{"id":169027,"date":"2026-09-05T14:04:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:04:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169027"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:30:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:30:25","slug":"manes-gudleiddir-andar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/manes-gudleiddir-andar\/","title":{"rendered":"Manes \u2013 gu\u00f0leiddir andar hinna framli\u00f0nu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Manes\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Di Manes \u2013 andar hinna d\u00e1nu \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Andar hinna d\u00e1nu<\/span>R\u00f3m<\/a>Forfe\u00f0raandar<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nManes (\u00e1 lat\u00ednu: Di Manes) voru fyrir R\u00f3mverjum gu\u00f0leiddir andar hinna framli\u00f0nu, sem hlutu gu\u00f0lega tilbei\u00f0slu. D\u00fdrkun<\/span> \u00feeirra m\u00f3ta\u00f0i umgengni R\u00f3mverja vi\u00f0 hina d\u00e1nu fr\u00e1 \u00e1rd\u00f6gum l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins og langt fram \u00e1 keisarat\u00edmann. Manes voru taldir verndarv\u00e6ttir fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og var \u00e1kalla\u00f0ir \u00ed heimilisath\u00f6fnum eins og Lemuria og Parentalia.\nSem andar hinna d\u00e1nu \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um voru Manes d\u00fdrka\u00f0ir \u00ed heimilisath\u00f6fnum eins og Lemuria og Parentalia.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Yfirlit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Di Manes<\/em>, e\u00f0a einfaldlega Manes, teljast til grunnhugmynda r\u00f3mverskrar tr\u00faar. Me\u00f0 hugtakinu \u00e1ttu R\u00f3mverjar vi\u00f0 andar hinna d\u00e1nu, sem eftir dau\u00f0ann gengu inn \u00ed sameiginlegt, gu\u00f0lega hugsa\u00f0 \u00e1stand.<\/p>

\u00d3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed sem gilti \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um var hugmyndin um \u00f6rl\u00f6g einstaklingsins eftir dau\u00f0ann fremur \u00f3\u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00ed R\u00f3m. \u00cd brennidepli st\u00f3\u00f0 ekki einst\u00f6k s\u00e1l heldur heild hinna d\u00e1nu, sem lifandi f\u00f3lki bar skylda til a\u00f0 hl\u00faa a\u00f0 og hei\u00f0ra.<\/p>

Tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega eru Manes gott d\u00e6mi um n\u00e1in tengsl fj\u00f6lskyldu, minningar og tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a \u00ed R\u00f3m. Umhyggja fyrir hinum d\u00e1nu var skylda lifandi \u00e6ttingja, og vanr\u00e6ksla hennar var talin tr\u00faarlegt og samf\u00e9lagslegt afhro\u00f0. D\u00fdrkun Manes var \u00feannig r\u00f3tfest \u00ed kjarna fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og samfellu hennar.<\/p>

Manes st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00ed fl\u00e6\u00f0andi sambandi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0rar handanheimsverur \u00ed r\u00f3mverska<\/a> heiminum, me\u00f0al annars Lares og hina \u00f3heillav\u00e6nlegu Larvae og Lemures.<\/p>

\u00de\u00f3tt Manes birtist yfirleitt sem vi\u00f0takendur tilhl\u00fd\u00f0ilegrar tilbei\u00f0slu, g\u00e1tu \u00f3bj\u00f6rgra\u00f0ir e\u00f0a vanr\u00e6ktir hinir d\u00e1nu birst sem r\u00f3thvarflausir, h\u00e6ttulegir andar. \u00deessi breidd endurspeglar mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 umgangast dau\u00f0ann \u00e1 r\u00e9ttan h\u00e1tt \u00ed r\u00f3mverskri hugsun.<\/p>

M\u00e1lfarslega og lagalega voru Manes r\u00f3tfestir \u00ed almannal\u00edfinu. T\u00f3lft\u00f6flul\u00f6gin, elsta skriflega var\u00f0veitta r\u00f3mverska r\u00e9ttarheimildin, innih\u00e9ldu \u00feegar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um greftrunarr\u00e9tt og v\u00f6r\u00f0u \u00feannig sv\u00e6\u00f0i hinna d\u00e1nu me\u00f0 \u00f3beinum h\u00e6tti.<\/p>

Hugtaki\u00f0 Di Manes kemur fram j\u00f6fnum h\u00f6ndum \u00ed helgunarform\u00falum, grafletrun og l\u00f6gm\u00e1li, sem s\u00fdnir hve sj\u00e1lfsagt hugmyndin var \u00ed \u00f6llu samf\u00e9laginu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hugtaki\u00f0 Manes<\/em> er a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu og er oftast tengt or\u00f0asambandinu Di Manes<\/em>, \u201ehinir g\u00f3\u00f0u gu\u00f0ir\u201c. Forn\u00f6ld<\/span> tengdi or\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0 forna latneska l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0i\u00f0 manus<\/em>, sem \u00fe\u00fdddi \u201eg\u00f3\u00f0ur\u201c.<\/p>

Di Manes<\/em> v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00e1 or\u00f0 fyrir or\u00f0 \u201ehinir g\u00f3\u00f0u gu\u00f0ir\u201c, or\u00f0hagr\u00e1tt heiti sem einkennir hina vark\u00e1ru r\u00f3mversku afst\u00f6\u00f0u til dau\u00f0ans.<\/p>

\u00deessi t\u00falkun sem fegrandi heiti er tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega uppl\u00fdsandi. H\u00fan s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 R\u00f3mverjar m\u00e6ttu hinum d\u00e1nu me\u00f0 bl\u00f6ndu af vir\u00f0ingu og \u00f3tta og for\u00f0u\u00f0ust a\u00f0 nefna \u00fe\u00e1 beint sem h\u00e6ttulega. Svipa\u00f0ar or\u00f0hagr\u00e1\u00f0ar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir m\u00e1 finna \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mum svi\u00f0um forn tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.<\/p>

N\u00e1i\u00f0 tengd Manes er gy\u00f0jan Mania<\/em>, sem \u00ed heimildum kemur fram sem m\u00f3\u00f0ir e\u00f0a h\u00fasfreyja Manes. N\u00e1kv\u00e6mt samband \u00feeirra er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f3lj\u00f3st.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 Manes<\/em> h\u00e9lst safnkennt. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0i til einstaks hins d\u00e1na, til d\u00e6mis \u00ed graf\u00e1letrunarform\u00falu, var hann talinn hluti af heild hinna d\u00e1nu, ekki einangra\u00f0ri s\u00e1l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L\u00fdsing og myndm\u00e1l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manes h\u00f6f\u00f0u enga fasta myndger\u00f0. \u00d3l\u00edkt Lares, sem voru s\u00fdndir sem dansandi styttur, h\u00e9ldust Manes a\u00f0 mestu \u00f3m\u00f3ta\u00f0ir. \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 vera birtir me\u00f0 styttum \u00ed heimilishelgid\u00f3mi voru \u00feeir ger\u00f0ir vi\u00f0staddir gegnum gr\u00f6fina, graf\u00e1letrunina og ath\u00f6fnina.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6gasta s\u00fdnilega spor Manestr\u00faarinnar er graf\u00e1letrunin. \u00d3tal r\u00f3mverskir legsteinar hefjast \u00e1 form\u00falunni D M<\/em> e\u00f0a D M S<\/em>, skammst\u00f6fun fyrir Dis Manibus<\/em> e\u00f0a Dis Manibus Sacrum<\/em>, helga\u00f0<\/span> Manes hins d\u00e1na.<\/p>

\u00deessi tileinkun ger\u00f0i gr\u00f6fina a\u00f0 tr\u00faarlega \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0um sta\u00f0 og setti hinn d\u00e1na undir vernd og \u00ed samf\u00e9lag Manes.<\/p>

\u00dear sem hinir d\u00e1nu birtast myndr\u00e6nt, til d\u00e6mis \u00ed b\u00f3kmenntalegum l\u00fdsingum \u00e1 vitrunum, eru \u00feeir oftast s\u00fdndir sem daufar, skuggakenndar verur. \u00cd n\u00e6turath\u00f6fnum Lemuria var v\u00edsvitandi liti\u00f0 undan r\u00f3thvarflausum \u00f6ndunum; a\u00f0 horfa \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 var einmitt \u00fea\u00f0 sem for\u00f0ast skyldi.<\/p>

Myndm\u00e1l Manes er \u00feannig fyrst og fremst myndm\u00e1l sta\u00f0ar og skriftar, ekki myndar. Grafh\u00fdsi\u00f0, grafreiturinn og hin kl\u00f6ppa\u00f0a helgun voru birtingarform \u00feeirra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Go\u00f0s\u00f6gulegar fr\u00e1sagnir og munnm\u00e6li<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manarnir eru s\u00ed\u00f0ur efni fr\u00e1sagna en helgisi\u00f0a. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 er til r\u00edk b\u00f3kmenntaleg arfleif\u00f0<\/span> sem gerir r\u00f3mverskan skilning \u00e1 sambandi hinna lifandi og hinna l\u00e1tnu lj\u00f3san. Sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 \u00d3v\u00ed\u00f0 fjallar \u00ed riti s\u00ednu Fasti<\/em> um b\u00e6\u00f0i Parentalia og Lemuria \u00ed \u00edtarlegum k\u00f6flum og er \u00fear me\u00f0 ein mikilv\u00e6gasta heimildin um efni\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00d3v\u00ed\u00f0 greinir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1 fyrstu t\u00edmum R\u00f3mar hafi um\u00f6nnun hinna l\u00e1tnu einu sinni veri\u00f0 vanr\u00e6kt vegna str\u00ed\u00f0s. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 hafi hinir l\u00e1tnu, sem \u00f3r\u00f3leg vofur, s\u00f3tt a\u00f0 borginni, og a\u00f0eins me\u00f0 enduruppt\u00f6ku helgisi\u00f0anna hafi r\u00f6\u00f0 og regla komist \u00e1 a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. \u00deessi fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn \u00fatsk\u00fdrir nau\u00f0syn d\u00e1narh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0anna og undirstrikar \u00fe\u00e1 hugmynd a\u00f0 vanr\u00e6ktir manar g\u00e6tu or\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegir.<\/p>

Um Lemuria greinir \u00d3v\u00ed\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1hrifamiklum h\u00fasath\u00f6fnum. H\u00fasb\u00f3ndinn r\u00eds upp \u00e1 mi\u00f0n\u00e6tti, gengur berf\u00e6ttur um h\u00fasi\u00f0, kastar sv\u00f6rtum baunum yfir \u00f6xl s\u00edna og fer me\u00f0 fastm\u00f3ta\u00f0a form\u00falu \u00fear sem hann skorar \u00e1 vofurnar a\u00f0 yfirgefa h\u00fasi\u00f0.<\/p>

Sl\u00edkir kaflar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 umgengni vi\u00f0 hina l\u00e1tnu \u00ed R\u00f3m var n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega skipul\u00f6g\u00f0 og a\u00f0 til voru fastar form\u00falur og athafnir til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a samband vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1. Samfelld handanheimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0ri landafr\u00e6\u00f0i undirheimanna var \u00fe\u00f3 fremur \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00feeirra b\u00f3kmennta sem ur\u00f0u fyrir \u00e1hrifum gr\u00edskrar sk\u00e1ldskaparhef\u00f0ar.<\/p>

Virgill dregur upp \u00e1hrifamikla mynd af d\u00e1nard\u00fdrkun \u00ed Eneasarkvi\u00f0u, \u00feegar Eneas f\u00e6rir h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0lega f\u00f3rn<\/span> vi\u00f0 gr\u00f6f f\u00f6\u00f0ur sins Anchisesar og \u00e1kallar mana f\u00f6\u00f0ursins.<\/p>

Atri\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00fdnir umhir\u00f0u grafarins sem heilaga skyldu og tj\u00e1ningu pietas, tengslanna vi\u00f0 forfe\u00f0urna. Cicero nefnir manana einnig \u00edtreka\u00f0, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed riti s\u00ednu um l\u00f6gin \u00fear sem hann kve\u00f0ur \u00e1 um a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi hinna l\u00e1tnu, sem \u00e1litnir voru gu\u00f0legir, skuli haldin heil\u00f6g<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00fdrkun og tilbei\u00f0sla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manad\u00fdrkunin haf\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i einkalegan \u00fe\u00e1tt og opinberlega skipulag\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1tt. \u00cd brennidepli var umhir\u00f0a grafarins af hendi fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. \u00c1 tilteknum d\u00f6gum f\u00e6r\u00f0u a\u00f0standendur gjafir a\u00f0 gr\u00f6finni, svo sem v\u00edn, mj\u00f3lk, ol\u00edu, bl\u00f3m og mat. \u00dea\u00f0 sem mikilv\u00e6gt var \u00ed \u00feessu var a\u00f0 skyldunni v\u00e6ri fulln\u00e6gt og minningin lif\u00f0i \u00e1fram, efnislegt gildi gjafarinnar skipti engu m\u00e1li.<\/p>

A\u00f0alh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0 opinberrar d\u00e1nard\u00fdrkunar voru Parentalia<\/em> \u00ed febr\u00faar, sem st\u00f3\u00f0u yfir \u00ed nokkra daga og n\u00e1\u00f0u h\u00e1marki \u00e1 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni Feralia<\/em>.<\/p>

\u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma l\u00e1 opinbert l\u00edf a\u00f0 hluta ni\u00f0ri, hof<\/span> voru loku\u00f0, og fj\u00f6lskyldur h\u00e9ldu til grafanna til a\u00f0 sinna manunum. Lokah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0in var Caristia<\/em>, dagur s\u00e1tta innan fj\u00f6lskyldunnar me\u00f0al hinna lifandi, sem b\u00e6tti umhir\u00f0u hinna l\u00e1tnu \u00e1 heppilegan h\u00e1tt.<\/p>

\u00cd ma\u00ed fylgdi Lemuria<\/em>, h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0 hinna \u00f3r\u00f3u vofa. \u00d3l\u00edkt Parentalia, sem voru fremur umhyggjusamar, h\u00f6f\u00f0u Lemuria fr\u00e1hrindandi e\u00f0li. H\u00e9r snerist allt um a\u00f0 fri\u00f0a og reka \u00fat vofurnar sem gengu um h\u00fasi\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00deessi samhli\u00f0a tilvist b\u00e1\u00f0ra h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0anna s\u00fdnir tv\u00ede\u00f0li r\u00f3mverskrar d\u00e1nartr\u00faar, annars vegar umhyggjusama d\u00fdrkun mananna, hins vegar nau\u00f0synlega v\u00f6rn gegn \u00f3r\u00f3um hinum l\u00e1tnu. Allt \u00feetta kerfi st\u00f3\u00f0 undir \u00feeirri grundvallarreglu a\u00f0 hinir lifandi st\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed varanlegri skuldbindingu gagnvart hinum l\u00e1tnu.<\/p>

Samkv\u00e6mt arfleif\u00f0inni<\/span> h\u00f3fust Parentalia \u00ferett\u00e1nda febr\u00faar og st\u00f3\u00f0u til hins tuttugasta og fyrsta, dags Feralia, sem talinn var opinber lokadagur. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma gilti takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 opinberu l\u00edfi. \u00d3v\u00ed\u00f0 greinir \u00ed Fasti fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 br\u00fa\u00f0kaupum var fresta\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed t\u00edminn heyr\u00f0i hinum l\u00e1tnu, og a\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttismenn l\u00f6g\u00f0u tignarmerki s\u00edn til hli\u00f0ar.<\/p>

Fyrstu \u00e1tta dagarnir voru helga\u00f0ir einkar\u00e6kt hinna l\u00e1tnu innan hverrar fj\u00f6lskyldu, og a\u00f0eins Feralia haf\u00f0i opinbert e\u00f0li. Daginn eftir, \u00e1 Caristia e\u00f0a Cara Cognatio, safna\u00f0ist lifandi \u00e6ttf\u00f3lk saman til sameiginlegrar m\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0ar sem var berlega tileinku\u00f0 s\u00e1ttum me\u00f0al hinna lifandi.<\/p>

Lemuria \u00ed ma\u00ed f\u00e9llu \u00e1 n\u00edunda, elleftu og \u00ferett\u00e1nda dag m\u00e1na\u00f0arins. \u00d3v\u00ed\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir nafn \u00feeirra af Lemures, hinum reikandi vofum, og tengir h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ina uppruna s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 yfirb\u00f3t fyrir Remus, sem R\u00f3m\u00falus v\u00f3.<\/p>

\u00deetta er einnig b\u00f3kmenntaleg sm\u00ed\u00f0 sem gaf helgisi\u00f0num<\/span> fors\u00f6gu. Me\u00f0an \u00e1 Lemuria st\u00f3\u00f0 voru hofin<\/span> loku\u00f0 og engin br\u00fa\u00f0kaup f\u00f3ru fram, enda tali\u00f0 \u00f3heppilegt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Verndara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og fr\u00e1hrindandi t\u00e1kn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00cd tengslum vi\u00f0 mana snerist vernd fyrst og fremst um vernd me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttri um\u00f6nnun. Svo lengi sem hinir l\u00e1tnu voru grafnir samkv\u00e6mt reglum og hugsa\u00f0 var reglulega um \u00fe\u00e1, voru manirnir taldir vera velvilja\u00f0ir, g\u00f3\u00f0ir gu\u00f0ir sem ekki \u00feurfti a\u00f0 \u00f3ttast n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0.<\/p>

Samkv\u00e6mt r\u00f3mverskri hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i ste\u00f0ja\u00f0i h\u00e6tta a\u00f0 \u00feegar skyldan var vanr\u00e6kt, \u00feegar einhver var l\u00e1tinn \u00e1n greftrunar e\u00f0a \u00feegar gr\u00f6f var vanhelgu\u00f0.<\/p>

Fyrir sl\u00edk tilvik \u00e1tti r\u00f3mversk tr\u00fa s\u00e9r verjandi helgisi\u00f0i. \u00deekktasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 er baunakasti\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Lemuria-h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ina. H\u00fasb\u00f3ndinn nota\u00f0i svartar baunir, m\u00e6lti fasta form\u00falu og framkv\u00e6mdi ath\u00f6fnina \u00ed n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00e1kve\u00f0inni r\u00f6\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e6turlagi.<\/p>

Helgisi\u00f0urinn<\/span> \u00e1tti a\u00f0 r\u00f3a andana og f\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 til a\u00f0 yfirgefa h\u00fasi\u00f0. Einkennandi er a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mdi ath\u00f6fnina m\u00e1tti ekki l\u00edta \u00e1 andana og var\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda sig vi\u00f0 f\u00f6st or\u00f0 og handahreyfingar.<\/p>

Einnig haf\u00f0i grafarr\u00e9tturinn verndandi hlutverk. Grafir voru taldar loci religiosi<\/em>, tr\u00faarlega \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0ir sta\u00f0ir, en vanhelgun \u00feeirra var\u00f0a\u00f0i refsingu. Grafskriftir innihalda stundum b\u00f6lvanir gegn m\u00f6gulegum grafarr\u00e6ningjum og setja gr\u00f6fina undir vernd mananna.<\/p>

\u00deannig sameinu\u00f0ust lagaleg fyrirm\u00e6li og tr\u00faarlegar hugmyndir \u00ed vernd sem \u00e1tti ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vernda hina d\u00e1nu fyrir lifendum en lifendur fyrir hinum d\u00e1nu. \u00cd heild f\u00f3lst verndarhef\u00f0in \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda reglu milli \u00feessara tveggja svi\u00f0a.<\/p>

Anna\u00f0 form skipulegrar me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 hinum l\u00e1tnu var fri\u00f0\u00fe\u00e6ging vegna \u00f3venjulegs dau\u00f0sfalls. S\u00e1 sem var \u00e1n greftrunar, til d\u00e6mis vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00edki\u00f0 fannst ekki, var talinn \u00ed h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 a\u00f0 ganga um r\u00e1\u00f0villtur og fri\u00f0laus, og \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1tti \u00ed sl\u00edkum tilvikum reisa t\u00f3ma gr\u00f6f, ken\u00f3taf.<\/p>

\u00deannig var hinum l\u00e1tna t\u00e1knr\u00e6nt \u00fathluta\u00f0ur sta\u00f0ur og honum gert kleift a\u00f0 ganga inn \u00ed samf\u00e9lag mananna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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R\u00f3mverska manes-d\u00fdrkunin fellur vel inn \u00ed hi\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka svi\u00f0 forfe\u00f0ra- og dau\u00f0ad\u00fdrkunar sem finnst \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningarheimum.<\/p>

Innan r\u00f3mversku tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0anna standa manes-andarnir vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 lares og penates, og einnig vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 larvae og lemures, sem taldir voru h\u00e6ttulegir. \u00c1 me\u00f0an lares voru fremur bundnir vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na sta\u00f0i, v\u00edsu\u00f0u manes til hinna d\u00e1nu sem sl\u00edkra.<\/p>

Gr\u00edsk hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a er d\u00fdrkun hinna l\u00e1tnu innan gr\u00edsku dau\u00f0ad\u00fdrkunarins, svo sem umhir\u00f0a grafa og hugmyndin um skuggana \u00ed undirheimum. Gr\u00edski heimurinn \u00e1tti einnig daga \u00feegar hinir d\u00e1nu voru taldir vera s\u00e9rstaklega n\u00e1l\u00e6gt, og rit til a\u00f0 halda r\u00f3tleysislegum \u00f6ndum fr\u00e1.<\/p>

N\u00e1kv\u00e6m samsv\u00f6run er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki m\u00f6guleg, \u00fev\u00ed tr\u00faarlegar forsendur voru mismunandi. R\u00f3mversk \u00e1hersla \u00e1 fj\u00f6lskylduskyldu og lagalega var\u00f0a grafarsta\u00f0inn hefur sitt eigi\u00f0 einkenni.<\/p>

Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega heyra manes-andarnir til \u00feeirrar ger\u00f0ar sameiginlegrar forfe\u00f0rad\u00fdrkunar \u00fear sem samf\u00e9lag hinna d\u00e1nu og \u00e1framhaldandi tengsl \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 hina lifandi eru \u00ed forgrunni, framar einstaklingsbundnum \u00f6rl\u00f6gum eftir dau\u00f0ann. R\u00f3mverska \u00fatg\u00e1fan er s\u00e9rstaklega vel skjalfest me\u00f0 \u00e1letrunum og s\u00fdnir hversu n\u00e1tengd tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0, fj\u00f6lskylda og minningarmenning voru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N\u00fat\u00edmavi\u00f0t\u00f6kur og ranns\u00f3knir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Manes-andarnir eru mi\u00f0l\u00e6gt vi\u00f0fangsefni \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 r\u00f3mverskum tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir snerta samskipti vi\u00f0 dau\u00f0ann og \u00fear me\u00f0 grunnsvi\u00f0 hverrar tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.<\/p>

Georg Wissowa og Kurt Latte fj\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00edtarlega um dau\u00f0ad\u00fdrkunina, og \u00ed n\u00fdrri ranns\u00f3knum hafa me\u00f0al annars John Scheid og J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke \u00fatf\u00e6rt hina helgisi\u00f0alegu og f\u00e9lagslegu v\u00eddd Parentalia og Lemuria.<\/p>

Mikilv\u00e6gur h\u00f3pur heimilda eru hinar fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgu legsteina\u00e1letranir me\u00f0 form\u00falunni Dis Manibus<\/em>. \u00de\u00e6r gera rannsakendum kleift a\u00f0 rekja \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu manes-d\u00fdrkunarinnar um allt r\u00edki\u00f0, me\u00f0al allra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00e9tta og yfir langan t\u00edma. Fornletrafr\u00e6\u00f0in<\/span> hefur \u00feannig s\u00fdnt hversu sj\u00e1lfsag\u00f0ur hugmyndin um manes-andana var \u00ed r\u00f3mversku daglegu l\u00edfi.<\/p>

\u00cd samt\u00edmamenningu er hugtaki\u00f0 manes-andar minna \u00feekkt en til d\u00e6mis hinir r\u00f3mversku h\u00f6fu\u00f0gu\u00f0ir, en \u00fea\u00f0 kemur reglulega fram \u00ed umfj\u00f6llun um forna greftrunarsi\u00f0i, \u00e1 s\u00f6fnum og \u00ed s\u00f6gu\u00feekkingu almennings.<\/p>

Skammst\u00f6funin D M<\/em> \u00e1 legsteinum kemur fyrir hj\u00e1 \u00f6llum sem fjalla um r\u00f3mverska fornletrafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>. Fyrir tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ina<\/span> eru manes-andarnir mikilv\u00e6gt d\u00e6mi um hvernig samf\u00e9lag skipulag\u00f0i samband hinna lifandi og hinna d\u00e1nu \u00e1 helgisi\u00f0alegan<\/span> h\u00e1tt.<\/p>

Yngri ranns\u00f3knir hafa auk \u00feess dregi\u00f0 fram f\u00e9lagslegt hlutverk dau\u00f0ah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0anna. Parentalia og hin s\u00ed\u00f0ari Caristia voru rit fyrir hina d\u00e1nu og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri fyrir fj\u00f6lskylduna til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0festa sig sem varanlega heild yfir m\u00f6rk l\u00edfs og dau\u00f0a.<\/p>

Legsteina\u00e1letranirnir, sem oft var\u00f0veita f\u00e9lagslega st\u00f6\u00f0u, aldur og fj\u00f6lskyldutengsl hins l\u00e1tna, eru \u00fev\u00ed taldar b\u00e6\u00f0i tr\u00faarlegar og f\u00e9lagss\u00f6gulegar heimildir af fyrsta g\u00e6\u00f0aflokki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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