{"id":169022,"date":"2026-09-05T14:04:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:04:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=169022"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:30:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:30:13","slug":"hei-bai-wuchang-sendibodar-daudra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/hei-bai-wuchang-sendibodar-daudra\/","title":{"rendered":"Hei Bai Wuchang \u2013 sendibo\u00f0ar hinna dau\u00f0u \u00ed k\u00ednversku undirheimunum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Heibai\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang \u2013 Sv\u00f6rt og hv\u00edt hverfulleiki<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Andar<\/span>K\u00edna<\/a>Sendibo\u00f0ar dau\u00f0ra<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang er svart-hv\u00edta andapari\u00f0 \u00far k\u00ednverskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa sem finnur s\u00e1lir hinna d\u00e1nu og lei\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00e6r til undirheimanna Diyu. Sem undirmenn borgargu\u00f0sins t\u00e1kna \u00feau \u00f3umfl\u00fdjanleika dau\u00f0ans og jafnframt si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega reglu hans. \u00deessi grein setur \u00feessar tv\u00e6r verur \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt samhengi og fjallar um go\u00f0s\u00f6gn<\/span>, d\u00fdrkun<\/span> og ranns\u00f3knir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Yfirlit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang v\u00edsar \u00ed k\u00ednverskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa til pars andaverna hinna d\u00e1nu, sem hafa \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 finna s\u00e1lir hinna deyjandi og lei\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r inn \u00ed r\u00edki undirheimanna.<\/p>

Nafni\u00f0 er samsett \u00far litarheitunum hei<\/em> (svart) og bai<\/em> (hv\u00edtt) auk hugtaksins wuchang<\/em> (\u00f3st\u00f6\u00f0ugleiki, hverfulleiki). \u00deessar tv\u00e6r verur birtast n\u00e6r alltaf saman og eru taldar \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegt par sem gerir \u00f3umfl\u00fdjanlegan breytileika alls hins jar\u00f0neska s\u00fdnilegan.<\/p>

Tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega tilheyra Hei Bai Wuchang hugmyndum K\u00ednverja um Diyu, hina ne\u00f0anjar\u00f0ar stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu framl\u00edfsins, sem allt fr\u00e1 Tang- og Song-t\u00edmabilinu var hugsu\u00f0 sem skrifr\u00e6\u00f0islega skipulagt emb\u00e6ttiskerfi. \u00cd \u00feessu kerfi eru andarnir tveir ekki sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir stj\u00f3rnendur heldur hj\u00e1lparstarfsmenn.<\/p>

\u00deeir eru undirmenn Chenghuang<\/strong>, borgargu\u00f0sins, og \u00ed v\u00ed\u00f0ara samhengi hinna t\u00edu helv\u00edtiskonunga sem d\u00e6ma um \u00f6rl\u00f6g hinna d\u00e1nu. \u00deannig standa \u00feeir \u00e1 mi\u00f0ju stigi hins handanheimska stigveldis, samb\u00e6rilegir d\u00f3m\u00fej\u00f3num e\u00f0a handt\u00f6kum\u00f6nnum veraldlegrar stofnunar.<\/p>

D\u00fdrkun parsins er \u00fatbreidd um allan k\u00ednverskan menningarheim, en er s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1berandi \u00ed su\u00f0ri, \u00ed Fujian, \u00e1 Ta\u00edvan og \u00ed su\u00f0austur-as\u00edskum \u00fatflytjendasamf\u00e9l\u00f6gum. \u00cd hofg\u00f6ngum og \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leikh\u00fasi eru Hei Bai Wuchang me\u00f0al \u00e1berandustu pers\u00f3na yfirleitt.<\/p>

Merking \u00feeirra n\u00e6r langt \u00fat fyrir hlutverki\u00f0 sem sendibo\u00f0ar dau\u00f0ans, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feau bera fram si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg skilabo\u00f0: dau\u00f0inn kemur fyrir alla, og l\u00edfsheg\u00f0un r\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00farslitum um hvernig fundur vi\u00f0 hann fer fram.<\/p>

S\u00e1 sem vill skilja tr\u00faarlegt landslag K\u00edna<\/a> kemst ekki hj\u00e1 \u00feessu andapari, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 bindur saman \u00e1 s\u00e9rlega myndr\u00e6nan h\u00e1tt samspil \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00faar<\/span>, hofd\u00fdrkunar og si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegrar fr\u00e6\u00f0slu.<\/p>

Athygli skal vakin \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 munnm\u00e6lahef\u00f0in<\/span> er mj\u00f6g breytileg eftir sv\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00c1 sumum st\u00f6\u00f0um eru andarnir tveir taldir br\u00e6\u00f0ur, annars sta\u00f0ar vinir, og sums sta\u00f0ar tengjast \u00feeir gegnum \u00e6ttar- e\u00f0a emb\u00e6ttistengsl. N\u00f6fn \u00feeirra sveiflast einnig. \u00deessi fj\u00f6lbreytni er ekki merki um m\u00f3tsagnir, heldur birtir h\u00fan lifandi munnlega hef\u00f0 sem hefur aldrei fest sig \u00ed einni samr\u00e6mdri kan\u00f3nu<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Samheiti\u00f0 Hei Bai Wuchang m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a or\u00f0 fyrir or\u00f0 sem ‘svartan og hv\u00edtan hverfulleika’. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 wuchang<\/em> er upprunalega \u00far b\u00fadd\u00edskri or\u00f0anotkun og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir sanskr\u00edt-hugtaki\u00f0 anitya<\/em>, \u00fe.e. l\u00e6rd\u00f3minn um hverfulleika allra hluta.<\/p>

\u00cd \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fanni var \u00feetta \u00f3hlutbundna hugtak pers\u00f3nugert og \u00fe\u00e9tta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0na veru sem t\u00e1knar dau\u00f0ann sem atbur\u00f0. \u00deannig var\u00f0 \u00far heimspekilegri inns\u00fdn athafnas\u00f6m pers\u00f3na.<\/p>

Andarnir tveir bera hvor sitt eigi\u00f0 nafn. Hv\u00edti andinn<\/span> heitir oft Xie Bi’an<\/strong>, svarti Fan Wujiu<\/strong>. \u00deessi n\u00f6fn eru algeng \u00ed hof\u00e1letrun, leikh\u00fastextum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum, en sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundin afbrig\u00f0i eru til.<\/p>

Hv\u00edti andinn<\/span> er oft l\u00edka kalla\u00f0ur Bai Wuchang<\/em>, svarti Hei Wuchang<\/em>. \u00c1 sumum sv\u00e6\u00f0um ber hv\u00edti andinn<\/span> hei\u00f0ursnafn sem l\u00fdsir honum sem \u00feeim sem f\u00e6rir vels\u00e6ld, me\u00f0an svarti birtist sem strangur, refsandi vera.<\/p>

Litat\u00e1knfr\u00e6\u00f0in er lykilatri\u00f0i \u00ed skilningnum. Hv\u00edtt er \u00ed K\u00edna<\/a> hef\u00f0bundinn sorgar- og dau\u00f0alitur, borinn vi\u00f0 jar\u00f0arfarir. Svart t\u00e1knar hi\u00f0 d\u00f6kka, hulda og hina n\u00e1tt\u00farulegu svi\u00f0smynd n\u00e6turins \u00fear sem andarnir starfa.<\/p>

Samtvinnun \u00feessara tveggja lita tj\u00e1ir heildst\u00e6\u00f0ni: dau\u00f0inn hefur b\u00e6\u00f0i bl\u00ed\u00f0a og fr\u00e1hrindandi hli\u00f0, lj\u00f3sa og d\u00f6kka. Sumar munnm\u00e6lahef\u00f0ir sn\u00faa skipuninni vi\u00f0 e\u00f0a dreifa eiginleikunum \u00e1 annan h\u00e1tt, en grunnbygging andst\u00e6\u00f0ra parsins var\u00f0veitist \u00e1vallt.<\/p>

Auk \u00feess b\u00e6tist vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi vi\u00f0urnefna og hei\u00f0ursheita sem undirstrika emb\u00e6ttisst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra. \u00deeir eru nefndir sendibo\u00f0ar, handt\u00f6kumenn e\u00f0a erindrekar borgargu\u00f0sins.<\/p>

\u00c1 h\u00f6ttum \u00feeirra e\u00f0a \u00e1letrunarb\u00f6ndum standa oft slagor\u00f0 sem draga saman hlutverk \u00feeirra, til d\u00e6mis tilkynning um a\u00f0 tilkoma \u00feeirra bo\u00f0i au\u00f0\u00e6fi e\u00f0a a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur muni \u00feegar sj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1. \u00deessar \u00e1letranir eru hluti af myndhef\u00f0inni og ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed n\u00e6sta kafla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L\u00fdsing og myndm\u00e1l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang teljast til \u00feeirra vera \u00ed k\u00ednverskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa sem hafa hva\u00f0 sterkasta sj\u00f3nr\u00e6na s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u. Framsetning \u00feeirra fylgir fastm\u00f3tu\u00f0u formi sem endurtekur sig \u00ed hofmyndum, skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngugr\u00edmum, papp\u00edrsf\u00edg\u00farum og leikh\u00fasi.<\/p>

Hv\u00edti andinn<\/span> er s\u00e9rstaklega h\u00e1vaxinn og grannvaxinn, oft \u00ed l\u00f6ngum, hv\u00edtum kl\u00e6\u00f0um og me\u00f0 h\u00e1an, mj\u00f3kkandi hatt. Svarti andinn<\/span> er \u00fear \u00e1 m\u00f3ti l\u00e6gri og gildvaxnari, d\u00f6kkkl\u00e6ddur, me\u00f0 kringlulaust andlit.<\/p>

\u00c1berandasta einkenni hv\u00edta andans er l\u00f6ng tunga sem stendur \u00fat \u00far munni hans. H\u00fan v\u00edsar til \u00feeirrar hugmyndar a\u00f0 hann hafi d\u00e1i\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hengja sig, sk\u00fdring sem er r\u00f3tfest \u00ed einni af algengum \u00fatg\u00e1fum go\u00f0s\u00f6gunnar. \u00c1 h\u00e1um hatti hans er oft \u00e1letrun sem tengir s\u00fdn hans vi\u00f0 heppni e\u00f0a r\u00edkid\u00e6mi.<\/p>

\u00cd h\u00f6ndum s\u00ednum ber hann oft bl\u00e6v\u00e6ng og ke\u00f0ju e\u00f0a fj\u00f6tur sem hann bindur s\u00e1lir me\u00f0 og lei\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 brott. Svarti andinn<\/span> hefur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti d\u00f6kkt og \u00f3gnvekjandi andlit, stundum me\u00f0 \u00fatst\u00e6\u00f0um augum, og \u00ed hendi hans er oft spjald e\u00f0a refsit\u00f3l.<\/p>

B\u00e1\u00f0ir andarnir bera skriftarb\u00f6nd, emb\u00e6ttismerki og stundum ke\u00f0jur \u00far myntum e\u00f0a papp\u00edrspeningum. \u00deessi t\u00e1kn merkja \u00fe\u00e1 sem emb\u00e6ttismenn undirheimastj\u00f3rnarins.<\/p>

\u00c1s\u00fdnd \u00feeirra er v\u00edsvitandi hrikaleg og \u00fdkt, \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 vekja b\u00e6\u00f0i lotningu og hroll, en hefur \u00fe\u00f3 jafnframt al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0legt, n\u00e1nast skopmyndalegt yfirbrag\u00f0. \u00cd skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngum eru \u00feeir leiknir af flytjendum \u00e1 h\u00e1um stultum, sem gerir hv\u00edta andann<\/span> s\u00e9rstaklega st\u00f3rvaxinn og \u00f3gnvekjandi.<\/p>

T\u00e1knmyndin er ekki st\u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6llum sm\u00e1atri\u00f0um. \u00c1 Ta\u00edvan og \u00ed Fujian hafa myndast eigin st\u00edlbrig\u00f0i me\u00f0 vandlega m\u00e1la\u00f0ar gr\u00edmur og r\u00edkulega skreytt kl\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00cd nor\u00f0l\u00e6gari h\u00e9ru\u00f0um eru myndirnir oft einfaldari.<\/p>

\u00d6llum \u00fatg\u00e1fum er sameiginlegt sk\u00fdr andst\u00e6\u00f0a lj\u00f3ss og myrkurs, h\u00e6\u00f0ar og l\u00e6g\u00f0ar, sem gerir e\u00f0li parsins s\u00fdnilegt sem einingu andst\u00e6\u00f0na. \u00datliti\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3nar ekki bara \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 vekja hr\u00e6\u00f0slu, heldur einnig fr\u00e6\u00f0sluhlutverki, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 gerir \u00f3hlutbundnar hugmyndir um dau\u00f0a og d\u00f3m \u00e1\u00fereifanlegar fyrir brei\u00f0an almenning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Go\u00f0sagnakenndar fr\u00e1sagnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Fr\u00e6gasta sagan um uppruna Hei Bai Wuchang segir af tveimur n\u00e1komnum vinum e\u00f0a emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum sem \u00ed l\u00edfinu voru bundnir saman af h\u00f6rmulegu lofor\u00f0i. \u00cd \u00fatbreiddri \u00fatg\u00e1fu \u00e1kve\u00f0a \u00feeir tveir a\u00f0 hittast \u00e1 tilteknum sta\u00f0.<\/p>

\u00deegar skyndilegt \u00farhelli skellur \u00e1 og \u00e1in fl\u00e6\u00f0ir yfir bakka s\u00edna, stendur einn \u00feeirra, hv\u00edtkl\u00e6ddur, dyggilega v\u00f6r\u00f0 \u00e1 ums\u00f6mdum sta\u00f0, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 vatni\u00f0 h\u00e6kki.<\/p>

Hann drukknar \u00ed fl\u00f3\u00f0inu e\u00f0a hengir sig til a\u00f0 rj\u00fafa ekki or\u00f0 sitt. Hinn, svartkl\u00e6ddur, kemur of seint, finnur vin sinn l\u00e1tinn og deyr \u00far harmi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 svipta sig l\u00edfi.<\/p>

\u00deessi saga \u00fatsk\u00fdrir jafnframt nokkur t\u00e1knmyndaeinkenni. \u00datst\u00e6\u00f0 tunga hv\u00edta andans v\u00edsar til dau\u00f0daga hans me\u00f0 hengingu, lj\u00f3s kl\u00e6\u00f0i hans til trygg\u00f0ar og hreinlyndis. D\u00f6kkt andlit svarta andans er tengt drukknun e\u00f0a sorg.<\/p>

Sagan segir a\u00f0 vegna r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tis og trygg\u00f0ar sem \u00feeir s\u00fdndu \u00ed l\u00edfinu hafi \u00feeir eftir dau\u00f0ann veri\u00f0 \u00fatnefndir emb\u00e6ttismenn af valdh\u00f6fum undirheimanna og fengi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 verkefni a\u00f0 safna s\u00e1lum hinna framli\u00f0nu.<\/p>

A\u00f0rar munnm\u00e6lasagnir tengja andana tvo vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar s\u00f6gulegar e\u00f0a sta\u00f0bundnar pers\u00f3nur og gefa \u00feeim \u00e6ttarn\u00f6fn og l\u00edfshlaup. \u00cd sumum \u00fatg\u00e1fum voru \u00feeir var\u00f0menn borgargu\u00f0shofs, \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum saklausir borgarar sem f\u00e9llu fr\u00e1 vegna slyss.<\/p>

\u00d6llum \u00fatg\u00e1fum er sameiginleg hugmyndin um a\u00f0 \u00feeir tveir hafi \u00ed l\u00edfinu breytt me\u00f0 fyrirmyndarh\u00e6tti \u00ed si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegu tilliti og \u00fev\u00ed hlotnast \u00feeim vir\u00f0ingarvert hlutverk \u00ed dau\u00f0anum. \u00deannig ber go\u00f0s\u00f6gnin<\/span> me\u00f0 s\u00e9r sk\u00fdr si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg skilabo\u00f0: trygg\u00f0, \u00e1rei\u00f0anleiki og einl\u00e6gni eru launu\u00f0, jafnvel handan dau\u00f0ans.<\/p>

\u00cd s\u00f6gum sem l\u00fdsa hversdegi andanna koma \u00feeir fram sem handt\u00f6kumenn me\u00f0 handt\u00f6kuskipun fr\u00e1 undirheimum, sem s\u00e6kja s\u00e1l manns \u00e1 tilsettum t\u00edma. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0s\u00f6gur greina fr\u00e1 fundum lifandi f\u00f3lks vi\u00f0 andana, tilraunum til a\u00f0 m\u00faa \u00feeim e\u00f0a sv\u00edkja \u00fe\u00e1, og \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 unnt a\u00f0 komast undan \u00e1kve\u00f0inni d\u00e1narstundu.<\/p>

\u00d6\u00f0ru hverju koma \u00feeir einnig fram sem \u00f3hlutdr\u00e6gir sm\u00e1d\u00f3marar sem hafa uppi \u00e1 illvirkjum. \u00deessar s\u00f6gur s\u00fdna andana b\u00e6\u00f0i sem \u00f3gnvekjandi og r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta, sem fullnustumenn skipulags sem ekki er unnt a\u00f0 sni\u00f0ganga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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D\u00fdrkun og tilbei\u00f0sla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang eru fyrst og fremst tigna\u00f0ir innan ramma Chenghuang-d\u00fdrkunarins, \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 hof borgargu\u00f0anna. \u00cd m\u00f6rgum \u00feessara hofa<\/span> standa styttur af andaparinu sem f\u00f6runautar og \u00fej\u00f3nar a\u00f0algu\u00f0d\u00f3msins.<\/p>

Tr\u00faa\u00f0ir f\u00e6ra \u00feeim reykelsi, matarf\u00f3rnir og papp\u00edrspeninga, oft \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 b\u00e6nir um vernd gegn \u00f3t\u00edmab\u00e6rum dau\u00f0a, um bata sj\u00fakra e\u00f0a um a\u00f0 r\u00e9tta hlut \u00feeirra sem hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00f3r\u00e9tti.<\/p>

S\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1berandi form tignunar eru hofg\u00f6ngurnar, \u00fear sem leikarar \u00ed b\u00faningum Hei Bai Wuchang taka \u00fe\u00e1tt. \u00c1 Ta\u00edvan og \u00ed Fujian eru \u00feeir fastur hluti st\u00f3rra skr\u00fa\u00f0gangna, me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0um til hei\u00f0urs borgargu\u00f0num e\u00f0a \u00e1 andah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0um.<\/p>

Leikararnir t\u00falka ekki a\u00f0eins andana heldur er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeir s\u00e9u um t\u00edma gagntekinn af \u00feeim, og \u00fev\u00ed er \u00feeim s\u00fdnd s\u00e9rst\u00f6k vir\u00f0ing me\u00f0an \u00e1 skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngunni<\/span> stendur. Algengt er a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra \u00f6ndunum \u00ed \u00feessari mynd sm\u00e1gjafir, svo sem s\u00e6lg\u00e6ti e\u00f0a s\u00edgarettur, \u00ed von um velvild.<\/p>

\u00c1 andah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni \u00ed sj\u00f6unda tunglm\u00e1nu\u00f0inum, \u00feegar dyr undirheimanna eru a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa opnar og s\u00e1lirnar heims\u00e6kja heim hinna lifandi, gegna \u00f6ndarnir tveir einnig hlutverki sem yfirmenn og ver\u00f0ir hinna deyjandi sem eru \u00e1 ferli.<\/p>

\u00cdmynd \u00feeirra getur einnig komi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu vi\u00f0 jar\u00f0arfarir, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed formi papp\u00edrsf\u00edg\u00fara sem eru brenndar til a\u00f0 fylgja hinum l\u00e1tna \u00f6ruggum \u00e1fram.<\/p>

D\u00fdrkunin<\/span> er n\u00e1tengd \u00fe\u00f6rfinni fyrir r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti. \u00dear sem andarnir eru taldir vera \u00f3spilltir handhafar valdsins sem s\u00e6kja alla \u00e1 r\u00e9ttum t\u00edma og hl\u00edfa engum, sn\u00fdr f\u00f3lk s\u00e9r til \u00feeirra \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 telur sig hafa veri\u00f0 sviki\u00f0 af jar\u00f0neskum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum.<\/p>

\u00cd \u00feessu hlutverki l\u00edkjast \u00feeir \u00f6\u00f0rum v\u00e6ttum \u00ed d\u00f3mskerfi hins framli\u00f0na heims. Tignunin er \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0eins \u00f3tti vi\u00f0 dau\u00f0ann heldur einnig tr\u00fa \u00e1 jafnv\u00e6gisskapandi skipulag sem lifir af jar\u00f0neskt \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Verndara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og fr\u00e1hrindandi t\u00e1kn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00cd samskiptum vi\u00f0 Hei Bai Wuchang koma fram nokkrar hugmyndir sem sn\u00faast um vernd hinna lifandi og um skipulegan yfirgang hinna l\u00e1tnu. R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 h\u00e9r er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00f6guleg og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00e1ttafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega l\u00fdsanleg venjur, ekki \u00e1hrifar\u00edkar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00ed skilningi lofor\u00f0s.<\/p>

Mi\u00f0l\u00e6g hugmynd er a\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta \u00f6ndunum me\u00f0 vir\u00f0ingu til a\u00f0 vekja ekki \u00f3\u00e1n\u00e6gju \u00feeirra. \u00cd skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngum er tali\u00f0 \u00f3viturlegt a\u00f0 standa \u00ed vegi fyrir leikurunum sem t\u00e1kna \u00fe\u00e1 e\u00f0a gera gr\u00edn a\u00f0 \u00feeim. \u00c1 m\u00f3ti vonast f\u00f3lk til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 velvild \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir vir\u00f0ingarfulla framkomu.<\/p>

\u00c1letrunin \u00e1 hatti hv\u00edta andans, sem tengir s\u00fdn hans vi\u00f0 r\u00edkid\u00e6mi, hefur leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 sumir tr\u00faa\u00f0ir t\u00falka fund me\u00f0 honum jafnvel sem heillamerki, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 happdr\u00e6tti e\u00f0a vi\u00f0skipta\u00e1rangur.<\/p>

Til varnara\u00f0ger\u00f0anna telst a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra f\u00f3rnir til a\u00f0 bl\u00ed\u00f0ka andana, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 brenna papp\u00edrspeninga og papp\u00edrsf\u00edg\u00farur, sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 tryggja hinum l\u00e1tna grei\u00f0a lei\u00f0 til undirheimanna.<\/p>

Hj\u00e1 deyjandi og l\u00e1tnum er fari\u00f0 eftir si\u00f0um sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 s\u00e1lin reiti handhafana til rei\u00f0i e\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00fan ver\u00f0i eftir sem heimilislaus andi<\/span>. \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al er a\u00f0 \u00fatb\u00faa f\u00f3rnargjafir t\u00edmanlega og halda sorgart\u00edmabilin.<\/p>

\u00cd hofum \u00fej\u00f3na styttur andanna sj\u00e1lfar hlutverki verndar. Sem ver\u00f0ir borgargu\u00f0sins eiga \u00feeir a\u00f0 verjast illum \u00e1hrifum og trygga skipulag h\u00e9ra\u00f0sins. Verndargripir og myndat\u00f6flur me\u00f0 mynd af \u00feeim voru \u00f6\u00f0ru hverju festar \u00e1 h\u00fas.<\/p>

\u00c1 heildina liti\u00f0 liggur a\u00f0 baki \u00f6llum \u00feessum venjum s\u00fa sannf\u00e6ring a\u00f0 dau\u00f0inn s\u00e9 \u00f3umfl\u00fdjanlegur, en a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt heg\u00f0un geti skipulagt yfirgangann og gert hann vir\u00f0ulegan. \u00deessi afsta\u00f0a sameinar \u00f3tta og vilja til a\u00f0 laga sig a\u00f0 heimsskipulagi sem er tali\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hugmyndin um sendibo\u00f0a dau\u00f0ans sem s\u00e6kja s\u00e1lir hinna l\u00e1tnu og fylgja \u00feeim \u00ed handanheiminn er \u00fatbreidd langt utan K\u00edna<\/a>. Hei Bai Wuchang m\u00e1 flokka innan st\u00e6rri tr\u00faars\u00f6gulegs h\u00f3ps s\u00e1larlei\u00f0s\u00f6gumanna, \u00fea\u00f0 er v\u00e6tta sem hafa \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 fylgja s\u00e1lum.<\/p>

\u00cd gr\u00edskri go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> tekur Hermes \u00ed hlutverki s\u00ednu sem Hermes Psychopompos a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 fylgja hinum l\u00e1tnu a\u00f0 inngangi undirheimanna, me\u00f0an ferjuma\u00f0urinn Karon flytur \u00fe\u00e1 yfir \u00e1na. \u00cd r\u00f3mverskri hef\u00f0 heldur \u00feessi hugmynd \u00e1fram. \u00c1 germ\u00f6nskum sl\u00f3\u00f0um eru valkyrjur \u00ed einu hlutverki s\u00ednu taldar s\u00e6kja hina fallnu.<\/p>

\u00cd j\u00fad\u00edskri og \u00edslamskri munnm\u00e6lum<\/span> er dau\u00f0aengillinn \u00feekktur, sem tekur s\u00e1lina \u00e1 tilsettum t\u00edma. \u00deessar hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur s\u00fdna a\u00f0 myndin af emb\u00e6ttislegum sendibo\u00f0a, sem \u00e1kve\u00f0ur ekki d\u00e1nart\u00edmann sj\u00e1lfur heldur framkv\u00e6mir hann a\u00f0eins, kemur fyrir \u00ed m\u00f6rgum menningum.<\/p>

S\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1berandi er tengingin vi\u00f0 skrifstofulega hugmynd um handanheiminn. K\u00ednverska Diyu er hugsu\u00f0 sem stofnun me\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum, skj\u00f6lum og handh\u00f6fum, og Hei Bai Wuchang eru d\u00f3m\u00fej\u00f3nar \u00feessa kerfis.<\/p>

Samb\u00e6rileg hugmynd um stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu \u00ed handanheiminum me\u00f0 vigtun og d\u00f3mi finnst \u00ed fornegypska d\u00f3mi hinna dau\u00f0u, \u00fear sem hjarta hins l\u00e1tna er vegi\u00f0, sem og \u00ed mi\u00f0aldakristnum hugmyndum um s\u00e1lard\u00f3m.<\/p>

Innan k\u00ednversks menningarsv\u00e6\u00f0is sj\u00e1lfs standa andarnir tveir vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 annarra v\u00e6tta undirheimanna, me\u00f0al annars nauts- og hestsh\u00f6fu\u00f0var\u00f0anna, sem koma einnig fram sem handhafar og ver\u00f0ir.<\/p>

Tv\u00ede\u00f0li lj\u00f3ss og myrks anda minnir a\u00f0 auki \u00e1 yfirgripsmikla l\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 um andst\u00e6\u00f0ur, sem \u00ed k\u00ednverskri heimsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er sett fram sem Yin og Yang. Samanbur\u00f0urinn s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 Hei Bai Wuchang eru ekki einangra\u00f0 s\u00e9rkenni heldur menningarbundin \u00fatf\u00e6rsla \u00e1 v\u00ed\u00f0\u00fatbreiddu tr\u00faarlegu minni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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N\u00fat\u00edmavi\u00f0t\u00f6kur og ranns\u00f3knir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hei Bai Wuchang eru enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag lifandi pers\u00f3nur \u00ed k\u00ednverskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa. \u00c1 Ta\u00edvan, \u00ed Fujian, Hong Kong og \u00ed k\u00ednverskum samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum Su\u00f0austur-As\u00edu eru \u00fe\u00e6r enn fastur li\u00f0ur \u00ed hofmenningu og tr\u00faarlegum skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngum.<\/p>

Leikararnir sem birta \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 stultum eru oft \u00ed eigin f\u00e9l\u00f6gum og b\u00faningarnir eru ger\u00f0ir me\u00f0 mikilli handverkslegri natni.<\/p>

Utan hins tr\u00faarlega svi\u00f0s hafa \u00feessir tveir andar rutt s\u00e9r til r\u00fams \u00ed d\u00e6gurmenningu. \u00deeir koma fram \u00ed kvikmyndum, sj\u00f3nvarps\u00fe\u00e1ttum, myndas\u00f6gum og t\u00f6lvuleikjum sem fjalla um k\u00ednverska undirheima.<\/p>

\u00dear eru \u00feeir \u00fdmist s\u00fdndir sem \u00f3hugnanlegar, gamansamar e\u00f0a jafnvel ge\u00f0\u00feekkar pers\u00f3nur. \u00deessi \u00fatf\u00e6rsla hefur tryggt a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru \u00feekktir me\u00f0al yngri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a sem eru minna kunnugar hinum hef\u00f0bundna hofsd\u00fdrkun.<\/p>

\u00cd v\u00edsindalegum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00e1ttafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ranns\u00f3knum er fjalla\u00f0 um Hei Bai Wuchang \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 k\u00ednverskri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa, Chenghuang-d\u00fdrkuninni og hugmyndum um framl\u00edf.<\/p>

Eldri undirst\u00f6\u00f0urit um k\u00ednverska go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> eftir h\u00f6funda \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Henri Maspero og Edward T. C. Werner hafa l\u00fdst \u00feessum pers\u00f3num. N\u00fdrri verk, me\u00f0al annars safnrit um k\u00ednverska go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>, setja \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed st\u00e6rra samhengi Diyu-hugmynda og kanna sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundinn margbreytileika \u00feeirra.<\/p>

Ranns\u00f3knir leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 munnm\u00e6lin<\/span> hafi aldrei veri\u00f0 fest \u00ed kan\u00f3n\u00edskri<\/span> mynd og a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreytileiki nafna, uppruna\u00adsagna og birtingarforma s\u00e9 einkenni lifandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00faar. Auk \u00feess eru rannsaka\u00f0ar f\u00e9lagslegar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir d\u00fdrkunarins, me\u00f0al annars hlutverk hans \u00ed a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 dau\u00f0a og sorg og hugmyndina um j\u00f6fnun r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tis.<\/p>

Hei Bai Wuchang eru \u00feannig gott d\u00e6mi um hvernig \u00f3hlutbundin tr\u00faarleg hugmynd, h\u00e9r hverfulleiki l\u00edfsins, tekur \u00e1 sig mynd \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa og heldur menningarlegu gildi s\u00ednu um aldir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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