{"id":169079,"date":"2026-09-05T14:05:23","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:05:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169079"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:31:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:31:43","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"169079\" class=\"elementor elementor-169079 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, bab\u00fdlonsk gy\u00f0ja l\u00e6knislistar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula er bab\u00fdlonsk gy\u00f0ja l\u00e6knislistar og er s\u00fdnd sem h\u00fasfreyja hunda, en d\u00fdr hennar er tali\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sk\u00fdr mynd sem stendur fyrir \u00f3hlutbundna hugsun.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinnbild<\/span> bata. Gula er mikilv\u00e6gasta l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0jan \u00ed fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um. H\u00fan var d\u00fdrku\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 fornbab\u00fdlonskum og n\u00fdass\u00fdrskum t\u00edma og var talin verndargo\u00f0 l\u00e6knislistar, l\u00e6kna og lj\u00f3sm\u00e6\u00f0ra.<\/p><p>Einkennist\u00e1kn hennar er hundurinn, d\u00fdr sem \u00ed fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri hugmyndaheimi var tengt b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e6kningu og m\u00f6rkum l\u00edfs og dau\u00f0a. Mikilv\u00e6gustu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 tilbi\u00f0ja einn e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0i.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofin<\/span> hennar st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00ed Isin, Nippur og Bab\u00fdlon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gu\u00f0 \/ gy\u00f0ja: Pers\u00f3nuger\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sta vald \u00ed go\u00f0heimi menningar, me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum \u00e1byrg\u00f0arsvi\u00f0um \u2014 n\u00e1tt\u00faru\u00f6fl, \u00f6rl\u00f6g, str\u00ed\u00f0, frj\u00f3semi. D\u00fdrku\u00f0 me\u00f0 helgisi\u00f0um, f\u00f3rnum og musterisstofnunum.\">Gu\u00f0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vagga skjalfestrar tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a \u2014 S\u00famer, Akkad, Bab\u00fdlon, Ass\u00fdr\u00eda (um 3500 f.Kr. til 330 f.Kr.).\">Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00eda<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170703\" alt=\"Gula - Gu\u00f0 \u00far Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu-hef\u00f0inni, s\u00f6gulega myndskreytt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Go\u00f0s\u00f6gn og uppruni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula er s\u00ed\u00f0ari og st\u00e6rri \u00fatg\u00e1fa nokkurra eldri l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja, s\u00e9rstaklega Ninis\u00ednu, Bau og Ninkarrak, sem voru d\u00fdrka\u00f0ar \u00ed forns\u00famersku borgr\u00edkjunum Isin, Lagash og Sippar. Ninis\u00edna, \u201eh\u00fasfreyja Isin\u201c, er mikilv\u00e6gasti fyrirrennarinn.<\/p><p>\u00deegar \u00ed konungs\u00e1letrunum Isin-\u00e6ttarveldisins um 2000 f.Kr. kemur h\u00fan fram sem \u00e6\u00f0sta l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja og borgargy\u00f0ja. \u00c1 fornbab\u00fdlonska t\u00edmanum runnu hlutverk hennar og eiginleikar saman \u00ed eina samr\u00e6mda mynd Gulu.<\/p>\n<p>Nafn hennar, Gula, \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00e1 akkad\u00edsku \u201ehin mikla\u201c. \u00c1letranir kalla hana azugallu, \u00fe.e. \u201ehin mikla l\u00e6knir\u201c. H\u00fan er d\u00f3ttir Anu, himingu\u00f0sins, e\u00f0a \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum hef\u00f0um d\u00f3ttir Enlils. Eiginma\u00f0ur hennar er Ninurta, str\u00ed\u00f0s- og pl\u00f3ggu\u00f0inn, og saman myndar \u00feau andst\u00e6\u00f0 p\u00f6r: hann fyrir herna\u00f0arlega sigra, h\u00fan fyrir l\u00e6knandi endurreisn.<\/p>\n<p>Mikilv\u00e6gustu helgista\u00f0ir hennar voru \u00ed Isin, borg \u00ed su\u00f0urhluta Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu, og \u00ed Nippur, hinni tr\u00faarlegu h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg. \u00cd Bab\u00fdlon var henni reist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 tilbi\u00f0ja einn e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0i.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofi\u00f0<\/span> E-galmah \u00e1 fornbab\u00fdlonska t\u00edmanum. \u00cd Sippar var h\u00fan tilbe\u00f0in \u00ed mynd Ninkarrak. \u00deessi landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00fatbrei\u00f0sla s\u00fdnir hina v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ku \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu gy\u00f0junnar.<\/p>\n<p>Kunn d\u00fdr\u00f0ar\u00f3\u00f0ur til Gulu, \u201eBullussa-rabi-\u00f3\u00f0urinn\u201c, er fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0bab\u00fdlonskum t\u00edma og gefur v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka sj\u00e1lfsl\u00fdsingu gy\u00f0junnar. H\u00fan l\u00fdsir sj\u00e1lfri s\u00e9r sem l\u00e6kni, hj\u00fakrunarkonu, lj\u00f3sm\u00f3\u00f0ur og einnig sem r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri d\u00f3mara. \u00d3\u00f0urinn er tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega mikilv\u00e6gur \u00fev\u00ed hann dregur saman meginhlutverk gy\u00f0junnar \u00ed b\u00f3kmenntalega h\u00e1ttstandandi formi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e1kn og einkenni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gasta einkennist\u00e1kn Gulu er hundurinn. \u00c1 kudurru-landamerkjasteinum og l\u00e1gmyndum sit hundur vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 h\u00e1s\u00e6tis hennar e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 f\u00e6tur hennar.<\/p><p>Hundurinn tengdi \u00ed fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri hugmyndaheimi l\u00e6kningu og dau\u00f0a: munnvatn hans var tali\u00f0 hafa l\u00e6knandi m\u00e1tt, sem er sta\u00f0fest fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega me\u00f0 hundabeinum \u00ed helgist\u00f6\u00f0um og me\u00f0 l\u00e6kningatextum sem fara me\u00f0 galdra\u00feulur yfir munnvatni hundsins. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma voru hundar fylgdarmenn undirheimagu\u00f0sins og g\u00e1tu veri\u00f0 hugsa\u00f0ir sem fylgdarmenn hinna dau\u00f0u.<\/p>\n<p>Anna\u00f0 einkennist\u00e1kn er lansettan e\u00f0a l\u00e6knisstafurinn. \u00c1 sumum myndum heldur h\u00fan \u00e1 \u00e1haldi sem minnir \u00e1 skur\u00f0l\u00e6knaverkf\u00e6ri. \u00c1 innsiglisf\u00f6rum kemur h\u00fan oft fram fyrir framan sj\u00faka manneskju, sem h\u00fan sn\u00fdr s\u00e9r a\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00e6knandi tilbur\u00f0um.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 m\u00f6rgum kudurru-steinum kemur <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Merki sem stendur fyrir hugmynd e\u00f0a merkingu.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00e1kni\u00f0<\/span> af sitjandi hundi fram vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 annarra stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra e\u00f0a kosm\u00edskra merkja. \u00deannig var Gula \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegur hluti af hinni fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu landafr\u00e6\u00f0i landamerkjasteinanna.<\/p><p>Hundat\u00e1knmyndin var \u00feannig hi\u00f0 bindandi merki sem ger\u00f0i hana \u00f3mistakanlega. Fornleifafundir fr\u00e1 Isin hafa sta\u00f0fest hina helgisi\u00f0alegu \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu hundsins \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild allra tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna fyrir gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a heilaga vera.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbei\u00f0slu<\/span> hennar, \u00fear sem hundabein fundust \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri uppr\u00f6\u00f0un.<\/p>\n<p>Hofl\u00e1gmyndir s\u00fdna Gulu st\u00f6ku sinnum me\u00f0 stj\u00f6rnu e\u00f0a h\u00e1lfm\u00e1na sem v\u00edsar til stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar hli\u00f0ar tilbei\u00f0slu hennar. Tengingin milli l\u00e6kninga, stj\u00f6rnusp\u00e1d\u00f3ma og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tr\u00faarleg ath\u00f6fn \u00ed m\u00e1li sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 kalla fram e\u00f0a binda m\u00e1tt.\" tabindex=\"0\">galdra\u00feulu<\/span> var n\u00e1in \u00ed fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri hugsun, og Gula st\u00f3\u00f0 sem l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja jafnframt \u00ed hinum stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega v\u00edsindaheimi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00fdrkun og tilbei\u00f0sla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Meginmusteri Gulu var \u00ed Isin, \u00ed su\u00f0urhluta Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helgur sta\u00f0ur sem tileinka\u00f0ur er tilbei\u00f0slu \u00e1 gu\u00f0d\u00f3mi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helgista\u00f0urinn<\/span> E-gal-mah var samkomusta\u00f0ur l\u00e6kna, lj\u00f3sm\u00e6\u00f0ra og sj\u00faklinga. \u00dear hafa fundist \u00ed miklu magni leirvot\u00edvur \u00ed formi sj\u00fakra l\u00edkamshluta, samb\u00e6rilegar vi\u00f0 vot\u00edvgjafirnir \u00ed su\u00f0urit\u00f6lskum l\u00e6kningad\u00fdrkunum.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r veita beina inns\u00fdn \u00ed i\u00f0kunina: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Manneskja sem fer \u00ed tr\u00faarlega hvatta fer\u00f0 til helgs sta\u00f0ar.\" tabindex=\"0\">p\u00edlagr\u00edmar<\/span> v\u00edg\u00f0u henni m\u00f3del af sj\u00fakum augum, \u00fatlimum e\u00f0a kvi\u00f0arholshlutum \u00ed von um l\u00e6kning.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd Nippur var <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til tilbei\u00f0slu \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0d\u00f3mum.\" tabindex=\"0\">musteri<\/span> hennar E-mah, \u00fear sem l\u00e6knasamt\u00f6kin komu saman.<\/p><p>N\u00fdass\u00fdrskt algengt or\u00f0 fyrir l\u00e6kni, asu, er dregi\u00f0 af hlutverki hennar. \u00cd Sippar var h\u00fan d\u00fdrku\u00f0 undir nafninu Ninkarrak, \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon \u00ed E-galmah. \u00cd Borsippa, systurborg Bab\u00fdlonar, var h\u00fan sam\u00fe\u00e6tt sem fylgigy\u00f0ja Nabu, gu\u00f0s skriftarins.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna gagnvart gu\u00f0d\u00f3mi e\u00f0a helgri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkun<\/span> hennar var s\u00e9rstaklega vins\u00e6l me\u00f0al kvenna og l\u00e6kna. S\u00e6ringatextar fr\u00e1 fornbab\u00fdlonskum og n\u00fdass\u00fdrskum t\u00edma \u00e1kalla hana vi\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0ingar, hita, sn\u00e1kabit og ge\u00f0raskanir. S\u00e6ringas\u00f6fn hins konunglega b\u00f3kasafns Ass\u00farban\u00edpals hafa fj\u00f6lda texta \u00fear sem Gula er \u00e1k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u00e1samt Marduk, Ea og Shamash sem l\u00e6kningagu\u00f0d\u00f3mur.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e6ringai\u00f0kunin vi\u00f0 sj\u00fakrar\u00fam sj\u00faklingsins samanst\u00f3\u00f0 oft af nokkrum \u00ferepum. Fyrst \u00e1kalla\u00f0i asipu, s\u00e6ringapresturinn, Gulu \u00e1 form\u00falulegan h\u00e1tt. \u00dear \u00e1 eftir fylgdu \u00e1\u00fereifanlegar lei\u00f0beiningar, oft me\u00f0 jurtabl\u00f6ndum e\u00f0a tr\u00faarlegum ath\u00f6fnum eins og a\u00f0 strj\u00faka yfir me\u00f0 ullar\u00fer\u00e6\u00f0i sem s\u00ed\u00f0an var brenndur til a\u00f0 tort\u00edma sj\u00fakd\u00f3mnum t\u00e1knr\u00e6nt.<\/p><p>\u00deessi i\u00f0kun, oft \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 hundinn sem tr\u00faarlegt d\u00fdr, er skjalfest \u00ed hundru\u00f0um leirtaflna.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1 n\u00fdass\u00fdrskum t\u00edma j\u00f3kst opinber d\u00fdrkun Gulu. Ass\u00farban\u00edpal l\u00e9t afrita texta hennar og b\u00e6ta \u00feeim \u00ed b\u00f3kasafn sitt. Konunglegar konur f\u00e6r\u00f0u henni einnig pers\u00f3nulegar v\u00edgslugjafir, sem undirstrikar tengsl gy\u00f0junnar vi\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0ingu og m\u00f3\u00f0urhlutverk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mikilv\u00e6gar go\u00f0sagnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula kemur minna fram \u00ed fr\u00e1sagnartextum en Inanna e\u00f0a Marduk. Mikilv\u00e6gasti texti hennar er \u00abBullussa-rabi-hymna\u00bb, mikil sj\u00e1lfsl\u00fdsing gy\u00f0junnar \u00ed 200 l\u00ednum.<\/p><p>\u00dear nefnir h\u00fan sig d\u00f3ttur Anu, eiginkonu Ninurta, l\u00e6knir hinna miklu gu\u00f0a, lj\u00f3sm\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna og r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta verndara hinna veikbur\u00f0a. Hymnan er tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega merkileg \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan lei\u00f0ir til lykta gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega samruna hinna m\u00f6rgu l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja undir nafni Gulu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd Anzu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hef\u00f0bundin fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipulag heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gninni<\/span> kemur Gula ekki fram beint, en \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00fatg\u00e1fum er h\u00fan nefnd \u00e1samt Ninurta eftir sigur hans og tekur \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sigurh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni. \u00deessi tengsl sam\u00fe\u00e6tta hana inn \u00ed hina heimsfr\u00e6gu hetjus\u00f6gu og gefa henni fr\u00e1sagnarleg tengsl vi\u00f0 Anzu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hef\u00f0bundin fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipulag heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gnina<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00edtil fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn segir fr\u00e1 hundi Gulu sem var\u00f0 veikur einn daginn. Gy\u00f0jan sj\u00e1lf \u00feurfti a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa honum og nota\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 nokkur af l\u00e6kningajurtum s\u00ednum.<\/p><p>\u00dar \u00feessari s\u00e1rsaukafullu reynslu, segir sagan, \u00f3x h\u00e6fileiki hennar til l\u00e6kninga, \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan upplif\u00f0i \u00fej\u00e1ninguna fyrst \u00e1 eigin d\u00fdri. \u00deessi fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn, var\u00f0veitt \u00ed nokkrum brotum, gefur gy\u00f0junni sam\u00fa\u00f0arfullan karakter sem a\u00f0greinir hana fr\u00e1 hreinum l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega-refsandi gu\u00f0d\u00f3mum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengsl innan go\u00f0aheimsins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula er gift Ninurta, sem er str\u00ed\u00f0s- og pl\u00f3ggo\u00f0. B\u00e6\u00f0i myndu par sem er \u00ed m\u00f3ts\u00f6gn, \u00fear sem hin str\u00ed\u00f0slega umturnun og hin l\u00e6knandi endurreisn eru samofin. Me\u00f0 Damu, yngri l\u00e6kningagu\u00f0i og syni hennar, hefur h\u00fan n\u00e1in fj\u00f6lskyldutengsl. Damu er oft t\u00falka\u00f0ur sem eftirma\u00f0ur Gulu \u00ed l\u00e6kningahlutverkinu.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u00f0 Ninisina, Bau og Ninkarrak er h\u00fan d\u00fdrkunarlega samruna, sem s\u00fdnir gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt samrunaferli fornbab\u00fdlonska t\u00edmans. Me\u00f0 Marduk, r\u00edkisgu\u00f0i Bab\u00fdlonar, er h\u00fan \u00ed sambandi tr\u00faarlegrar samvinnu: \u00ed l\u00e6kninga-s\u00e6ringum eru b\u00e6\u00f0i oft \u00e1k\u00f6llu\u00f0 saman, \u00fev\u00ed Marduk gegndi s\u00edfellt mi\u00f0l\u00e6gara hlutverki \u00ed bab\u00fdlonskri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindaleg fr\u00e6\u00f0i um Gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> og t\u00f3k einnig yfir l\u00e6kningahlutverk.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd v\u00ed\u00f0ara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a \u00ed tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um e\u00f0a menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0aveldinu (Pantheon)<\/span> hefur Gula tengsl vi\u00f0 Shamash, s\u00f3lgu\u00f0inn og gu\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarins, sem og vi\u00f0 Ea, gu\u00f0 viskunnar. Tengslin vi\u00f0 Ea eru s\u00e9rstaklega n\u00e1in, \u00fev\u00ed hann er talinn kosm\u00edskur kennari l\u00e6kningalistarinnar og Gula gegnir hlutverki hins jar\u00f0neska m\u00f3tstykkis hans.<\/p>\n<p>Gula er \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum lista An samsv\u00f6ru\u00f0 Ninkarrak, l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ju Akkads, sem er nefnd sem vi\u00f0takandi l\u00e6kningarefsinga \u00ed b\u00f6lb\u00e6num Hamm\u00farab\u00ed-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uppr\u00e9ttur, \u00e1letra\u00f0ur e\u00f0a myndskreyttur steinn- e\u00f0a tr\u00e9vegg.\" tabindex=\"0\">st\u00f3lpans (stele)<\/span>.<\/p><p>Eiginma\u00f0ur hennar er Pabilsag, str\u00ed\u00f0s- og l\u00e6kningagu\u00f0 sem \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0bab\u00fdlonskri stj\u00f6rnufr\u00e6\u00f0i er samsvara\u00f0ur stj\u00f6rnumerkinu Bogmanninum. \u00deessi tenging l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ju og str\u00ed\u00f0smanns er d\u00e6miger\u00f0 samsetning fyrir Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu, \u00fear sem verndun og \u00e1r\u00e1sargirni eru sameinu\u00f0 \u00ed sama gu\u00f0apari.<\/p>\n<p>Athyglisver\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k tilviljun er samsemd Gula-Ishtar \u00ed nokkrum s\u00ed\u00f0bab\u00fdlonskum hymnum, sem leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja b\u00e1\u00f0ar gy\u00f0jurnar sem hli\u00f0ar \u00e1 einu kvenlegu valdi. \u00deessi samruni er umdeildur og er talinn s\u00e9rstakt tilvik s\u00ed\u00f0ari gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra huglei\u00f0inga, sem undir \u00e1hrifum vaxandi Marduk-eingy\u00f0isd\u00fdrkunar vildu einnig samr\u00e6ma hinar helstu kvengy\u00f0jur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f3ttaka og \u00e1hrif<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna \u00ed gar\u00f0 gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a heilagrar v\u00e6ttar.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkun<\/span> Gulu lei\u00f0 undir lok me\u00f0 falli bab\u00fdlonsku h\u00e1menningarinnar \u00e1 seleuk\u00eddat\u00edmanum. L\u00e6knistextar hennar voru \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1fram afrita\u00f0ir og var\u00f0veittir \u00ed b\u00f3kas\u00f6fnum hins hellenska heims. S\u00famerfr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3knir 19. og 20. aldar hafa endurskapa\u00f0 hana sem meginf\u00edg\u00faru \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6gu Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd n\u00fat\u00edma l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6gu er Gula virt sem ein af elstu skjalfestu verndargo\u00f0um l\u00e6knislistarins. L\u00e1gmyndirnar fr\u00e1 \u00cdsin birtast \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum kennslub\u00f3kum um l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6gu. \u00cd tr\u00faars\u00f6gu hundsins kemur h\u00fan fram sem mikilv\u00e6g heimild um tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6tt hlutverk hundsins sem l\u00e6kninga- og fylgdarv\u00e6ttar hinna dau\u00f0u.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd d\u00e6gurmenningu birtist Gula \u00ed dag sjaldan, en \u00ed textum um forn-austurlenska l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 s\u00f6gu lj\u00f3sm\u00f3\u00f0urfr\u00e6\u00f0a er h\u00fan mikilv\u00e6g vi\u00f0mi\u00f0unarf\u00edg\u00fara. Tengsl hundat\u00e1knmyndar hennar og s\u00ed\u00f0ari heilagra hundl\u00e6kna (svo sem Asklep\u00edosar me\u00f0 sn\u00e1k og hund \u00ed griska heiminum) eru til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed samanbur\u00f0artr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd hellenska Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu var Gula sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 Hek\u00f6tu, gr\u00edskri gy\u00f0ju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ath\u00e6fi sem reynir a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 framvindu hlutanna me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum gj\u00f6r\u00f0um e\u00f0a form\u00falum.\" tabindex=\"0\">galdurs<\/span> og hunda. \u00deessi sams\u00f6mun er sta\u00f0fest \u00ed \u00e1letrunum fr\u00e1 t\u00edma Seleuk\u00edda \u00ed Uruk, einkum \u00e1 tv\u00edtyngdri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uppr\u00e9ttur steinn e\u00f0a vi\u00f0arhella me\u00f0 \u00e1letrun e\u00f0a myndverki.\" tabindex=\"0\">steinhellu<\/span> fr\u00e1 3. \u00f6ld f.Kr. Sameiginlegt einkenni \u00feeirra er hundat\u00e1kni\u00f0 og l\u00e6kningahlutverk n\u00e6turins.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert hefur \u00ed \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb raki\u00f0 tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega l\u00ednu fr\u00e1 Gulu yfir Hek\u00f6tu til s\u00ed\u00f0ari D\u00ed\u00f6nu.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cd s\u00f6gu l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0innar er Gula talin elsta nafngreinda l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0jan sem verndar s\u00e9rstaka starfsgrein. D\u00fdrkun hennar er r\u00f3tin a\u00f0 hinni s\u00ed\u00f0ari Asklep\u00edos-Hipp\u00f3krates-hef\u00f0, sem Vivian Nutton hefur \u00fatlista\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00ed \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>N\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6gu l\u00edta \u00e1 Gulu-hef\u00f0ina sem mikilv\u00e6gan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed fors\u00f6gu gr\u00edskrar l\u00e6knislistar, me\u00f0 \u00e1\u00fereifanlegum sporum \u00ed lyfjafr\u00e6\u00f0i og sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u00faarfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg sta\u00f0setning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen skipar Gulu \u00ed h\u00f3p hinna miklu kvenkyns verndargu\u00f0a, sem \u00e1 fornbab\u00fdlonska t\u00edmanum sneru hlutverki s\u00ednu a\u00f0 l\u00e6kningu og f\u00e6\u00f0ingu. Hann s\u00e9r \u00ed samruna hennar vi\u00f0 Ninisinu d\u00e6migert sam\u00fej\u00f6ppunarferli, \u00fear sem margar borgargy\u00f0jur runnu saman \u00ed eina f\u00edg\u00faru sem gilti um allt r\u00edki\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 f\u00e9lagslegt hlutverk d\u00fdrkunar hennar. Gula var verndd\u00eds heillar starfsst\u00e9ttar, asu og asipu, \u00fea\u00f0 er l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra og tr\u00faarlegra s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Tengsl \u00feessarar starfsst\u00e9ttar vi\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er helgu\u00f0 tilbei\u00f0slu einnar e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofi\u00f0<\/span> var mikilv\u00e6gur skipulags\u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsku samf\u00e9lagi.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul hefur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum \u00e1 sp\u00e1d\u00f3mslist og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ath\u00e6fi sem reynir a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 framvindu hlutanna me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum gj\u00f6r\u00f0um e\u00f0a form\u00falum.\" tabindex=\"0\">galdri<\/span> skjalfest n\u00e1in tengsl <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna \u00ed gar\u00f0 gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a heilagrar v\u00e6ttar.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkunar<\/span> Gulu og galdra\u00feulna. Walther Sallaberger og Andrew George hafa endurgert hofd\u00fdrkunina \u00ed \u00cdsin og Nippur, b\u00e6\u00f0i fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og textalega.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert hefur gefi\u00f0 \u00fat og sk\u00fdrt gagnr\u00fdnislega \u00abBullussa-rabi-s\u00e1lminn\u00bb. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn telja Gulu einn mikilv\u00e6gasta lykilinn a\u00f0 skilningi \u00e1 fornmes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskri l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gulu-s\u00e1lmur Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gasti b\u00f3kmenntatextinn um gy\u00f0juna er hinn mikli Gulu-s\u00e1lmur Bullussa-rabi, nafngreindrar skrifkonu fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0bab\u00fdlonska t\u00edmanum, a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum fr\u00e1 12. \u00f6ld f.Kr. Textinn, sem telur 200 l\u00ednur, er var\u00f0veittur \u00ed nokkrum eint\u00f6kum og mikilv\u00e6gustu spjaldirnar koma \u00far b\u00f3kas\u00f6fnum Ass\u00far, N\u00edn\u00edve og Bab\u00fdlon.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>S\u00e1lmurinn var fyrst gefinn \u00fat 1967 af Wilfred G. Lambert \u00ed Orientalia 36, me\u00f0 \u00edtarlegri sk\u00fdringu og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu. Textinn er saminn \u00ed st\u00edl sj\u00e1lfsl\u00fdsingar, \u00fear sem Gula talar \u00ed fyrstu pers\u00f3nu um eigindir s\u00ednar, krafta og l\u00e6kningahlutverk.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi kynnir gy\u00f0juna \u00ed alfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri upptalningu nafna hennar og hlutverka. H\u00fan er Belet-ili, fr\u00fa gu\u00f0anna, Nintinugga, Bauu og Ninisinna, sem voru tilbe\u00f0nar \u00ed \u00fdmsum borgum S\u00famers.<\/p><p>\u00deessi samtvinnun h\u00e9ra\u00f0sgy\u00f0ja undir yfirgn\u00e6fandi nafni er d\u00e6mi um mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edska samruna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg kenning um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>, \u00fear sem sta\u00f0bundnar d\u00fdrkanir voru sameina\u00f0ar undir a\u00f0alnafni. S\u00e1lmurinn er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gur \u00ed tr\u00faars\u00f6gu, \u00fev\u00ed hann var\u00f0veitir gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega sam\u00fe\u00e6ttingu margra l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja \u00ed eina Gulu-f\u00edg\u00faru.<\/p>\n<p>Efnislega l\u00fdsir s\u00e1lmurinn starfi Gulu sem l\u00e6kni. H\u00fan er \u00abhinn mikli l\u00e6knir, sem breytir kveini \u00ed f\u00f6gnu\u00f0\u00bb, h\u00fan \u00abl\u00e6gir s\u00e1ri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 binda um \u00fea\u00f0\u00bb, h\u00fan \u00abl\u00e6tur hinn dau\u00f0a sn\u00faa aftur til l\u00edfsins\u00bb.<\/p><p>S\u00ed\u00f0asta or\u00f0atilt\u00e6ki\u00f0 er \u00fdkjukennt en s\u00fdnir umfang hins meinta l\u00e6kningam\u00e1ttar. S\u00e9rst\u00f6k er upptalning l\u00e6kningajurta, en n\u00e1kv\u00e6m grasafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg au\u00f0kenning \u00feeirra hefur reynst n\u00fat\u00edmaranns\u00f3knum erfi\u00f0. Stefan Maul hefur skrifa\u00f0 sk\u00fdringar vi\u00f0 \u00feessa lyfjaskr\u00e1 \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum \u00e1 bab\u00fdlonskri l\u00e6knislist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cdsin og hofminjafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A\u00f0almi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 Gula-d\u00fdrkunarins var Isin, borg vi\u00f0 Efrat, \u00fear sem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem tileinku\u00f0 er tilbei\u00f0slu einnar e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> gy\u00f0junnar bar nafni\u00f0 E-gal-mah, \u00abhin mikla h\u00e1leita h\u00f6ll\u00bb.<\/p><p>Borgin bl\u00f3mstra\u00f0i \u00e1 20. og 19. \u00f6ld f.Kr. undir Isin-konungs\u00e6tt, \u00fear sem konungarnir k\u00f6llu\u00f0u sig kj\u00f6rna \u00abaf h\u00fasi Ninisinna\u00bb (\u00fe.e. Gula). Byggingar\u00e1letranir Lipit-Ishtars og Enlil-banis skjalfesta miklar gjafir, me\u00f0al annars endurb\u00e6tur \u00e1 hofum, v\u00edgslur styttna og stofnun l\u00e6kningastofa.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00fdski uppgr\u00f6fturinn \u00ed Isin undir stj\u00f3rn Barthel Hrouda \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1973 til 1989 hefur a\u00f0 mestu grafi\u00f0 E-gal-mah upp. \u00cd hofgar\u00f0inum fannst brunnur \u00fear sem hundamyndir voru varpa\u00f0ar \u00ed sem heitgjafir eftir a\u00f0 l\u00e6kning n\u00e1\u00f0ist.<\/p><p>Uppgreftrarmenn fundu nokkur hundru\u00f0 terrakottahunda sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 lag\u00f0ir \u00ed vatni\u00f0 gegnum aldirnar. \u00deessi \u00f3venjulega ger\u00f0 fornleifafunda sta\u00f0festir hundat\u00e1knm\u00e1li\u00f0 sem nefnt er \u00ed s\u00e1lminum um gy\u00f0juna og veitir inns\u00fdn \u00ed tr\u00faari\u00f0kun almennings sem s\u00f3ttist eftir heilun.<\/p>\n<p>Anna\u00f0 st\u00f3rt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur tilbei\u00f0slu gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0ur<\/span> st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed Nippur og \u00feri\u00f0ji \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon, \u00fear sem Gula var\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0bab\u00fdlonskum t\u00edma s\u00fa l\u00e6kningagy\u00f0ja sem haf\u00f0i mikilv\u00e6gasta st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed r\u00edkistr\u00fanni. Musteris\u00e1letranir Neb\u00fakadnesars II. nefna hana sem gjafara bata konungsins eftir alvarlegan sj\u00fakleika.<\/p><p>Einnig \u00ed borginni Assur \u00ed Ass\u00fdr\u00edu var E-gal-mah, sem Sennaherib og Assurbanipal endurb\u00e6ttu. \u00deessi \u00fatbreidda tilbei\u00f0sla gerir Gula a\u00f0 einum af \u00e6\u00f0stu gu\u00f0um alls Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu, samb\u00e6rilegri \u00ed \u00e1hrifum vi\u00f0 Ishtar e\u00f0a Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hundurinn sem t\u00e1kn og heitgjafahef\u00f0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hundurinn er mikilv\u00e6gasta t\u00e1kn Gula, sem er einstakt innan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a e\u00f0a menningar.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0aheims<\/span> Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu. A\u00f0rir gu\u00f0ir hafa naut, lj\u00f3n e\u00f0a dreka, en a\u00f0eins Gula hefur hundinn sem d\u00fdrafylgd.<\/p><p>\u00c1 flestum kudurru-l\u00e1gmyndum fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0bab\u00fdlonskum t\u00edma, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 kudurru Meli-Shipaks (12. \u00f6ld f.Kr.), er h\u00fan s\u00fdnd \u00ed h\u00e1s\u00e6ti me\u00f0 sitjandi hund vi\u00f0 f\u00e6tur s\u00e9r. \u00deessi myndhef\u00f0 er einnig skjalfest \u00e1 glerh\u00fa\u00f0u\u00f0um m\u00farsteinum Neb\u00fakadnesars II. \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd s\u00f6gulegu samhengi er hundat\u00e1knm\u00e1li\u00f0 marg\u00fe\u00e6tt. \u00cd Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu voru hundar annars vegar taldir \u00f3hreinir og hr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir, en hins vegar verndarar \u00fer\u00f6skuldarins. \u00cd l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i er hundurinn talinn hafa veri\u00f0 helgid\u00fdr l\u00e6kninga, \u00fear sem munnvatn hans og s\u00e1raslikjun \u00fe\u00f3ttu s\u00e1ragr\u00f3andi \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri l\u00e6knislist.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten hefur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum \u00e1 bab\u00fdlonskri tr\u00fa bent \u00e1 tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ni hundsins, sem var skilinn b\u00e6\u00f0i sem hreinn og \u00f3hreinn. Karen Radner hefur l\u00edka \u00ed m\u00f6rgum greinum kanna\u00f0 samspil l\u00e6kningarita og hundad\u00fdrkunar.<\/p>\n<p>Heitgjafahef\u00f0in n\u00e1\u00f0i auk leirhundanna einnig til l\u00edkana af sj\u00fakum l\u00edkamshlutum. \u00cd musterisgr\u00f6ftum fundust leirl\u00edk\u00f6n af h\u00f6ndum, f\u00f3tum, augum og kynf\u00e6rum, sem sj\u00faklingar f\u00e6r\u00f0u fram sem b\u00e6nargjafir.<\/p><p>\u00deessi hef\u00f0 hefur beinar hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari Asklepios-hofum Grikkja, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed Epidaros, \u00fear sem l\u00e6kninga\u00feegar l\u00e9tu eftir leirl\u00edk\u00f6n af l\u00edkamshlutum. Bein tr\u00faars\u00f6guleg samfella er til umr\u00e6\u00f0u en er ekki s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f3yggjandi h\u00e6tti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir og frekari lesning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Forn\u00f6ld<\/span>ar heimildir: \u00abBullussa-rabi-s\u00e1lmurinn\u00bb um Gula, l\u00e6knis- og galdratextar fr\u00e1 fornbab\u00fdlonskum og n\u00fdass\u00fdr\u00edskum t\u00edma, \u00e1letranir fr\u00e1 Isin, Nippur og Sippar, s\u00e1lmar um Ninisina og Ninkarrak, Anzu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Munnm\u00e6lasaga um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipulag heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gn<\/span> \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari ger\u00f0um.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fleiri undirst\u00f6\u00f0urit \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/heimildaskra\/\">heimildaskr\u00e1nni<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 Bab\u00fdlonsk heilunargy\u00f0ja og h\u00fasfreyja hunda | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula er bab\u00fdlonska gy\u00f0ja l\u00e6knislistar, l\u00e6kninga og endurl\u00edfgunar. D\u00fdr hennar er hundurinn. Go\u00f0s\u00f6gn, t\u00e1kn og hofi\u00f0 Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-169079","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula \u2013 Bab\u00fdlonsk heilunargy\u00f0ja og h\u00fasfreyja hunda | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula er bab\u00fdlonska gy\u00f0ja l\u00e6knislistar, l\u00e6kninga og endurl\u00edfgunar. D\u00fdr hennar er hundurinn. 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