f3rei\u00f0u og \u00f3heillum \u00ed burtu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u00datlit Apkallu-f\u00edg\u00faranna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\u00deeir Apkallu<\/span> voru s\u00fdndir \u00ed m\u00f6rgum mismunandi gervum. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn greina a\u00f0allega \u00ferj\u00e1r ger\u00f0ir, sem hver hefur sitt eigi\u00f0 \u00fatlit.<\/p>

Fyrsta ger\u00f0in er fiskkl\u00e6ddur Apkallu<\/span>. \u00deessi vera er ma\u00f0ur sem ber fisk eins og skikkju yfir h\u00f6fu\u00f0 og bak. Fiskurinn v\u00edsar til tengsla vitringanna vi\u00f0 vatni\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00e1 visku sem kom \u00far vatninu.<\/p>

\u00d6nnur ger\u00f0in er fuglah\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0ur Apkallu<\/span>. \u00deessi vera hefur l\u00edkama manns og h\u00f6fu\u00f0 fugls, oftast me\u00f0 v\u00e6ngi. H\u00fan heldur oft \u00e1 hlutum sem tengjast hreinsun og blessun<\/span>.<\/p>

\u00deri\u00f0ja ger\u00f0in er algerlega mannger\u00f0ur Apkallu<\/span>. \u00deessi vera birtist sem tignarlegur ma\u00f0ur, oft einnig me\u00f0 hluti \u00ed h\u00f6ndum sem v\u00edsa til hlutverks hans.<\/p>

Litlu Apkallu<\/span>-myndirnar, sem voru grafnar \u00ed h\u00fasum, voru a\u00f0 mestu ger\u00f0ar \u00far leir. \u00de\u00e6r voru einfaldar \u00ed sm\u00ed\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed verkun \u00feeirra bygg\u00f0ist ekki \u00e1 d\u00fdrm\u00e6tu efni heldur \u00e1 formi \u00feeirra og helgun<\/span>.<\/p>

\u00deessar \u00ferj\u00e1r ger\u00f0ir Apkallu<\/span> s\u00fdna a\u00f0 ekki var um eina veru a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, heldur h\u00f3p tengdra verndarv\u00e6tta. Sameiginlegt er \u00feeim tengsl vi\u00f0 visku og verndun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Fali\u00f0 undir g\u00f3lfinu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Einkennandi notkunara\u00f0fer\u00f0 Apkallu<\/span>-myndanna var a\u00f0 grafa \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00deeim var komi\u00f0 fyrir undir g\u00f3lfum h\u00fasanna, oft \u00ed litlum \u00edl\u00e1tum.<\/p>

Myndirnar voru grafnar \u00ed h\u00f3pum. Oft voru \u00fea\u00f0 margar myndir saman sem lag\u00f0ar voru ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 sama sta\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00fasinu.<\/p>

\u00c1kve\u00f0nir sta\u00f0ir \u00ed h\u00fasinu voru s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gir. Myndirnar voru fyrst og fremst grafnar \u00fear sem verndar var talin s\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00fe\u00f6rf, svo sem vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skulda, \u00ed hornum r\u00fdma og n\u00e1l\u00e6gt inng\u00f6ngum.<\/p>

\u00deessir sta\u00f0ir voru \u00feeir punktar h\u00fasins sem taldir voru vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir. \u00der\u00f6skuldar og horn voru \u00e1litin sta\u00f0irnir \u00fear sem ska\u00f0legar m\u00e1ttarverur g\u00e6tu komist inn. N\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00fear voru Apkallu<\/span> settir.<\/p>

Myndirnar unnu \u00feannig \u00far felum. Engin s\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r, en verndarm\u00e1ttur \u00feeirra gegns\u00fdr\u00f0i h\u00fasi\u00f0. Verndin var til sta\u00f0ar \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera s\u00fdnileg.<\/p>

\u00deessi si\u00f0ur a\u00f0 grafa verndargripi er venja<\/span> sem er \u00feekkt v\u00ed\u00f0ar en \u00ed Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu. \u00cd m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum voru falin hlutir lag\u00f0ir inn vi\u00f0 byggingu mannvirkja til a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggi byggingarinnar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Verndun heimilisins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apkallu<\/span>-myndirnar \u00fej\u00f3nu\u00f0u til a\u00f0 vernda heimili\u00f0 og \u00edb\u00faa \u00feess. \u00de\u00e6r \u00e1tti a\u00f0 halda burt ska\u00f0legum m\u00e1ttarverum, illum \u00f6ndum og sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum fr\u00e1 h\u00fasinu.<\/p>

H\u00fasi\u00f0 var l\u00edfsv\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. A\u00f0 tryggja \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdddi a\u00f0 tryggja f\u00f3lki\u00f0 sem \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed bj\u00f3. Verndun heimilisins var \u00feannig meginmarkmi\u00f0 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskrar verndari\u00f0kunar.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span> verndu\u00f0u h\u00fasi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 grunni. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera grafnir undir g\u00f3lfin var verndarm\u00e1ttur \u00feeirra til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed grunni h\u00fasins. H\u00fasi\u00f0 st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feannig \u00e1 vernd vitringanna.<\/p>

\u00d3l\u00edkt verndart\u00e1kni vi\u00f0 dyrnar, sem trygg\u00f0i einn afmarka\u00f0an sta\u00f0, gegns\u00fdr\u00f0i verndarm\u00e1ttur hinna grafnu Apkallu<\/span> alla byggingunna. \u00deeir trygg\u00f0u grunninn sem l\u00edf fj\u00f6lskyldunnar \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1.<\/p>

Oft unnu Apkallu<\/span> saman me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum verndarv\u00e6ttum. Vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0in g\u00e1tu v\u00e6ngja\u00f0ir hli\u00f0arver\u00f0ir sta\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00ed veggjunum \u00f6nnur verndart\u00e1kn veri\u00f0 fest, undir g\u00f3lfunum Apkallu<\/span> grafnir.<\/p>

H\u00fasi\u00f0 var \u00feannig umlukt heilu neti verndarm\u00e1ttarv\u00e6tta. Apkallu<\/span> voru s\u00e1 falda hluti \u00feessa nets sem starfa\u00f0i \u00ed grunninum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Ath\u00f6fnin vi\u00f0 grafningu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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A\u00f0 grafa ni\u00f0ur Apkallu<\/span>-styttur var ekki tilviljunarkennt verk. \u00dev\u00ed fylgdi helgisi\u00f0ur<\/span> sem fylgdi n\u00e1kv\u00e6mum reglum.<\/p>

Fr\u00e1 Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu eru var\u00f0veittir helgisi\u00f0atextar sem l\u00fdsa ger\u00f0 og greftrun Apkallu<\/span>-styttanna. \u00deessir textar tilgreina hvernig styttunum skyldi komi\u00f0 fyrir, hvernig \u00fe\u00e6r skyldi v\u00edgja<\/span> og hvar \u00fe\u00e6r skyldi grafa.<\/p>

Ger\u00f0 styttanna var hluti af helgisi\u00f0num sj\u00e1lfum. Leirinn var m\u00f3ta\u00f0ur, styttan sk\u00f6pu\u00f0, og me\u00f0 v\u00edgsluath\u00f6fnum var h\u00fan ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 virkum verndargrip.<\/p>

Sj\u00e1lf greftrunin fylgdi einnig f\u00f6stum fyrirm\u00e6lum. Fj\u00f6ldi styttanna, sta\u00f0setning greftrunarinnar og athafnirnar sem henni fylgdu voru allar skipulag\u00f0ar. A\u00f0eins r\u00e9tt framkv\u00e6md trygg\u00f0i a\u00f0 verndin virka\u00f0i.<\/p>

Helgisi\u00f0urinn<\/span> var framkv\u00e6mdur af f\u00e6rum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi, s\u00e6ringapresti. Hann \u00feekkti textana og athafnirnar og trygg\u00f0i a\u00f0 greftrun Apkallu<\/span>-styttanna n\u00e6\u00f0i fram verkun sinni.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span>-styttunar s\u00fdna \u00feannig a\u00f0 verndari\u00f0ja Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edumanna var n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega skipul\u00f6g\u00f0. Verndargripurinn sj\u00e1lfur og \u00feekkingin \u00e1 r\u00e9ttri ger\u00f0 hans og notkun voru \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanleg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Viska sem vernd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Eitt s\u00e9rkenni Apkallu<\/span> \u00e1 s\u00e9rstaka athygli skili\u00f0. Vernd \u00feeirra var n\u00e1i\u00f0 tengd visku. Apkallu<\/span> voru vitringarnir, og \u00fea\u00f0 var einmitt viska \u00feeirra sem ger\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 verndurum.<\/p>

\u00c1 bak vi\u00f0 \u00feetta liggur \u00e1kve\u00f0in hugsun. \u00d3g\u00e6fa, dj\u00f6flar og glundro\u00f0i voru taldir \u00f6fl \u00f3rei\u00f0u. Viskan var \u00e1 m\u00f3ti m\u00e1ttur reglu, \u00feekkingar og menningar.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span>, sem bur\u00f0arar hinnar frumaldar visku, endurspeglu\u00f0u \u00feessa reglu. N\u00e6rvera \u00feeirra \u00ed h\u00fasinu setti h\u00fasi\u00f0 \u00e1 hli\u00f0 reglunnar og \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00f6flum glundro\u00f0ans.<\/p>

\u00dear me\u00f0 skera Apkallu<\/span> sig fr\u00e1 verndargripum sem verjast me\u00f0 \u00f3gnvekjandi mynd. \u00deeir verjast ekki me\u00f0 \u00f3gn, heldur me\u00f0 reglusetjandi krafti viskunnar.<\/p>

\u00deessi hugsun er uppl\u00fdsandi. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 vernd \u00ed Austurl\u00f6ndum fornu var ekki a\u00f0eins skilin sem v\u00f6rn me\u00f0 skelfingu, heldur einnig sem trygging me\u00f0 reglu og visku.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span> eru \u00feannig s\u00e9rstakur flokkur verndarvera. Vernd \u00feeirra er vernd vitringanna sem st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00ed upphafi menningarinnar og t\u00e1knu\u00f0u regluna \u00e1 m\u00f3ti glundro\u00f0anum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Apkallu og mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsku verndarandarnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apkallu<\/span> heyra til heilum heimi verndaranda sem Austurl\u00f6nd fornu \u00feekktu. \u00deessir verndarandar trygg\u00f0u saman byggingar og f\u00f3lk.<\/p>

Til \u00feessa heims heyra v\u00e6ngja\u00f0ir hli\u00f0v\u00f6r\u00f0urnir, sem voru miklar steinmyndir sem g\u00e6ttu hli\u00f0anna. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0unni um Lamassu<\/a> er n\u00e1nar fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1. Me\u00f0an Lamassu st\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00fdnilegur vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0i\u00f0, unnu Apkallu<\/span> \u00ed leynum \u00ed grunninum.<\/p>

Pazuzu-verndargripurinn<\/span> og Lamaschtu<\/span>-platan heyra einnig til \u00feessu samhengi. \u00deau v\u00f6r\u00f0u gegn dj\u00f6flynjunni Lamaschtu<\/span> og verndu\u00f0u s\u00e9rstaklega m\u00f3\u00f0ur og barn.<\/p>

\u00deessar mismunandi verndarverur og verndargripir myndu\u00f0u saman kerfi. Mismunandi \u00f6fl trygg\u00f0u mismunandi sta\u00f0i og v\u00f6r\u00f0u gegn mismunandi h\u00e6ttum.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span> h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00ed \u00feessu kerfi fastan sta\u00f0. \u00deeir voru falin vernd h\u00fasins, vitringarnir sem unnu \u00ed j\u00f6r\u00f0inni og trygg\u00f0u bygginguna fr\u00e1 grunni.<\/p>

Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsk verndari\u00f0ja var \u00feannig ekkert laust safn stakra si\u00f0a, heldur skipulagt heild. Apkallu<\/span> s\u00fdna hversu vel \u00fatf\u00e6rt \u00feetta kerfi verndar bygginga og f\u00f3lks var.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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M\u00f3tt\u00f6kur \u00ed dag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Apkallu<\/span>-verurnar eru \u00ed dag \u00feekktar fyrst og fremst me\u00f0al s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed forn\u00f6ld Austurlanda n\u00e6r. \u00de\u00e6r heyra ekki til hinna \u00fatbreiddu t\u00e1kna, en eru mikilv\u00e6gt og vel rannsaka\u00f0 efni innan fornaustursfr\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>

Grafnar Apkallu<\/span>-styttur hafa fundist vi\u00f0 uppgr\u00f6ft \u00ed Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu, oft enn \u00e1 upprunalegum sta\u00f0 s\u00ednum undir g\u00f3lfum. \u00deessir fundir m\u00e1 tengja vi\u00f0 var\u00f0veitta helgisi\u00f0atexta.<\/p>

Af samspili funda og texta m\u00e1 draga sk\u00fdra mynd. Apkallu<\/span>-verurnar eru eitt best skilda d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um falda verndargripi og byggingaruppf\u00f3rnir.<\/p>

Fyrir ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 fornaustr\u00e6nni tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um eru Apkallu<\/span>-verurnar mikils vir\u00f0i. \u00de\u00e6r s\u00fdna hvernig verndun heimilisins var skilin og hvernig h\u00fan var framkv\u00e6md \u00ed helgisi\u00f0aformi<\/span>.<\/p>

Apkallu<\/span>-verurnar veita einnig inns\u00fdn \u00ed mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edska hugmynd um visku. \u00de\u00e6r tengja saman hugmyndina um hina fornu l\u00e6rimeistara menningarinnar og hugmyndina um verndun.<\/p>

\u00deannig eru Apkallu<\/span>-verurnar \u00e1hrifamiki\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um verndargrip af s\u00e9rst\u00e6\u00f0ri ger\u00f0. \u00de\u00e6r v\u00f6r\u00f0u \u00ed leyni, innan fr\u00e1 grunni h\u00fasins, og verndun \u00feeirra var verndun viskunnar gegn ringulrei\u00f0inni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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