{"id":169121,"date":"2026-09-05T14:05:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169121"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:32:46","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"169121\" class=\"elementor elementor-169121 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, upphafsma\u00f0ur da\u00f3isma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, einnig Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) er \u00ed k\u00ednverskri hef\u00f0 talinn upphafsma\u00f0ur <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem byggir \u00e1 Dao, veginum.\" tabindex=\"0\">da\u00f3isma<\/span> og go\u00f0sagnakenndur h\u00f6fundur \u00abDaodejing\u00bb, eins \u00e1hrifamesta texta \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a- og heimspekis\u00f6gu K\u00edna.<\/p><p>S\u00f6guleg tilvist hans er umdeild \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knum; heimildir um l\u00edf hans eru f\u00e1ar, m\u00f3tsagnakenndar og a\u00f0 hluta m\u00f3ta\u00f0ar af go\u00f0s\u00f6gnum. Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 Laozi sn\u00faast \u00ed dag s\u00ed\u00f0ur um hina s\u00f6gulegu pers\u00f3nu en um \u00e1hrifas\u00f6gu textanna sem honum eru eigna\u00f0ir og gu\u00f0gervingu hans s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gu\u00f0 \/ gy\u00f0ja: Pers\u00f3nuger\u00f0ur h\u00e6sti kraftur \u00ed go\u00f0aveldi menningar, me\u00f0 sk\u00fdr hlutverk \u2014 n\u00e1tt\u00faru\u00f6fl, \u00f6rl\u00f6g, str\u00ed\u00f0, frj\u00f3semi. D\u00fdrka\u00f0ur me\u00f0 helgisi\u00f0um, f\u00f3rnum og hofstofnunum.\">Gu\u00f0<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170737\" alt=\"Laozi - gu\u00f0ir \u00far da\u00f3isma-hef\u00f0inni, s\u00f6guleg myndskreyting\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildasta\u00f0a um hina s\u00f6gulegu pers\u00f3nu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cdtarlegasta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">forn<\/span> \u00e6visaga Laozis er \u00ed \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abSkr\u00e1r sagnaritarans\u00bb) eftir Sima Qian, sem lauk um 90 fyrir Krist. Sima Qian greinir fr\u00e1 \u00feremur mismunandi \u00fatg\u00e1fum af s\u00f6gu Laozis og vi\u00f0urkennir sj\u00e1lfur a\u00f0 vita ekki hver \u00feeirra er r\u00e9ttust.<\/p><p>Vins\u00e6lasta \u00fatg\u00e1fan gerir Laozi a\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttismanni vi\u00f0 hir\u00f0 austurhluta Zhou-keisaraveldisins, sem \u00e1 6. \u00f6ld fyrir Krist hafi veri\u00f0 b\u00f3kasafnsv\u00f6r\u00f0ur e\u00f0a skjalav\u00f6r\u00f0ur.<\/p><p>Hann hafi hitt hinn unga Konf\u00fas\u00edus (551 til 479 fyrir Krist) og veitt hinum s\u00ed\u00f0ar meistara fr\u00e6\u00f0slu. A\u00f0 lokum, vonsvikinn yfir hnignun r\u00edkisins, hafi Laozi haldi\u00f0 vestur \u00e1 b\u00f3ginn og a\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni landam\u00e6ravar\u00f0arins Yinxi vi\u00f0 Han-Gu-skar\u00f0i\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur Daodejing \u00e1 5000 t\u00e1knum.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00d6nnur \u00fatg\u00e1fan samsamar Laozi vi\u00f0 Lao Laizi, annan da\u00f3\u00edskan l\u00e6rimeistara fr\u00e1 Zhou-t\u00edmanum. \u00deri\u00f0ja \u00fatg\u00e1fan sta\u00f0setur hann um 100 \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00deessar margv\u00edslegu \u00fatg\u00e1fur s\u00fdna a\u00f0 Sima Qian haf\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfur engar \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar \u00e6vis\u00f6gulegar uppl\u00fdsingar og setti efni\u00f0 saman \u00far \u00fdmsum munnlegum og skriflegum hef\u00f0um.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller s\u00fdndi \u00ed \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) og \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) a\u00f0 f\u00e1t\u00e6klegar uppl\u00fdsingar Sima Qians hafa fremur go\u00f0sagnalegt en s\u00f6gulegt innihald.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00f6gulegur veruleiki \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>N\u00fat\u00edma sinafr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3knir fjalla \u00edtarlega um spurninguna um s\u00f6guleika Laozis. Russell Kirkland h\u00e9lt \u00ed \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) fram gagnr\u00fdnni afst\u00f6\u00f0u sem segir a\u00f0 Laozi sem s\u00f6guleg pers\u00f3na s\u00e9 varla greinanlegur og a\u00f0 textarnir sem honum eru eigna\u00f0ir s\u00e9u fremur afrakstur margra kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a da\u00f3\u00edskra fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00deessi afsta\u00f0a er styrkt af textafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ranns\u00f3knum: Daodejing er samkv\u00e6mt n\u00fagildandi sko\u00f0un ekki eitt samfellt verk heldur samsafn \u00fear sem elstu l\u00f6g n\u00e1 aftur til 4. e\u00f0a 3. aldar fyrir Krist.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Bambustextarnir sem fundust 1993 \u00ed Guodian (Hubei-h\u00e9ra\u00f0i) h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00ed s\u00e9r brot af fyrri \u00fatg\u00e1fu Daodejing, sem eru t\u00edmasett til seint \u00e1 4. \u00f6ld fyrir Krist. \u00deessir fundir hafa endurvaki\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0una um tilur\u00f0ars\u00f6gu textans og s\u00fdna a\u00f0 Daodejing var endursko\u00f0u\u00f0 og aukin \u00ed gegnum margar aldir.<\/span><\/p><p>Einn s\u00f6gulegur h\u00f6fundur er \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edklegur. Hef\u00f0in um a\u00f0 eigna verki\u00f0 Laozi fellur a\u00f0 d\u00e6miger\u00f0u k\u00ednversku mynstri gervih\u00f6fundareigna til go\u00f0sagnakennds stofnanda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing (\u00abKlass\u00edk vegar og dygg\u00f0ar\u00bb) er texti me\u00f0 81 stuttum k\u00f6flum, sem \u00ed lj\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e6nu, spakm\u00e6lalegu formi \u00fer\u00f3ar grunnhugt\u00f6k da\u00f3isma.<\/p><p>Meginhugt\u00f6kin eru \u00abDao\u00bb (vegurinn, upprunalegur alheimsveruleiki), \u00abDe\u00bb (dygg\u00f0, innri kraftur), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (a\u00f0ger\u00f0arleysi, \u00f3\u00fevinga\u00f0 verkan), \u00abZiran\u00bb (n\u00e1tt\u00farleiki, a\u00f0 vera af sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r) og \u00abPu\u00bb (\u00f3skori\u00f0 tr\u00e9, upprunaleg einfaldleiki). \u00deessi hugt\u00f6k myndast saman heimspekilegt og tr\u00faarlegt kerfi sem hefur veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0 \u00e1fram \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum s\u00ed\u00f0ari sk\u00fdringum.<\/p>\n\n<p>Mikilv\u00e6gustu klass\u00edsku sk\u00fdringarritin um Daodejing eru eftir Wang Bi (226 til 249) og Heshang Gong (1. \u00f6ld fyrir Krist e\u00f0a 2. \u00f6ld eftir Krist). \u00deeir hafa mismunandi lestrara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir: Wang Bi les textann heimspekilega-frumspekilega, Heshang Gong tr\u00faarlega-hagn\u00fdtt me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun \u00ed huglei\u00f0slu og \u00f6ndunart\u00e6kni.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Spennan milli heimspekilegs og tr\u00faarlegs lestrar einkennir m\u00f3tt\u00f6ku Daodejing allt fram \u00e1 okkar daga. Livia Kohn s\u00fdndi \u00ed \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) hvernig \u00feessi tv\u00f6falda e\u00f0li textans gerir kleift \u00f3venjuleg \u00e1hrif hans \u00ed hinum margv\u00edslegustu menningarlegu samhengi.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gu\u00f0gerving Laozis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c1 2. \u00f6ld eftir Krist h\u00f3fst tr\u00faarleg gu\u00f0gerving Laozis. \u00cd hinum fyrsta da\u00f3\u00edska sk\u00f3la Tianshi (\u00abHimneskir meistarar\u00bb), stofnu\u00f0um af Zhang Daoling um 142 eftir Krist, var Laozi d\u00fdrka\u00f0ur sem himneskur l\u00e6rimeistari og birtingarmynd Dao.<\/p><p>Hann birtist Zhang Daoling a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn \u00ed vitrun og f\u00e6r\u00f0i honum hina heil\u00f6gu texta. \u00deannig var Laozi ekki lengur a\u00f0eins go\u00f0sagnakenndur heimspekingur, heldur alheimsleg pers\u00f3na me\u00f0 virku tr\u00faarlegu hlutverki.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00deessi gu\u00f0gerving var bygg\u00f0 upp \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00f6ldum. \u00cd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem byggir \u00e1 Dao, veginum.\" tabindex=\"0\">da\u00f3isma<\/span> Tang-t\u00edmans (618 til 907) var Laozi \u00e1litinn Taishang Laojun (\u00abHinn h\u00e6sti aldni herra\u00bb), einn af \u00feremur megingu\u00f0um da\u00f3\u00edska gu\u00f0aheimsins \u00e1samt Yuanshi Tianzun (\u00abHimneskur vir\u00f0ingarma\u00f0ur upphafsins\u00bb) og Lingbao Tianzun (\u00abHimneskur vir\u00f0ingarma\u00f0ur hins heilaga fj\u00e1rsj\u00f3\u00f0s\u00bb).<\/p><p>\u00cd \u00feessari mynd er Laozi enn \u00ed dag vi\u00f0staddur \u00ed da\u00f3\u00edskum musterum K\u00edna, Ta\u00edvan og Hong Kong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi og keisarap\u00f3lit\u00edkin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi l\u00e9k s\u00e9rstakt hlutverk \u00ed keisarap\u00f3lit\u00edk. Tang-keisararnir, sem b\u00e1ru fj\u00f6lskyldunafni\u00f0 Li, h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru komnir af Laozi \u00ed beinan legg, en fj\u00f6lskyldunafn hans er sagt hafa veri\u00f0 Li.<\/p><p>\u00deessi \u00e6ttfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega sm\u00ed\u00f0 var\u00f0 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur grunnur Tang-veldisins og leiddi til opinbers stu\u00f0nings vi\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span>. Keisari Xuanzong (r\u00edkti 712 til 756) veitti Laozi titilinn \u00abH\u00e1heilagur forfa\u00f0ir, eil\u00edfur himnaherra mikillar dygg\u00f0ar\u00bb og fyrirskipa\u00f0i a\u00f0 Daodejing skyldi ver\u00f0a skyldulesning \u00ed r\u00edkispr\u00f3fum.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter hefur \u00ed \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) s\u00fdnt hversu n\u00e1tengd tr\u00faarleg d\u00fdrkun Laozi var p\u00f3lit\u00edskri sj\u00e1lfsmynd Tang-veldisins.<\/span><\/p><p>Keisaralegur stu\u00f0ningur leiddi til bl\u00f3maskei\u00f0s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span>, byggingar fj\u00f6lmargra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einni e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofa<\/span> og sta\u00f0f\u00e6rslu \u00e1 daoist\u00edskri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6st skipan gu\u00f0s\u00fej\u00f3nustu innan tr\u00faarsamf\u00e9lags.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgisi\u00f0ar\u00f6\u00f0<\/span>. \u00deessi p\u00f3lit\u00edska notkun setti varanlegt mark \u00e1 mynd Laozi og a\u00f0greinir m\u00f3tt\u00f6ku hans fr\u00e1 minna stofnanabundinni \u00fer\u00f3un konf\u00fas\u00edanisma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u00faarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg sta\u00f0setning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ranns\u00f3knum er ger\u00f0ur greinarmunur \u00e1 \u00abheimspekilegum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span>\u00bb (Daojia) og \u00abtr\u00faarlegum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span>\u00bb (Daojiao), a\u00f0greining sem hefur veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Han-t\u00edmanum (206 fyrir Krist til 220 eftir Krist). \u00deessi a\u00f0greining er \u00fe\u00f3 vandme\u00f0farin \u00fev\u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0ir strengir renna saman \u00ed hinni s\u00f6gulegu raunveru.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet hefur \u00ed \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) og Harold Roth \u00ed \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 strangur a\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur endurspeglar ekki s\u00f6gulegar sta\u00f0reyndir me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti. Jafnvel Daodejing inniheldur kafla sem lesa m\u00e1 sem huglei\u00f0slu\u00e6fingar, \u00e1 me\u00f0an tr\u00faarlegar hreyfingar nota heimspekileg hugt\u00f6k \u00e1 meginh\u00e1tt.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles hefur \u00ed verkum s\u00ednum um <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span> \u00ed Sichuan skjalfest sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundinn margbreytileika \u00ed d\u00fdrkun Laozi. \u00c1 sumum sv\u00e6\u00f0um er Laozi d\u00fdrka\u00f0ur sem alheimsl\u00f6gm\u00e1l, \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sem pers\u00f3nuleg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er d\u00fdrku\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0vera<\/span> me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num verkunarsvi\u00f0um (l\u00e6kning, verndun, r\u00edkid\u00e6mi).<\/p><p>\u00deessi margbreytileiki s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismi<\/span> er ekki loka\u00f0 tr\u00faarkerfi, heldur v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k tr\u00faarhef\u00f0 me\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum hreyfingum og sta\u00f0bundnum \u00fatf\u00e6rslum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samanbur\u00f0ur Laozi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra mikla stofnendur tr\u00faarhef\u00f0a (Konf\u00fas\u00edus, B\u00fadda, S\u00f3krates) er af og til ger\u00f0ur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum, en hann er a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega vandasamur. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller hefur bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 hugmyndin um einn stofnanda, sem er \u00e1berandi \u00ed vestr\u00e6num tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um, gildi ekki \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt \u00ed k\u00ednverskri hef\u00f0.<\/p><p>Laozi er s\u00ed\u00f0ur stofnandi \u00ed skilningi Jes\u00fa e\u00f0a M\u00fahame\u00f0s, heldur go\u00f0sagnakennd t\u00e1knmynd sem t\u00e1knar \u00e1kve\u00f0na hef\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa sj\u00e1lfur skapa\u00f0 hana.<\/p>\n\n<p>Innan k\u00ednverskrar hef\u00f0ar er Laozi hluti af r\u00f6\u00f0 me\u00f0 Zhuangzi (4. \u00f6ld fyrir Krist), \u00f6\u00f0rum st\u00f3rum daoist\u00edskum h\u00f6fundi, en samnefnt verk hans \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb hefur einnig grundvallar\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu.<\/p><p>\u00deeir eru oft nefndir saman sem stofnendur klass\u00edsks <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00ednversk tr\u00faarleg-heimspekileg hef\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 Dao, veginn.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoisma<\/span>. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller og Harold Roth hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir textarnir leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 mismunandi heimspekilega \u00fe\u00e6tti en nota sameiginleg grunnhugt\u00f6k og sk\u00fdra hvor annan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mawangdui- og Guodian-handritin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Textafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00abDaodejing\u00bb breyttust verulega vegna tveggja fornleifafunda \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1973 fundu k\u00ednverskir fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00ed grafh\u00fdsi 3 \u00ed Mawangdui n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Changsha (Hunan-h\u00e9ra\u00f0i) tv\u00f6 silkihandrit af textanum, t\u00edmasett til 168 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00datg\u00e1furnar \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb og \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb s\u00fdna \u00f6fuga r\u00f6\u00f0 a\u00f0alhlutanna mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hinn s\u00ed\u00f0ari sta\u00f0la\u00f0a texta: \u00abDe-hlutinn\u00bb (kaflar 38 til 81 \u00ed sta\u00f0la\u00f0a textanum) kemur \u00e1 undan \u00abDao-hlutanum\u00bb (kaflar 1 til 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00deessi ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a er \u00ed s\u00edn\u00f3fr\u00e6\u00f0um lesin sem v\u00edsbending um eldri ritstj\u00f3rn sem er \u00e1 undan sta\u00f0la\u00f0a textanum. Robert G. Henricks hefur \u00ed \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (New York 1989) sett fram fullkomna enska \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1 Mawangdui-\u00fatg\u00e1funum me\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdnum vi\u00f0auka og bent \u00e1 130 verulegar lestrarmisr\u00e6mi mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Wang-Bi-v\u00falgatuna.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Annan lykilfund veita bambusr\u00e6mur sem grafnar voru upp \u00ed Guodian (einnig \u00ed Hunan) \u00e1ri\u00f0 1993, \u00far grafh\u00fdsi t\u00edmasettu um 300 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r innihalda \u00ed \u00feremur b\u00fantum um tvo fimmtu hluta Daodejing-textans \u00ed formi sem er ekki enn skipt \u00ed tvo hluta. \u00deessi \u00fatg\u00e1fa er n\u00fa talin elsta efnislega textavitni\u00f0 innan Daodejing-heildarins. Robert Henricks hefur \u00ed \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (New York 2000) sett fram fyrstu heimildafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00fatg\u00e1funa; Sarah Allan og Crispin Williams hafa \u00ed safnritinu \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) r\u00e6tt a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir t\u00edmasetningarspurninguna.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth hefur \u00ed \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (New York 1999) s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 Guodian-bambusr\u00e6murnar sta\u00f0setja Daodejing-textann sem hluta af v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari stefnu fyrri huglei\u00f0slu- og heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar \u00edhugunar, en merki hennar m\u00e1 einnig finna \u00ed \u00abNeiye\u00bb og \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sk\u00fdringahef\u00f0 og tr\u00faarleg tileinkun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c1hrifasaga Daodejing byggist fyrst og fremst \u00e1 sk\u00fdringarhef\u00f0 \u00feess.<\/p><p>\u00derj\u00e1r sk\u00fdringar eru taldar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tilheyrandi \u00feeim ritsafna\u00f0i sem er formlega vi\u00f0urkenndur innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3n\u00edskar<\/span> \u00ed k\u00ednafr\u00e6\u00f0um. \u201eHeshanggong-sk\u00fdringin\u201c (\u201eLao-tse-sk\u00fdring meistarans vi\u00f0 flj\u00f3tsbakkann\u201c), sem hef\u00f0 er a\u00f0 t\u00edmasetja til Han-t\u00edmabilsins (\u00ed reynd a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum 1. til 2. \u00f6ld), lesa textann sem \u00e1\u00e6tlun um l\u00edkamlega sj\u00e1lfs\u00fej\u00e1lfun og hefur \u00feannig m\u00f3ta\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari innri-alkem\u00edu-hef\u00f0 daoismans (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes birti 1950 \u00ed t\u00edmaritinu \u201eArtibus Asiae\u201c fyrstu kerfisbundnu \u00farvinnslu Heshanggong-sk\u00fdringarinnar \u00e1 vestr\u00e6nu tungum\u00e1li; Alan K. L. Chan bar \u00ed \u201eTwo Visions of the Way\u201c (Albany 1991) saman Heshanggong-sk\u00fdringuna og hina a\u00f0ra kan\u00f3n\u00edsku sk\u00fdringu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi \u00f6nnur sk\u00fdring er eftir Wang Bi (226 til 249), fulltr\u00faa \u201exuanxue\u201c (\u201ekenningu hins dularfulla\u201c) \u00e1 Wei-Jin-t\u00edmabilinu, og f\u00e6rir textann \u00ed frumspekilega l\u00ednu \u00fear sem \u201et\u00f3mi\u00f0\u201c (\u201ewu\u201c) er lesi\u00f0 sem frumspekilegur grundv\u00f6llur tilverunnar.<\/p><p>Sk\u00fdring Wang Bi haf\u00f0i varanleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari k\u00ednverska lestrarhef\u00f0 textans og er fyrirmynd yfirgn\u00e6fandi meirihluta \u00feeirra sta\u00f0al\u00fatg\u00e1fa sem n\u00fa eru \u00ed notkun.<\/p><p>\u00deri\u00f0ja meginsk\u00fdringin er \u201eXiang&#8217;er-sk\u00fdringin\u201c (\u201e\u00fatsk\u00fdring me\u00f0 \u00feig \u00ed huga\u201c), sem var\u00f0 til \u00e1 2. e\u00f0a 3. \u00f6ld \u00ed h\u00f3pum fyrstu \u201eTianshi\u201c- (Himnameistara-) daoista.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00ed \u201eEarly Daoist Scriptures\u201c (Berkeley 1997) Xiang&#8217;er-sk\u00fdringuna \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00ed heild sinni \u00e1 ensku og s\u00fdndi fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 tr\u00faarleg t\u00falkun Laozi sem pers\u00f3nulegs gu\u00f0s \u201eTaishang Laojun\u201c var \u00feegar full\u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessu stigi og var\u00f0 ekki til fyrr \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari Lingbao- og Shangqing-sk\u00f3lunum.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg vi\u00f0taka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing er, \u00e1samt Bibl\u00edunni, s\u00fa b\u00f3k heims sem oftast hefur veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fddd \u00e1 \u00f6nnur tungum\u00e1l. Fyrstu evr\u00f3psku \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarnar eru fr\u00e1 18. \u00f6ld; \u00e1 19. og 20. \u00f6ld var verki\u00f0 kynnt fyrir brei\u00f0um vestr\u00e6num lesendah\u00f3pi af \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0endum eins og Richard Wilhelm, James Legge og Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>\u00c1 20. \u00f6ld haf\u00f0i Laozi einnig veruleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vestr\u00e6na heimspeki, s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0arhef\u00f0 og dulhyggjuhreyfinguna, oft \u00ed mj\u00f6g einfalda\u00f0ri og vestr\u00e6nt endurt\u00falka\u00f0ri mynd.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cd dag er Laozi-ranns\u00f3knir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0 \u00fear sem k\u00ednverskir, ta\u00edvanskir, japanskir, evr\u00f3pskir og bandar\u00edskir k\u00ednafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar taka \u00fe\u00e1tt. Umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um t\u00edmasetningu, textas\u00f6gu, heimspekilega t\u00falkun og tr\u00faarlegt hlutverk eru lifandi.<\/p><p>Eina ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u m\u00e1 draga af ranns\u00f3knum til \u00feessa: Spurningin um hinn s\u00f6gulega Laozi er m\u00f6gulega minna mikilv\u00e6g en spurningin um \u00e1hrifas\u00f6gu \u00feeirra texta sem honum eru eigna\u00f0ir, en \u00feeir eru me\u00f0al \u00e1hrifamestu verka heimsb\u00f3kmennta og tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu heimsins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 upphafsma\u00f0ur da\u00f3isma | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi er go\u00f0sagnakenndur upphafsma\u00f0ur da\u00f3isma og h\u00f6fundur Daodejing. 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