{"id":169094,"date":"2026-09-05T14:05:32","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169094"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:32:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:32:07","slug":"budda-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/budda-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fadda (G\u00e1tama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"169094\" class=\"elementor elementor-169094 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u00fadda G\u00e1tama, stofnandi b\u00faddisma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddharta G\u00e1tama er sem s\u00f6gulegur ma\u00f0ur stofnandi b\u00faddisma. \u00dat fr\u00e1 tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narhorni \u00fearf a\u00f0 greina milli \u00feeirrar \u00e6vis\u00f6gulega \u00e1\u00fereifanlegu kennaramyndar og hinnar s\u00ed\u00f0ari go\u00f0-tr\u00faarlegu yfirbyggingar.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00f3tt einst\u00f6k atri\u00f0i \u00ed starfi hans megi sta\u00f0setja \u00ed nor\u00f0austur Indlandi \u00e1 5. \u00f6ld fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar, er \u00e6visagan \u00ed hinum kan\u00f3n\u00edsku textum \u00feegar mj\u00f6g m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af helgisagnarh\u00e6tti. N\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knir fylgja \u00fev\u00ed tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6ttri lestrara\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem fjallar a\u00f0greint um s\u00f6gulega tr\u00faver\u00f0ugleika og tr\u00faarlega merkingargj\u00f6f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gu\u00f0 \/ gy\u00f0ja: Pers\u00f3nuger\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sta vald \u00ed go\u00f0aheimi menningar, me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum \u00e1byrg\u00f0arsvi\u00f0um \u2014 n\u00e1tt\u00faru\u00f6fl, \u00f6rl\u00f6g, str\u00ed\u00f0, fj\u00f6lgun. Tigna\u00f0ur me\u00f0 d\u00fdrkun, f\u00f3rnum og hofastofnunum.\">Gu\u00f0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/buddhismi\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"B\u00fadd\u00edsk hef\u00f0 me\u00f0 bodhisattvum, verndargo\u00f0um, hungurandum og helv\u00edtisv\u00f6r\u00f0um.\">B\u00faddismi<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170683\" alt=\"B\u00fadda G\u00e1tama - gu\u00f0ir \u00far b\u00fadd\u00edskri hef\u00f0, s\u00f6guleg og l\u00fdsandi framsetning\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00f6guleg pers\u00f3na og t\u00edmasetning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um langa hr\u00ed\u00f0 gilti hin svokalla\u00f0a \u00ablanga t\u00edmatalsr\u00f6\u00f0\u00bb me\u00f0 \u00e1rt\u00f6lin 563 til 483 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar sem vi\u00f0mi\u00f0.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert hefur fr\u00e1 1980. \u00e1ratugnum \u00ed nokkrum bindum (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 til 1997) endurmeti\u00f0 heimildirnar \u00e1 gagnr\u00fdninn h\u00e1tt og styrkt v\u00edsbendingar um \u00abstutta t\u00edmatalsr\u00f6\u00f0\u00bb me\u00f0 l\u00edfs\u00e1rum um 480 til 400 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar.<\/p><p>Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00ed\u00f0an hneigst til d\u00e1nar\u00e1rs \u00e1 milli 410 og 380 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982) haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur vari\u00f0 hinar lengri \u00e1rt\u00f6lur.<\/p><p>\u00deessari umr\u00e6\u00f0u er ekki loki\u00f0, en h\u00fan hefur \u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan h\u00e1tt s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 t\u00edmasetningin er h\u00e1\u00f0 t\u00edmatalsr\u00f6\u00f0 Maurya-konunganna, s\u00e9rstaklega Ashoka, og er \u00fear me\u00f0 hlutfallslega en ekki fullkomlega s\u00f6nnu\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Sem \u00e6vis\u00f6gulegur kjarni gildir: Siddharta f\u00e6ddist \u00e1 \u00e6ttarsv\u00e6\u00f0i Shakya \u00ed Lumbini vi\u00f0 su\u00f0urja\u00f0ar Himalajafjalla, fa\u00f0ir hans Suddhodana var a\u00f0alsma\u00f0ur e\u00f0a kj\u00f6rinn \u00e6ttarh\u00f6f\u00f0ingi, ekki arfgeng konungstign \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari merkingu. Lumbini er \u00ed n\u00faverandi Nepal n\u00e1l\u00e6gt landam\u00e6rum Indlands.<\/p><p>Sta\u00f0f\u00e6rsla sta\u00f0arins byggist \u00e1 Ashoka-s\u00falunni \u00ed Lumbini, sem var reist \u00e1 3. \u00f6ld fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar og tilgreinir f\u00e6\u00f0ingarsta\u00f0inn me\u00f0 nafni. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002) telur \u00feessa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem hefur veri\u00f0 ristur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrun<\/span> vera elstu fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu heimildina sem tengir B\u00fadda vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inn sta\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c6visagan \u00ed Pali-kan\u00f3nunni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Umfangsmesta kan\u00f3n\u00edska heimildin um l\u00edfslok hans er Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). \u00dear er l\u00fdst s\u00ed\u00f0ustu m\u00e1nu\u00f0unum, fer\u00f0inni fr\u00e1 Rajagriha til Kushinagara og dau\u00f0anum milli tveggja Sala-trj\u00e1a. Textinn er talinn samsettur \u00e1 fl\u00f3kinn h\u00e1tt, hann tengir saman fer\u00f0askr\u00e1, kenningarr\u00e6\u00f0ur og l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 greftrunarsi\u00f0um.<\/p><p>A\u00f0rir textar eins og Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26) segja \u00ed fyrstu pers\u00f3nu fr\u00e1 leitinni a\u00f0 vitneskju, brottflutningnum \u00far foreldrah\u00fasum og skilna\u00f0inum vi\u00f0 hina \u00e1sket\u00edsku kennara Alara Kalama og Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, sanskr\u00edt-texti fr\u00e1 3. til 4. \u00f6ld t\u00edmatals okkar, byggir \u00feessar fr\u00e1sagnir upp \u00ed r\u00edkulega helgis\u00f6gu me\u00f0 kosm\u00edskum kraftaverkum.<\/p>\n<p>Hin fr\u00e6ga \u00abfj\u00f3rar \u00fatrei\u00f0ir\u00bb, \u00fear sem hinn unga Siddharta s\u00e9r gamlan mann, sj\u00fakan mann, d\u00e1inn mann og reikandi \u00e1sketa, eru ekki sta\u00f0festar \u00ed \u00feessu heildst\u00e6\u00f0a formi \u00ed elstu l\u00f6gum kan\u00f3nunnar.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r \u00fe\u00e9tta saman gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Endurteki\u00f0 innihaldsatri\u00f0i \u00ed list e\u00f0a fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn.\" tabindex=\"0\">stef<\/span>, sem t\u00falkar m\u00e6tingu vi\u00f0 hverfulleikann sem hvata til brottfarar. Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953) hefur bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 h\u00e9r s\u00e9 um fr\u00e1sagnarlega samsetningu a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sem tekur upp eldri fr\u00e1sagnarform \u00far fyrirb\u00fadd\u00edskum \u00e1sketab\u00f3kmenntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kenning og fj\u00f3rir hinir \u00e6\u00f0stu sannleikar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00e6\u00f0an \u00ed Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), setur fram fj\u00f3ra \u00ab\u00e6\u00f0stu sannleika\u00bb: tilveran einkennist af \u00fej\u00e1ningu (dukkha), \u00fej\u00e1ningin hefur ors\u00f6k \u00ed girndinni (tanha), unnt er a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va \u00fej\u00e1ninguna (nirodha), og til er lei\u00f0 \u00feanga\u00f0, hinn \u00e1ttfaldi vegur (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>\u00c1tta greinarnir eru r\u00e9tt s\u00fdn, r\u00e9tt \u00e1setning, r\u00e9tt tal, r\u00e9tt ath\u00e6fi, r\u00e9tt l\u00edfsvi\u00f0urv\u00e6ri, r\u00e9tt \u00e1tak, r\u00e9tt athygli og r\u00e9tt einbeiting. \u00deessi skipting er sta\u00f0fest \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum st\u00f6\u00f0um \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fa safnrit heilagra rita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nunni<\/span> og telst elsti kerfisbundni kenningarkjarninn sem me\u00f0 tr\u00faver\u00f0ugum h\u00e6tti m\u00e1 rekja til hins s\u00f6gulega B\u00fadda.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996) setur fj\u00f3ra sannleikana \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 forn-indverska l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega greiningu: sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni, ors\u00f6k, l\u00e6knanleika, me\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00deessi l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegi bakgrunnur er margsinnis ger\u00f0ur s\u00fdnilegur \u00ed Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fa safnrit heilagra rita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nunni<\/span>, me\u00f0al annars \u00feegar B\u00fadda kallar sj\u00e1lfan sig \u00abl\u00e6kni\u00bb. Kenningin er \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki hugsu\u00f0 \u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan h\u00e1tt, heldur beinist h\u00fan a\u00f0 raunverulegri lausn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha og kennsla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eftir upplj\u00f3munina \u00ed Bodh Gaya h\u00f3fst 45 \u00e1ra kennsluferill sem einbeitti s\u00e9r a\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0um Magadha, Kosala og Videha. Elstu munkasamf\u00e9l\u00f6gin ur\u00f0u til \u00ed Sarnath, Rajagriha (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur trj\u00e1lundur sem \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i sem d\u00fdrkunarsta\u00f0ur.\" tabindex=\"0\">lundur<\/span>) og Shravasti (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur trj\u00e1lundur sem \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i sem d\u00fdrkunarsta\u00f0ur.\" tabindex=\"0\">lundur<\/span>). Kaupma\u00f0urinn Anathapindika er sag\u00f0ur hafa gefi\u00f0 regluflokknum hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda.<\/p><p>Sangha skiptist \u00ed fj\u00f3ra h\u00f3pa: munka (bhikkhu), nunnur (bhikkhuni), og leikmenn af b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjum. A\u00f0gangur kvenna, sem Ananda og f\u00f3sturm\u00f3\u00f0irin Mahapajapati komu til, er var\u00f0veittur \u00ed Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Ranns\u00f3knir telja \u00feetta \u00f3venjulegt skref \u00ed fornri indverskri tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu, en s\u00f6guleg tr\u00faver\u00f0ugleiki \u00feess er umdeildur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e1kn, myndlist og helgigripir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elstu b\u00fadd\u00edsku listaverkin, svo sem l\u00e1gmyndirnar fr\u00e1 Sanchi og Bharhut (2. til 1. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal), s\u00fdna enga mannger\u00f0a framsetningu B\u00fadda.<\/p><p>L\u00e6rimeistarinn er t\u00e1kna\u00f0ur me\u00f0 t\u00f3mum h\u00e1s\u00e6tum, f\u00f3tsporum, hj\u00f3li l\u00e6rd\u00f3msins (dharmacakra), Bodhi-tr\u00e9nu og st\u00fapunni. Fyrst me\u00f0 Gandhara-sk\u00f3lanum \u00e1 1. til 3. \u00f6ld okkar t\u00edmatals, undir \u00e1hrifum gr\u00edskrar sk\u00falpt\u00farlistar, \u00fer\u00f3ast t\u00e1knm\u00e1l \u00ed mannsmynd.<\/p><p>\u00derj\u00e1t\u00edu og tv\u00f6 \u00abmeginau\u00f0kenni\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari textum, me\u00f0al annars ushnisha (k\u00fapuhvelfingin), urna (h\u00e1rkollur \u00e1 enni), lengdir eyrnasneplar og l\u00f3tusf\u00f3tspor \u00e1 f\u00f3ts\u00f3lum, festa framsetninguna \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 form. Handbendingar (mudra) t\u00e1kna kennslustundir: snerting jar\u00f0arins (bhumisparsha), bending \u00f3ttaleysis (abhaya), bending l\u00e6rd\u00f3msins (dharmacakra) og bending huglei\u00f0slu (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Eftir parinirvana var \u00f6skunni og beinaleifunum skipt milli \u00e1tta konungsr\u00edkja og komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed st\u00fapum. Sagt er a\u00f0 Ashoka hafi opna\u00f0 \u00feessar st\u00fapur a\u00f0 n\u00fdju \u00e1 3. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal og dreift helgigripunum \u00e1 84.000 n\u00fdjar byggingar.<\/p><p>\u00deessi tala er t\u00e1knr\u00e6n, en fornleifafundir benda til verulegrar \u00fatv\u00edkkunar st\u00fapud\u00fdrkunarins undir Maurya-veldinu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c1hrif og tr\u00faarleg umsk\u00f6pun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd Mahayana-b\u00faddisma, sem ver\u00f0ur til fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 1. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal, kemur fram vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 hins s\u00f6gulega B\u00fadda kenning um \u00ab\u00ferj\u00e1 l\u00edkama\u00bb (trikaya): ummyndunarl\u00edkaminn (nirmanakaya), \u00fear sem Siddhartha kom fram sem s\u00f6guleg pers\u00f3na, una\u00f0sl\u00edkaminn (sambhogakaya) og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cd indverskum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um kenningin og hin r\u00e9tta skipan athafna.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>-l\u00edkaminn (dharmakaya) sem t\u00edmalaus sannleikur.<\/p><p>\u00cd Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cd hind\u00faisma og b\u00faddisma stuttur l\u00e6rd\u00f3mstexti.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00fatra<\/span> (L\u00f3tus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cd hind\u00faisma og b\u00faddisma stuttur l\u00e6rd\u00f3mstexti.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00fatra<\/span>, um 1. \u00f6ld okkar t\u00edmatals) er Shakyamuni a\u00f0eins birtingarmynd verundar sem n\u00e1\u00f0 haf\u00f0i upplj\u00f3mun \u00f3teljandi \u00f6ldum fyrr. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) l\u00fdsir \u00feessari tilf\u00e6rslu sem tr\u00faars\u00f6gulegri alh\u00e6fingu, \u00fear sem einstaklingurinn ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri virkni.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell og Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) s\u00fdna a\u00f0 s\u00f6guleg-gagnr\u00fdnin B\u00fadda-ranns\u00f3kn og tr\u00faarleg B\u00fadda-d\u00fdrkun \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma as\u00edskum b\u00faddisma fara a\u00f0 miklu leyti fram hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0.<\/p><p>Vestr\u00e6nar fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar t\u00edmasetningarumr\u00e6\u00f0ur, \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r sem Bechert leiddi, hafa til \u00feessa fengi\u00f0 l\u00edtinn hlj\u00f3mgrunn \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnum klaustrum Sri Lanka, Ta\u00edlands e\u00f0a T\u00edbets. V\u00edsindalega s\u00e9\u00f0 er \u00feessi spenna sj\u00e1lf ranns\u00f3knarefni, h\u00fan lei\u00f0ir til spurningarinnar hvernig \u00e6visagulegur veruleiki og tr\u00faarleg merking tengjast \u00ed var\u00f0veislu hef\u00f0arinnar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f3tt\u00f6kur \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evr\u00f3psk \u00feekking \u00e1 B\u00fadda hefst me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingum \u00far pali og sanskr\u00edt \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf lag\u00f0i grunninn me\u00f0 \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Par\u00eds 1844). Hermann Oldenberg tengdi saman textafr\u00e6\u00f0i og tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu \u00ed \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berl\u00edn 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer t\u00f3k upp b\u00fadd\u00edsk minni gegnum a\u00f0ra h\u00f6nd og haf\u00f0i \u00feannig \u00e1hrif langt \u00fat fyrir fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega ind\u00f3l\u00f3g\u00edu. \u00c1 20. \u00f6ld m\u00f3ta\u00f0i theravada-munkurinn Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi B\u00fadda-kenningu me\u00f0 kerfisbundnum pali-\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingum. \u00deessi l\u00edna hefur enn \u00e1hrif \u00e1 n\u00faverandi fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og huglei\u00f0slui\u00f0kandi umfj\u00f6llun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir og frekari lesning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Frumheimildir: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cd hind\u00faisma og b\u00faddisma stuttur l\u00e6rd\u00f3mstexti.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00fatra<\/span> (L\u00f3tus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cd hind\u00faisma og b\u00faddisma stuttur l\u00e6rd\u00f3mstexti.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00fatra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Fr\u00e6\u00f0irit:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (ritstj.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 bindi, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 til 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell og Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berl\u00edn 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fyrsta munkasamf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 og sk\u00f3lamyndun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kennsla B\u00fadda leiddi \u00feegar \u00e1 l\u00edfslei\u00f0inni til myndunar tilt\u00f6lulega fj\u00f6lbreytts samf\u00e9lags. \u00deegar \u00e1 fyrstu kynsl\u00f3\u00f0inni eftir parinirvana komu fram mismunandi t\u00falkunarvenjur, sem \u00e1 svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00f6\u00f0ru kirkju\u00feinginu \u00ed Vaishali (um 100 \u00e1rum eftir parinirvana) leiddu til fyrsta klofningsins.<\/p><p>Theravadinar (\u00abkennarar hinna \u00f6ldru\u00f0u\u00bb) og Mahasanghikar (\u00abhi\u00f0 st\u00f3ra samf\u00e9lag\u00bb) skildu a\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir, \u00e1greiningsatri\u00f0in v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u t\u00edu agaspurningar, me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmuna og t\u00falkun vinaya-reglna.<\/p><p>\u00dar Mahasanghikunum \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust \u00e1 nokkrum \u00f6ldum forstig Mahayana, me\u00f0an theravada-hef\u00f0in styrktist fyrst og fremst \u00e1 Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert hefur \u00ed nokkrum greinum s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi frumklofningur sk\u00f3la snertir a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega mikilv\u00e6gasta t\u00edmasetningarvandam\u00e1l frumb\u00fadd\u00edskrar s\u00f6gu, \u00fev\u00ed hann gefur hlutfallslegan vi\u00f0mi\u00f0unarpunkt fyrir l\u00edfshlaup B\u00fadda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashoka-s\u00falurnar sem s\u00f6gulegir vitnisbur\u00f0ir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c1letranir Maurya-keisarans Ashoka (r\u00edkti um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 268 til 232 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal) eru elstu \u00f3umdeildu s\u00f6guleg vitni um s\u00f6gu b\u00faddismans.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r nefna B\u00fadda me\u00f0 nafni, l\u00fdsa p\u00edlagr\u00edmsfer\u00f0um til f\u00e6\u00f0ingar- og kennslusta\u00f0a hans og skjalfesta keisaralegan stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0 sangha. S\u00falan \u00ed Lumbini (Rummindei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed fastan bur\u00f0arefni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrun<\/span>, 250 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal) markar f\u00e6\u00f0ingarsta\u00f0inn.<\/p><p>\u00d6nnur <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed fastan bur\u00f0arefni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrun<\/span> \u00ed Nigali Sagar v\u00edsar til fyrri B\u00fadda a\u00f0 nafni Konagamana, sem s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 Ashoka haf\u00f0i \u00feegar \u00e1huga \u00e1 B\u00fadda-r\u00f6\u00f0 sem Shakyamuni er hluti af.<\/p><p>\u00deessar \u00e1letranir eru a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega mikilv\u00e6gar \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r sta\u00f0festa me\u00f0 vissu tilvist skipulag\u00f0s b\u00fadd\u00edsks samf\u00e9lags og B\u00fadda-landafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 3. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal. \u00dear me\u00f0 er tilvist pers\u00f3nunnar B\u00fadda \u00e1 undan \u00feessum t\u00edmapunkti einnig sta\u00f0fest, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hin n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma \u00e6vilengd s\u00e9 \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0in.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kenning B\u00fadda um gu\u00f0ina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spurning sem oft er vanmetin \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knum sn\u00fdr a\u00f0 afst\u00f6\u00f0u B\u00fadda til gu\u00f0anna (deva) \u00ed ved\u00edsku hef\u00f0inni. Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Safn helgirita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nan<\/span> l\u00fdsir gu\u00f0unum ekki sem \u00f3raunverulegum, \u00feeim er \u00fevert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti skipa\u00f0 \u00ed stigskipt heimsmynd \u00fear sem \u00feeir eru einnig undirorpnir endurf\u00e6\u00f0ingu og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00e1ningu.<\/p><p>Indra (\u00e1 pali Sakka), Brahma, l\u00e6gri gudir og verur h\u00e6rri heima koma margsinnis fram \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Safn helgirita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nunni<\/span> sem samr\u00e6\u00f0ua\u00f0ilar B\u00fadda.<\/p><p>\u00deeir eru honum ekki yfirbur\u00f0ir, heldur vi\u00f0urkenna hann sem l\u00e6rimeistara sinn. \u00deetta samband er tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9rstakt, b\u00faddismi er hvorki tr\u00faleysistr\u00fa (atheismi) n\u00e9 gu\u00f0str\u00fa (theismi) \u00ed venjulegum skilningi. Klaus-Josef Notz hefur l\u00fdst \u00feessu fyrirkomulagi \u00ed \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb sem \u00abtr\u00faleysislegri tr\u00fa me\u00f0 gu\u00f0aheimi\u00bb. Gu\u00f0irnir hafa hlutverk, en \u00feeir eru ekki \u00e6\u00f0stu vi\u00f0mi\u00f0in.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya og munkareglur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Agareglurnar (Vinaya), sem stj\u00f3rna daglegu l\u00edfi munka og nunna, eru raktar til B\u00fadda sj\u00e1lfs. \u00cd raun er Vinaya-Pitaka safn sem hefur vaxi\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum, \u00fear sem elsti kjarninn n\u00e6r aftur til kennslut\u00edma B\u00fadda. 227 Patimokkha-reglur fyrir munka (311 fyrir nunnur) stj\u00f3rna kl\u00e6\u00f0abur\u00f0i, f\u00e6\u00f0ut\u00f6ku, h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0isa\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u, kynfer\u00f0islegu bindindi og sambandinu vi\u00f0 leikmenn.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r eru lesnar upp tvisvar \u00ed m\u00e1nu\u00f0i \u00e1 Uposatha-samkomunni, sem tryggir st\u00f6\u00f0uga vitundarmyndun um agann. \u00deessi hef\u00f0 er samfellt sta\u00f0fest fr\u00e1 3. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal og er \u00fear me\u00f0 eitt af elstu tr\u00faarlegu agaformum heims.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fyrstu kirkju\u00feingin og k\u00f3\u00f0un kenningarinnar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mi\u00f0lun \u00feekkingar og fr\u00e1sagna milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">munnlegrar hef\u00f0ar<\/span> var fyrsta b\u00fadd\u00edska kirkju\u00feingi\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 \u00ed Rajagriha r\u00e9tt eftir parinirvana, bo\u00f0a\u00f0 af Mahakassapa. Ananda flutti kennslur\u00e6\u00f0urnar (Sutta-Pitaka), Upali agareglurnar (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>\u00deessi hef\u00f0 er var\u00f0veitt \u00ed Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) telur kirkju\u00feingshef\u00f0ina vera eftirfarandi l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisfr\u00e1s\u00f6gn, sem inniheldur \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00f6gulega tr\u00faver\u00f0ugan kjarna: a\u00f0 tryggja hina munnlega var\u00f0veittu kenningu me\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0um upplestrum.<\/p><p>Anna\u00f0 kirkju\u00feingi\u00f0 \u00ed Vaishali (um 380 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal) fjalla\u00f0i um t\u00edu deiluatri\u00f0i \u00ed aganum. \u00deri\u00f0ja kirkju\u00feingi\u00f0 \u00ed Pataliputra undir Ashoka (um 250 fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal) telst \u00ed Theravada-hef\u00f0inni marka lok kan\u00f3nisunar Tipitaka.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika-arfleif\u00f0in \u00feekkir \u00feessa \u00feri\u00f0ju samkomu ekki \u00ed \u00feessari mynd, sem s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 sk\u00f3las\u00e9rt\u00e6k sagnaritun var \u00feegar til \u00e1 fyrsta skei\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<p>Endanleg skrifleg festing Pali-kan\u00f3nsins f\u00f3r fyrst fram \u00e1 Sri Lanka undir konungi Vattagamani Abhaya \u00e1 1. \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal. \u00c1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a kirkju\u00feinginu \u00ed Aluvihara voru textarnir \u00ed fyrsta sinn skrifa\u00f0ir \u00e1 p\u00e1lmabl\u00f6\u00f0.<\/p><p>\u00deessi t\u00edmam\u00f6rk eru tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega mikilv\u00e6g, \u00feau marka umskiptin fr\u00e1 hreinni minnismenningu til ritmenningar. Fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00f6f\u00f0u s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ir munkah\u00f3par (bhanaka) var\u00f0veitt einstaka textah\u00f3pa me\u00f0 minni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u00fadda \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 samt\u00edmalega kennara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fadda lif\u00f0i og starfa\u00f0i \u00e1 t\u00edmabili tr\u00faarlegrar fj\u00f6lhyggju, sem \u00ed Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Safn helgirita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nunni<\/span> er l\u00fdst sem t\u00edma \u00abhinna sex annarra kennara\u00bb. Til \u00feeirra t\u00f6ldust Mahavira, stofnandi jainisma, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali og Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-s\u00fatran (Digha Nikaya 2) veitir samanbur\u00f0arl\u00fdsingu \u00e1 kenningum \u00feeirra.<\/p><p>Ranns\u00f3knir hafa n\u00fdtt \u00feessar heimildir til a\u00f0 endurgera hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega mynd \u00f6xulskei\u00f0sins \u00e1 Indlandi. Karl Jaspers setti \u00feetta fyrirkomulag \u00ed \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) \u00ed samhengi hinnar hnattr\u00e6nu \u00f6xulaldar, \u00fear sem samt\u00edmis komu fram n\u00fd heimspekileg hreyfingar \u00ed K\u00edna, Indlandi, \u00cdran og Grikklandi.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0in vi\u00f0 Mahavira er s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1berandi. B\u00e1\u00f0ir kenndu \u00e1 sama sv\u00e6\u00f0i, b\u00e1\u00f0ir s\u00f3ttu fylgjendur \u00far Kshatriya-a\u00f0alsst\u00e9ttinni, b\u00e1\u00f0ir gagnr\u00fdndu ved\u00edska f\u00f3rnard\u00fdrkun. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) hefur greint kerfisbundi\u00f0 sameiginlega \u00fe\u00e6tti og mismun.<\/p><p>Me\u00f0an jainar hylltu strangt a\u00f0hald og nokkurs konar efnislega karmakenningu, m\u00f3ta\u00f0i B\u00fadda \u00abme\u00f0alveg\u00bb milli muna\u00f0ar og sj\u00e1lfsp\u00edningar og kom anatta-l\u00f6gm\u00e1linu \u00ed sta\u00f0 efnislegrar s\u00e1larkenningar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00f3lf meginminni B\u00fadda-helgisagnaritunar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00ed\u00f0ari helgisagnaritun \u00fejappa\u00f0i l\u00edfi B\u00fadda saman \u00ed t\u00f3lf sta\u00f0la\u00f0a meginvi\u00f0bur\u00f0i, sem eru \u00feekktir sem \u00abt\u00f3lf verkin\u00bb (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) og eru s\u00e9rstaklega b\u00f3kf\u00e6r\u00f0ir \u00ed t\u00edbeskri hef\u00f0.<\/p><p>\u00deau n\u00e1 yfir ni\u00f0urstigningu \u00far Tushita-himninum, getna\u00f0inn, f\u00e6\u00f0inguna, listfengi \u00e6sku\u00e1rana, hj\u00f3nabandi\u00f0 og r\u00edkid\u00e6mi\u00f0, \u00fatg\u00f6nguna, meinl\u00e6talifna\u00f0inn, sigurinn yfir Mara, upplj\u00f3munina, kennsluferilinn og parinirvana.<\/p><p>\u00deessi st\u00f6\u00f0lun \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00ed Mahayana og Vajrayana ekki fyrr en eftir 7. \u00f6ld eftir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar. Lalitavistara veitir \u00edtarlegustu fyrirmyndina. Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, Cambridge 1982) hefur s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi k\u00f3\u00f0un \u00fej\u00f3nar tr\u00faarf\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu hlutverki: h\u00fan skapar huglei\u00f0slulegt sj\u00f3nmynstur sem er unnt a\u00f0 endurgera \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6st skipan gu\u00f0s\u00fej\u00f3nustu tr\u00faf\u00e9lags.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgisi\u00f0um<\/span> og klausturskennslu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u00fadda sem kennari gu\u00f0a og manna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fa safn helgirita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nunni<\/span> ber B\u00fadda titilinn \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00abkennari gu\u00f0a og manna\u00bb. \u00deessi titill endurspeglar heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega st\u00f6\u00f0u hins upplj\u00f3ma\u00f0a innan indverska sex-svi\u00f0a l\u00edkansins (gu\u00f0ir, h\u00e1lfgu\u00f0ir, menn, d\u00fdr, hungra\u00f0ir andar, helv\u00edtisv\u00e6ttir). B\u00e6\u00f0i Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati og l\u00e6gri gu\u00f0ir eru taldir l\u00e6risveinar B\u00fadda.<\/p><p>\u00deessi stigveldisskipan \u00fej\u00f3nar ekki \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00e1 ved\u00edska gu\u00f0aheiminn, heldur a\u00f0 fella hann inn \u00ed b\u00fadd\u00edska kerfi\u00f0. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, Tokyo 1991) v\u00edsar til \u00abumlyktunar\u00bb-stefnunnar sem var d\u00e6miger\u00f0 fyrir samkeppni tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a \u00ed frumindverskri t\u00ed\u00f0.<\/p><p>Jafnvel Mara, s\u00e1 fjandsamlegi t\u00e1lmari undir Bodhi-tr\u00e9nu, er ekki lesinn sem verufr\u00e6\u00f0ilega illt vera, heldur sem s\u00e1larlega-heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega pers\u00f3nugerving fl\u00e6kjunnar \u00ed hringr\u00e1s ver\u00f0andi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andl\u00e1t B\u00fadda og spurningin um Cunda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutta greinir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 B\u00fadda hafi neytt m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0ar hj\u00e1 j\u00e1rnsmi\u00f0num Cunda sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann d\u00f3, en m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0in er nefnd \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00fd\u00f0ingin er umdeild: \u00abmeyrt sv\u00ednakj\u00f6t\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00absveppir sem sv\u00edn grafa upp\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00abungir bambussprotar\u00bb. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn eru samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 B\u00fadda hafi fengi\u00f0 alvarlegt maga\u00e1fall eftir \u00feessa m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum vegna bakter\u00edus\u00fdkingar \u00far f\u00e6\u00f0u e\u00f0a vegna \u00e6\u00f0atruflunar \u00ed garnahengi.<\/p><p>B\u00fadda var\u00f0i Cunda opinberlega me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 gjafam\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0in sem er \u00e1 undan upplj\u00f3mun og m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0in fyrir parinirvana s\u00e9u tveir ver\u00f0leikar\u00edkustu atbur\u00f0irnir.<\/p><p>\u00deessi framkoma hefur fengi\u00f0 mikla athygli \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum, \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan f\u00e6rir t\u00e1knr\u00e6nt \u00e1byrg\u00f0ina \u00e1 andl\u00e1ti kennarans anna\u00f0 og losar Cunda undan sekt. Hellmuth Hecker hefur \u00ed nokkrum greinum um Cunda dregi\u00f0 fram b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afyrirb\u00e6rafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega hli\u00f0 m\u00e1lsins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Algengar spurningar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hven\u00e6r lif\u00f0i hinn s\u00f6gulegi B\u00fadda?<\/strong> Eldri ranns\u00f3knir t\u00edmasettu hann til 563 til 483 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar.<\/p><p>Ranns\u00f3knir Heinz Bechert hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 \u00abstutta t\u00edmatali\u00f0\u00bb me\u00f0 l\u00edfs\u00e1rum um 480 til 400 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar samr\u00e6mist betur heimildunum. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar ranns\u00f3knir hallast n\u00fa a\u00f0 andl\u00e1tsdegi \u00e1 bilinu 410 til 380 fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hvar f\u00e6ddist B\u00fadda?<\/strong> \u00cd Lumbini, \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00fa er su\u00f0urhluti Nepal. Sta\u00f0urinn er nafngreindur me\u00f0 Ashoka-s\u00falu fr\u00e1 3. \u00f6ld fyrir upphaf t\u00edmatals okkar.<\/p>\n<p>Hver er munurinn \u00e1 hinum s\u00f6gulega B\u00fadda og B\u00fadda \u00ed Mahayana? \u00cd Theravada-b\u00faddisma er Shakyamuni hinn s\u00f6gulegi kennari \u00feessa heimsskei\u00f0s. \u00cd Mahayana er hann ein af m\u00f6rgum birtingarmyndum heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega skilinnar B\u00fadda-frumveru. B\u00e6\u00f0i hugt\u00f6kin eru til hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 og eru r\u00e6dd s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ranns\u00f3knum.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hva\u00f0a tungum\u00e1l tala\u00f0i B\u00fadda?<\/strong> A\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum forn-ind\u00f3ar\u00edska talm\u00e1lstungu, l\u00edklega n\u00e1skyld n\u00fat\u00edma Magadhi. Pal\u00ed, sem elsta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00fa safn helgirita tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem vi\u00f0urkennt er sem bindandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kan\u00f3nan<\/span> er var\u00f0veitt \u00e1, er b\u00f3kmenntalega sl\u00edpu\u00f0 mynd sem er ekki sama og Magadhi, en er henni n\u00e1skyld.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"B\u00fadda G\u00e1tama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"B\u00fadda G\u00e1tama \u2013 Stofnandi b\u00faddisma | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddharta G\u00e1tama, hinn s\u00f6gulegi B\u00fadda, stofnandi b\u00faddisma, fj\u00f3rir hinir \u00e6\u00f0stu sannleikar og \u00e1ttfaldur vegur. 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