{"id":169036,"date":"2026-09-05T14:05:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:05:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169036"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:30:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:30:39","slug":"utukku-draugar-undirheimar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/utukku-draugar-undirheimar\/","title":{"rendered":"Utukku \u2013 Draugar og undirheimadj\u00f6flar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Utukku\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Utukku \u2013 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskir draugar og undirheimadj\u00f6flar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dj\u00f6full<\/span>Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00eda<\/a>Draugur<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Utukku er ekki eitt tilteki\u00f0 vera, heldur samheiti yfir flokk mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskra andav\u00e6tta. \u00de\u00e6r hreyf\u00f0u sig milli undirheima og heims lifandi, voru taldar valda sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum og \u00f3heillum og voru mi\u00f0l\u00e6gar \u00ed umfangsmiklum sei\u00f0ab\u00f3kmenntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Yfirlit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hugtaki\u00f0 Utukku heyrir til or\u00f0afor\u00f0a mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskrar dj\u00f6flafr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00edsar ekki til einnar, sk\u00fdrt afmarka\u00f0ar veru, heldur heils flokks andav\u00e6tta sem gegndu mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki \u00ed textum Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu<\/a> um margar aldir.<\/p>

Utukku g\u00e1tu b\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 illv\u00edgar og, \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0nu samhengi, hlutlausar e\u00f0a verndandi v\u00e6ttir, en \u00ed tr\u00faarlegu daglegu l\u00edfi voru hinar h\u00e6ttulegu, ska\u00f0legu Utukku \u00ed forgrunni.<\/p>

Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsk hugmyndaheimur \u00feekkti fj\u00f6lmarga flokka dj\u00f6fla og anda. Auk Utukku komu fram v\u00e6ttir eins og Etemmu, draugar \u00ed \u00ferengri merkingu, og a\u00f0rir dj\u00f6flaflokkar.<\/p>

M\u00f6rkin milli \u00feessara flokka voru \u00f3lj\u00f3s og textarnir nota hugt\u00f6kin ekki alltaf \u00ed strangri a\u00f0greiningu. Utukku g\u00e1tu veri\u00f0 skilin sem andar hinna l\u00e1tnu sem fundu ekki fri\u00f0, en einnig sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 dj\u00f6fulleg \u00f6fl \u00e1n mannlegs uppruna.<\/p>

Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gulega eru Utukku mikilv\u00e6gar \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed \u00feeim m\u00e1 greina mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskan skilning \u00e1 sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum, \u00f3heillum og dau\u00f0a. \u00dej\u00e1ning var oft ekki t\u00falku\u00f0 sem hreint l\u00edkamlegt fyrirb\u00e6ri, heldur sem verk yfirn\u00e1tt\u00farulegra afla. Utukku voru me\u00f0al \u00feeirra v\u00e6tta sem sl\u00edkt verk var eigna\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hugtaki\u00f0 er sta\u00f0fest \u00e1 s\u00famersku sem udug<\/em> og var teki\u00f0 upp \u00e1 akkad\u00edsku sem Utukku. Hin n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma grunnmerking s\u00famerska or\u00f0sins er ekki fulllj\u00f3s. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00edsar almennt til andaveru e\u00f0a dj\u00f6fuls<\/span> og getur, eftir samhengi, \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edkar v\u00e6ttir.<\/p>

Einkennandi er a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 stendur sjaldan eitt s\u00e9r. \u00cd textunum kemur \u00fea\u00f0 oftast fram me\u00f0 n\u00e1nar tilgreinandi vi\u00f0b\u00f3t. Illa \u00fatg\u00e1fan heitir \u00e1 akkad\u00edsku Utukku Lemnu, \u00fe.e. illur Utukku.<\/p>

\u00c1 m\u00f3ti \u00fev\u00ed gat Utukku einnig veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 hagst\u00e6\u00f0 e\u00f0a verndandi. \u00deessi tv\u00edskipting s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 tilgreinir fyrst og fremst tegund veru, \u00fear sem si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg stefna hennar er \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0 fyrst me\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00f3taror\u00f0inu.<\/p>

\u00cd fr\u00e6\u00f0iritum er Utukku \u00e1 stundum \u00fe\u00fdtt almennt sem dj\u00f6full<\/span> e\u00f0a andi<\/span>. \u00deessar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar eru n\u00e1lgun, \u00fear sem mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edska hugtaki\u00f0 samsvarar ekki n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega n\u00fat\u00edmahugmyndum um dj\u00f6fla. Fleirtalan, sem v\u00edsar til heils h\u00f3ps sl\u00edkra v\u00e6tta, gegnir s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku hlutverki \u00ed sei\u00f0atextunum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L\u00fdsing og myndm\u00e1l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Utukku sleppa undan fastri myndr\u00e6nni framsetningu, einmitt vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a samheitisflokk. \u00d3l\u00edkt dj\u00f6flynjunni Lamashtu<\/a> e\u00f0a dj\u00f6flinum<\/span> Pazuzu<\/a>, sem eru sk\u00fdrt greinanleg \u00ed list me\u00f0 ger\u00f0 blendingsv\u00e6tta, h\u00e9ldu Utukku almennt engu sk\u00fdrt fastm\u00f3tu\u00f0u \u00fatliti.<\/p>

Textarnir l\u00fdsa \u00feeim oft sem \u00f3hugnanlegum, formlausum e\u00f0a skuggakenndum. \u00de\u00e6r g\u00e1tu haldi\u00f0 til \u00ed ey\u00f0im\u00f6rkinni, \u00e1 yfirgefnum st\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00ed r\u00fastum e\u00f0a \u00ed n\u00e1grenni grafa.<\/p>

Sumar heimildir l\u00fdsa \u00feeim sem v\u00e6ttum er birtast \u00ed h\u00e1lfr\u00f6kkri, renna s\u00e9r me\u00f0 veggjum e\u00f0a halda sig vi\u00f0 dyr og \u00fer\u00f6skulda. H\u00e6ttan sem af \u00feeim stafar felst einmitt \u00ed \u00f3skiljanleika \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e6r eru alls sta\u00f0ar og hvergi, \u00fe\u00e6r komast \u00f3s\u00e9\u00f0ar inn \u00ed h\u00fas og l\u00edkama.<\/p>

\u00dear sem textarnir l\u00fdsa einst\u00f6kum illum Utukku n\u00e1nar, er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 grimmt, v\u00e6g\u00f0arlaust e\u00f0li \u00feeirra. \u00deeim er l\u00edkt vi\u00f0 stormvinda, \u00e6\u00f0andi d\u00fdr e\u00f0a kulda dau\u00f0ans.<\/p>

\u00deessar myndl\u00edkingar gefa til kynna m\u00e1tt sem br\u00fdst inn, gr\u00edpur og l\u00e6tur ekki lausan t\u00f6kin. Skortur \u00e1 fastri myndlist undirstrikar tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gulega a\u00f0 Utukku voru skildar minna sem myndger\u00f0ar v\u00e6ttir en sem raunveruleg upplifu\u00f0 h\u00e6tta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Go\u00f0sagnakenndar fr\u00e1sagnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00d3l\u00edkt hinum st\u00f3ru gu\u00f0um standa Utukku ekki \u00ed mi\u00f0ju eigin go\u00f0sagna me\u00f0 atbur\u00f0ar\u00e1s og fr\u00e1sagnarboga. \u00deeir birtast fremur \u00ed s\u00e6ringar- og helgisi\u00f0atextum sem sj\u00e1lfir innihalda s\u00e9rstakt form go\u00f0s\u00f6gulegrar fr\u00e1sagnar. \u00deessir textar l\u00fdsa oft uppruna dj\u00f6flanna, eiginleikum \u00feeirra og ska\u00f0legu ath\u00e6fi, \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 leggja \u00fe\u00e1 undir helgisi\u00f0abundna stj\u00f3rn.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6gasta heimildin er hin mikla s\u00e6ringar\u00f6\u00f0 sem \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum er \u00feekkt sem Utukku Lemnutu, \u00fea\u00f0 er hinir illu Utukku. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a umfangmiki\u00f0 safn s\u00e6ringa sem n\u00e6r yfir margar t\u00f6flur.<\/p>

\u00deessi r\u00f6\u00f0 var var\u00f0veitt, afritu\u00f0 og sk\u00fdr\u00f0 um langt skei\u00f0. H\u00fan inniheldur l\u00fdsingar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvernig dj\u00f6flarnir st\u00edga upp \u00far undirheimum, fara um landi\u00f0 og herja \u00e1 f\u00f3lk.<\/p>

Endurtekin mynd er mynd hinna sj\u00f6, h\u00f3ps s\u00e9rlega \u00f3tta\u00f0ra dj\u00f6fullegra vera sem \u00feekkja hvorki sk\u00f6mm n\u00e9 miskunn, eru hvorki karlkyns n\u00e9 kvenkyns og fara yfir j\u00f6r\u00f0ina eins og stormur. \u00deessir sj\u00f6 eru stundum tengdir Utukku og taldir vera sendibo\u00f0ar sem framkv\u00e6ma \u00f3g\u00e6fu.<\/p>

Einkennandi fyrir \u00feessa texta er samspili\u00f0 milli manns, dj\u00f6fuls<\/span> og gu\u00f0s. S\u00e1 ma\u00f0ur sem Utukku hefur helteki\u00f0 er hj\u00e1lparvana. S\u00e6ringarpresturinn kemur fram sem millig\u00f6nguma\u00f0ur og \u00e1kallar gu\u00f0ina, fremst \u00feeirra visku\u00adgu\u00f0inn Enki og son hans, gu\u00f0 s\u00e6ringanna.<\/p>

\u00cd algengu fr\u00e1sagnarmynstri leitar sonurinn r\u00e1\u00f0\u00ferota til f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00edns Enki, og hann mi\u00f0lar honum hinni \u00e1hrifar\u00edku \u00feekkingu, \u00feannig a\u00f0 l\u00e6kningin birtist sem mi\u00f0lun gu\u00f0legrar visku.<\/p>

Dj\u00f6flinum<\/span> er, me\u00f0 valdi gu\u00f0anna, skipa\u00f0 a\u00f0 yfirgefa manninn og sn\u00faa aftur til undirheima. \u00deessi helgisi\u00f0afr\u00e1s\u00f6gn endurtekur sig \u00ed \u00fdmsum tilbrig\u00f0um og myndar kjarnann \u00ed vi\u00f0ureign Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edumanna vi\u00f0 Utukku.<\/p>

Sumir textar tengja Utukku einnig vi\u00f0 hina \u00f3gr\u00f6fnu e\u00f0a vanr\u00e6ktu d\u00e1nu. S\u00e1 sem ekki hlaut s\u00f3masamlega greftrun e\u00f0a en hvers d\u00e1nard\u00fdrkun var vanr\u00e6kt gat sn\u00fai\u00f0 aftur sem fri\u00f0laus andi<\/span> og \u00e1s\u00f3tt hina lifandi.<\/p>

Einnig ofbeldisfullur dau\u00f0dagi, a\u00f0 deyja fjarri heimah\u00f6gum e\u00f0a skortur \u00e1 afkomendum til a\u00f0 annast d\u00e1nard\u00fdrkunina t\u00f6ldust \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir fri\u00f0leysi anda. \u00cd \u00feessari t\u00falkun eru Utukku n\u00e1tengdir hugmyndum Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edumanna um samband hinna lifandi vi\u00f0 hina d\u00e1nu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00fdrkun og tilbei\u00f0sla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00dear sem hinar illu Utukku-verur voru taldar ska\u00f0legt vald, var ekki um neinn d\u00fdrkun<\/span> a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed skilningi tilbei\u00f0slu. \u00deeim voru ekki reist neitt hof<\/span> og \u00feeim voru ekki f\u00e6r\u00f0ar reglulegar f\u00f3rnir<\/span>, eins og venja var me\u00f0 gu\u00f0i. Tr\u00faarleg umgengni vi\u00f0 Utukku-verurnar f\u00f3lst \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00f6rn, bindingu og brottrekstri.<\/p>

Mi\u00f0l\u00e6gur gerandi var s\u00e6ringarpresturinn, kalla\u00f0ur Ashipu \u00e1 akkad\u00edsku. Hann haf\u00f0i nau\u00f0synlega \u00feekkingu og hina helgisi\u00f0abundnu texta. \u00deessi s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur framkv\u00e6mdi hreinsunar- og varnarath\u00f6fnina, f\u00f3r me\u00f0 s\u00e6ringarnar, framkv\u00e6mdi t\u00e1knr\u00e6nar athafnir og ger\u00f0i eftir atvikum sm\u00e1ar f\u00edg\u00farur \u00far leir, vaxi e\u00f0a deigi sem t\u00e1knu\u00f0u dj\u00f6fulinn<\/span> og voru ger\u00f0ar \u00f3ska\u00f0legar.<\/p>

Auk Ashipu var einnig h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 kalla til Ashu, eina tegund af heilara, sem vann fremur me\u00f0 jurtir og efni. Oft unnu b\u00e1\u00f0ir s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir saman, svo a\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einstaklings sem Utukku-vera haf\u00f0i helteki\u00f0 sameina\u00f0i hi\u00f0 tala\u00f0a or\u00f0, t\u00e1knr\u00e6na ath\u00f6fn og efnisleg me\u00f0ul.<\/p>

Innan \u00feessa kerfis l\u00e9ku hinir st\u00f3ru gu\u00f0ir mikilv\u00e6gt hlutverk, ekki sem vi\u00f0takendur Utukku-d\u00fdrkunar, heldur sem vald sem var kalla\u00f0 fram gegn dj\u00f6flunum.<\/p>

Shamash sem gu\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tisins, Enki sem gu\u00f0 viskunnar og sonur hans, gu\u00f0 s\u00e6ringanna, voru s\u00e9rstaklega oft \u00e1kalla\u00f0ir. \u00cd s\u00e6ringunum kemur presturinn fram beinl\u00ednis sem sendibo\u00f0i e\u00f0a umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00feessara gu\u00f0a, svo a\u00f0 ekki hann sj\u00e1lfur, heldur gu\u00f0legt vald, rekur dj\u00f6fulinn<\/span> \u00e1 brott.<\/p>

Dau\u00f0ad\u00fdrkun fyrir eigin l\u00e1tna m\u00e1 \u00ed \u00feessu samhengi einnig skilja sem fyrirbyggjandi r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6fun, \u00fev\u00ed vel r\u00e6ktu\u00f0 dau\u00f0ad\u00fdrkun me\u00f0 reglulegum vatns- og f\u00e6\u00f0uf\u00f3rnum kom \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 hinn l\u00e1tni yr\u00f0i r\u00f3tlaus, ska\u00f0legur andi<\/span>. Vanr\u00e6ksla \u00feessara skyldna var talin veigamikil \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess a\u00f0 andar yfirleitt ur\u00f0u hrj\u00e1endur hinna lifandi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Verndara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og fr\u00e1hrindandi t\u00e1kn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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V\u00f6rn gegn Utukku var eitt af mikilv\u00e6gustu verkefnum mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskrar galdrai\u00f0kunar. S\u00e6ringa\u00feulusafni\u00f0 Utukku Lemnutu var umfangsmesta verkf\u00e6ri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari v\u00f6rn. S\u00e6ringar \u00feess fylgja oft fastm\u00f3ta\u00f0ri uppbyggingu.<\/p>

Fyrst eru dj\u00f6flarnir nefndir og h\u00e6ttueiginleikar \u00feeirra l\u00fdstir, s\u00ed\u00f0an eru gu\u00f0irnir \u00e1kalla\u00f0ir og a\u00f0 lokum er dj\u00f6flinum<\/span> skipa\u00f0 a\u00f0 hverfa \u00e1 braut og sn\u00faa aftur til undirheima.<\/p>

Me\u00f0al fr\u00e1hrindandi (apotropaic) a\u00f0ger\u00f0a voru hreinsunarathafnir me\u00f0 vatni, eldi og \u00fdmsum efnum. Oft voru ger\u00f0ar sta\u00f0gengilsmyndir sem t\u00e1knu\u00f0u dj\u00f6fulinn<\/span> e\u00f0a sj\u00faklinginn. Me\u00f0 ath\u00f6fnum sem framkv\u00e6mdar voru \u00e1 \u00feessum myndum \u00e1tti a\u00f0 b\u00e6gja illu fr\u00e1, brenna \u00fea\u00f0 e\u00f0a senda \u00fea\u00f0 burt. Verndargripir og \u00e1letru\u00f0 hlutir g\u00e1tu einnig veitt vernd.<\/p>

Ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur mikilv\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda reglu \u00ed h\u00fasinu og \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 hina l\u00e1tnu. Vanr\u00e6kt gr\u00f6f, trufla\u00f0ar dyra\u00fer\u00f6skuldar og \u00f3hrein sv\u00e6\u00f0i voru talin vera inng\u00f6ngulei\u00f0ir fyrir Utukku. S\u00e1 sem fylgdi hinum tr\u00faarlegu reglum, h\u00e9lt vi\u00f0 si\u00f0 hinna dau\u00f0u og kalla\u00f0i til s\u00e6ringaprest \u00ed sj\u00fakd\u00f3mstilfellum, leita\u00f0ist \u00feannig vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 verja sig gegn dj\u00f6flunum.<\/p>

Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt sj\u00f3narhorn skilur \u00feessar venjur sem hluta af samfelldri heimsmynd, \u00fear sem sj\u00fakd\u00f3mar og \u00f3l\u00e1n ur\u00f0u skiljanleg og \u00fear me\u00f0 einnig me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlanleg. Ekki er \u00fear me\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafi virkni \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum skilningi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hugmyndir um \u00f3r\u00f3leg framli\u00f0nna anda og sj\u00fakd\u00f3msvaldandi dj\u00f6fla eru \u00fatbreiddar \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum. Innan hins forna Austurlands m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 tengsl vi\u00f0 vestursem\u00edt\u00edska og s\u00ed\u00f0ar j\u00fa\u00f0\u00edska dj\u00f6flafr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fear sem svipu\u00f0 hugt\u00f6k um anda og \u00f3hreina krafta koma fram.<\/p>

Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskar s\u00e6ringab\u00f3kmenntir hafa fengi\u00f0 athygli \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum sem bakgrunnur s\u00ed\u00f0ari s\u00e6ringahef\u00f0a, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed arama\u00edsku galdrask\u00e1larhef\u00f0inni fr\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0forn\u00f6ld<\/span>, \u00fear sem dj\u00f6flar eru einnig nefndir me\u00f0 nafni og bundnir.<\/p>

Byggingarlega samb\u00e6rileg er hugmyndin um a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur ver\u00f0i til vegna innkomu framandi, andlegrar veru og a\u00f0 unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna hann me\u00f0 tr\u00faarlegri \u00fatrekstri. Sl\u00edkar hugmyndir koma fram \u00ed m\u00f6rgum forn-n\u00fdt\u00edmalegum heilunarkerfum.<\/p>

Stefi\u00f0<\/span> um hinn \u00f3bjarga\u00f0a l\u00e1tna, sem sn\u00fdr aftur sem andi<\/span>, er einnig mj\u00f6g \u00fatbreitt og kemur me\u00f0al annars fram \u00ed gr\u00edskum og r\u00f3mverskum hugmyndaheimi, \u00fear sem framli\u00f0nir andar vanr\u00e6ktra greftrana voru taldir \u00f3r\u00f3ir og \u00feurftu a\u00f0 vera fri\u00f0a\u00f0ir me\u00f0 eigin si\u00f0um.<\/p>

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00f6ll l\u00edkindi er var\u00fa\u00f0 nau\u00f0synleg. Utukku eru felld inn \u00ed s\u00e9rstakt mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskt kerfi me\u00f0 eigin gu\u00f0um, eigin hugmyndum um undirheima og eigin si\u00f0ahef\u00f0.<\/p>

Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur eru \u00fev\u00ed best skildar sem d\u00e6miger\u00f0 fr\u00e6ndsemi, ekki einf\u00f6ld samsv\u00f6run. Samanbur\u00f0arranns\u00f3knir \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0um nota \u00fe\u00e6r til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa almennum mynstrum \u00ed umgengni vi\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, dau\u00f0a og \u00f3s\u00fdnilegt vald.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N\u00fat\u00edmavi\u00f0t\u00f6kur og ranns\u00f3knir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Utukku eru fyrst og fremst kunnir vegna v\u00edsindalegrar ranns\u00f3knar \u00e1 s\u00e6ringa\u00feulusafninu Utukku Lemnutu. \u00deetta safn var endurgert, gefi\u00f0 \u00fat og \u00fe\u00fdtt \u00e1 grundvelli fj\u00f6lda fleygr\u00fanaspjalda. M\u00f6rg \u00feessara spjalda koma \u00far b\u00f3kasafni ass\u00fdr\u00edska konungsins Assurban\u00edpals \u00ed Nineve, en einnig \u00far eldri textafundum sem n\u00e1 allt aftur til annars \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasundsins fyrir Krist.<\/p>

Vinnan vi\u00f0 \u00feessa texta er krefjandi, \u00fev\u00ed safni\u00f0 hefur var\u00f0veist yfir langan t\u00edma og er til \u00ed mismunandi \u00fatg\u00e1fum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al tv\u00edtyngdum s\u00famersk-akkad\u00edskum k\u00f6flum, \u00fear sem s\u00famerska s\u00e6ringin<\/span> er l\u00edna fyrir l\u00ednu fylgt af akkad\u00edskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6g ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a ranns\u00f3kna er s\u00fa inns\u00fdn a\u00f0 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsk dj\u00f6flafr\u00e6\u00f0i var ekki \u00f3skipulag\u00f0ur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa<\/span>, heldur l\u00e6rd\u00f3msfullt, skriflega var\u00f0veitt kerfi. Hugt\u00f6k eins og Utukku, Etemmu e\u00f0a Alu voru hluti af fagm\u00e1li sem kennt var \u00ed skrifarask\u00f3lum. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn r\u00e6\u00f0a hversu skarpt \u00feessi hugt\u00f6k voru a\u00f0greind fr\u00e1 hvort \u00f6\u00f0ru og hversu miki\u00f0 \u00feau sk\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0ust.<\/p>

Ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00e9rstakan \u00e1huga \u00e1 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskum hugmyndum um sj\u00fakd\u00f3m, l\u00e6kningu og hlutverk s\u00e6ringaprestsins.<\/p>

\u00c1 Utukku-textunum m\u00e1 rannsaka hversu samtvinnu\u00f0 tr\u00faarleg t\u00falkun, si\u00f0aframkv\u00e6md og \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e6tti frumst\u00e6\u00f0a l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i voru. S\u00e6ringaprestar h\u00f6f\u00f0u yfir a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kri texta\u00feekkingu, sem safna\u00f0 var \u00ed l\u00e6rd\u00f3msb\u00f3kas\u00f6fnum fyrsta \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasundsins fyrir Krist.<\/p>

\u00cd almennri umfj\u00f6llun hefur nafni\u00f0 Utukku \u00f6\u00f0ru hverju veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem heiti \u00e1 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskum dj\u00f6flum almennt, oft \u00e1n n\u00e1kv\u00e6mrar tilv\u00edsunar \u00ed heimildir.<\/p>

Vanda\u00f0ur fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 Utukku byggir \u00e1 gagnr\u00fdnum \u00fatg\u00e1fum s\u00e6ringatextanna og \u00e1 ass\u00fdr\u00edufr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum fr\u00e6\u00f0iritum, sem setja \u00feessar verur \u00ed s\u00f6gulegt og tr\u00faarlegt samhengi. \u00de\u00e6r s\u00fdna Utukku sem fastan hluta af margbrotinni dj\u00f6flafr\u00e6\u00f0i sem m\u00f3ta\u00f0i mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edskan skilning \u00e1 heiminum og \u00fej\u00e1ningunni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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