{"id":168971,"date":"2026-09-05T14:04:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=168971"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:27:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:27:28","slug":"astarte-fonisk-gydja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/astarte-fonisk-gydja\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte \u2013 F\u00f6n\u00edsk gy\u00f0ja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"168971\" class=\"elementor elementor-168971 elementor-2625 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, f\u00f6n\u00edsk gy\u00f0ja \u00e1star, herna\u00f0ar og konungsvalds<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (f\u00f6n\u00edskt <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) er mikilv\u00e6gasta kvenkyns <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er d\u00fdrku\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gy\u00f0ja<\/span> f\u00f6n\u00edskrar go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i og kemur fram \u00ed borgr\u00edkjunum S\u00eddon, T\u00fdrus, Byblos, Kition og v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 f\u00f6n\u00edsku Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafssv\u00e6\u00f0inu. H\u00fan er gy\u00f0ja \u00e1star, herna\u00f0ar, konungsvalds og gr\u00f3\u00f0urmagns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gy\u00f0ja f\u00f6n\u00edsku hef\u00f0arinnar.\">Gy\u00f0ja<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/fonikiumenn-og-kartago-baal-tanit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i f\u00f6n\u00edsku hef\u00f0arinnar.\">F\u00f6n\u00edskt<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c6\u00f0ri gu\u00f0d\u00f3mur.\">\u00c6\u00f0ri gu\u00f0d\u00f3mur<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170810\" alt=\"Astarte F\u00f6nik\u00eda - gu\u00f0ir \u00far f\u00f6nik\u00edskri hef\u00f0, s\u00f6guleg mynd\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Greining og skammrit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (\u00e1 akkad\u00edsku I\u0161tar, \u00e1 \u00fagar\u00edt\u00edsku \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) er f\u00f6n\u00edsk mynd einnar elstu kvenkyns gu\u00f0d\u00f3ms \u00ed Austurl\u00f6ndum n\u00e6r til forna. Sabatino Moscati s\u00fdndi fram \u00e1 \u00ed <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) a\u00f0 Astarte hefur mi\u00f0l\u00e6ga st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed n\u00e6r \u00f6llum f\u00f6n\u00edskum borgr\u00edkjum, oft sem eiginkona hins sta\u00f0bundna a\u00f0algu\u00f0s.<\/p><p>\u00cd S\u00eddon er h\u00fan eiginkona Eshmuns; \u00ed T\u00fdrus kemur h\u00fan fram vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168970\">Melqart<\/a>; \u00ed Byblos vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 Baalat. Innan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/fonikiumenn-og-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">f\u00f6n\u00edsku hef\u00f0arinnar<\/a> er h\u00fan langmikilv\u00e6gasta gy\u00f0jan.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet setti fram \u00edtarlegustu einriti\u00f0 um \u00feessa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er d\u00fdrku\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gy\u00f0ju<\/span> \u00ed <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996). H\u00fan s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 Astarte haf\u00f0i mj\u00f6g v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kt hlutverk: gy\u00f0ja \u00e1star og kynl\u00edfs, str\u00ed\u00f0sgy\u00f0ja, verndargy\u00f0ja konungd\u00f3ms, verndari sj\u00f3farenda, l\u00e6knisgy\u00f0ja og \u00ed sumum samhengjum me\u00f0 undirheimshlutverk. \u00deessi margbreytileiki er einkennandi fyrir fornaustr\u00e6nar gy\u00f0jur af \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar-\u00e6ttinni.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faarhistor\u00edskt telst Astarte til vestursemit\u00edska gy\u00f0juflokksins sem \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist \u00fat fr\u00e1 hinni forns\u00fdrlensk-amor\u00edt\u00edsku A\u1e6ftart-hef\u00f0. \u00c1 1. \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasundi f.Kr. var h\u00fan sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 gr\u00edsku Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu; hin k\u00fdpversku Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu-hef\u00f0 rekur beint uppruna sinn til f\u00f6n\u00edsku Astarte, eins og Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos benti \u00e1.<\/p><p>Mikilv\u00e6g sta\u00f0bundin s\u00e9rger\u00f0 er &#8216;Astarte af L\u00edbanon&#8217;, sem nefnd er \u00ed fj\u00f6lda \u00e1letrana; h\u00fan var a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum s\u00fa sama og Astarte fr\u00e1 Beir\u00fat. Einnig er &#8216;Astarte hafsins&#8217; skjalfest \u00ed T\u00fdrus. \u00deessi fj\u00f6lbreytni undirmynda er einkennandi fyrir f\u00f6n\u00edsk tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 og gerir Astarte a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreytilegustu gy\u00f0ju go\u00f0aheimsins.<\/p><p>Sta\u00f0a Astarte \u00ed f\u00f6n\u00edsku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a \u00ed tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um e\u00f0a menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0aheiminum<\/span> er samb\u00e6rileg vi\u00f0 het\u00edt\u00edsku <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168960\">s\u00f3largy\u00f0juna fr\u00e1 Arinna<\/a> e\u00f0a <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168964\">Hebat<\/a> sem \u00e6\u00f0stu kvenkyns r\u00edkisgy\u00f0ju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nafni\u00f0 \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) er vestursemit\u00edskt og tilheyrir r\u00f3tinni <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, sem einnig liggur a\u00f0 baki \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (\u00dagar\u00edt) og I\u0161tar (Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu). Uppruni or\u00f0sins er ekki fulllj\u00f3s; ein tr\u00faver\u00f0ug t\u00falkun tengir r\u00f3tina vi\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 &#8216;stjarna&#8217; og telur Astarte &#8216;stj\u00f6rnugy\u00f0juna&#8217;, a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til morgunstj\u00f6rnunnar (Venus).<\/p><p>\u00cd f\u00f6n\u00edskum \u00e1letrunum kemur h\u00fan fram sem <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, og s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is \u00ed p\u00fanverskum textum. Mikilv\u00e6g hellen\u00edsk mynd er <em>A\u0161tart<\/em> me\u00f0 arame\u00edska hlj\u00f3\u00f0breytingu.<\/p><p>\u00c1 akkad\u00edsku er h\u00fan sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 I\u0161tar; \u00ed hellen\u00edskum heimi Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu e\u00f0a Heru (eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a hlutverk er \u00ed brennidepli); \u00ed Egyptalandi kemur h\u00fan fram fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum N\u00fdja r\u00edkisins sem s\u00e9rst\u00e6\u00f0 innflutt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er d\u00fdrku\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gy\u00f0ja<\/span> undir nafninu Astarte. \u00dear heldur h\u00fan einnig vestursemit\u00edskum einkennum s\u00ednum.<\/p><p>Gr\u00edska Afr\u00f3d\u00edta \u00daran\u00eda samsvarar beint f\u00f6n\u00edsku Astarte; Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos rekur d\u00fdrkun hennar fr\u00e1 F\u00f6nik\u00edu \u00ed gegnum K\u00fdpur til Grikklands. \u00deessi arfleif\u00f0arke\u00f0ja gerir Astarte a\u00f0 einni \u00e1hrifamestu gy\u00f0ju \u00ed tr\u00faars\u00f6gu Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafsheimsins.<\/p><p>\u00cd sumum textum er h\u00fan einnig k\u00f6llu\u00f0 &#8216;himnadrottningin&#8217;, titill sem kemur l\u00edka fram \u00ed bibl\u00edutextum Jerem\u00eda (Jer 7,18; 44,17, 19) og er \u00fear t\u00falka\u00f0ur \u00e1 gagnr\u00fdninn h\u00e1tt. \u00deessi &#8216;himnadrottningar&#8217;-hef\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega af Saby Caves og myndar mikilv\u00e6ga tengingu milli kanaan\u00edskrar og bibl\u00edulegrar tr\u00faars\u00f6gu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00fdsing og myndm\u00e1l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte kemur fram \u00ed f\u00f6n\u00edskri myndlist \u00ed nokkrum myndger\u00f0um: sem nakin standandi gy\u00f0ja (stellingin \u00e1 &#8216;Astarte-plakettunni&#8217;), sem h\u00e1s\u00e6tisdrottning me\u00f0 p\u00f3los-k\u00f3r\u00f3nu, sem str\u00ed\u00f0sgy\u00f0ja me\u00f0 spj\u00f3t og skj\u00f6ld, r\u00ed\u00f0andi \u00e1 lj\u00f3ni e\u00f0a sem himnesk drottning umlukin stj\u00f6rnum. \u00deessi fj\u00f6lbreytni \u00ed myndefni endurspeglar margbreytileika hlutverka hennar.<\/p><p>Heilagt d\u00fdr hennar er lj\u00f3ni\u00f0 e\u00f0a lj\u00f3nynjan; \u00ed S\u00eddon og Kar\u00feag\u00f3 kemur h\u00fan oft fram h\u00e1s\u00e6tu\u00f0 e\u00f0a r\u00ed\u00f0andi \u00e1 lj\u00f3ni. D\u00fafan er henni einnig eignu\u00f0, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed k\u00fdpverskum og mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafslegum samhengjum; Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu-d\u00fafurnar eru bein arfleif\u00f0 fr\u00e1 f\u00f6n\u00edsku Astarte. \u00d6nnur d\u00fdratenging er h\u00f6ggormurinn, sem t\u00e1knar undirheimshli\u00f0 hennar.<\/p><p>\u00cd vesturmi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafsk\u00f3l\u00f3n\u00edunum, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed Tartessos (Sp\u00e1ni), var Astarte d\u00fdrku\u00f0 af mikilli \u00e1kef\u00f0; hin fr\u00e6ga bronsstytta &#8216;Astarte fr\u00e1 Carambolo&#8217; fr\u00e1 7. \u00f6ld f.Kr. s\u00fdnir hana h\u00e1s\u00e6ta\u00f0a me\u00f0 f\u00f6n\u00edskri v\u00edgslu\u00e1letrun. Einnig \u00ed Sevilla, C\u00e1diz og \u00f6\u00f0rum fornleifasv\u00e6\u00f0um hafa fundist Astarte-styttur sem sta\u00f0festa hina \u00f6flugu n\u00e6rveru d\u00fdrkunar hennar.<\/p><p>\u00cd Kition (K\u00fdpur) fannst risavaxi\u00f0 Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span>, sem telst me\u00f0al st\u00e6rstu helgista\u00f0a j\u00e1rnaldarins \u00e1 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafssv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Uppgr\u00f6ftur undir stj\u00f3rn Vassos Karageorghis og s\u00ed\u00f0ar Maria Iacovou hefur v\u00edkka\u00f0 verulega myndina af f\u00f6n\u00edskri d\u00fdrkun \u00e1 K\u00fdpur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Go\u00f0sagnakenndar fr\u00e1sagnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd \u00fagarit\u00edskum textum (KTU 1.92 og \u00f6\u00f0rum) kemur Astarte fram sem vei\u00f0igy\u00f0ja og fylgikona <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168969\">Baals<\/a>; \u00ed Baal-hringnum leikur h\u00fan \u00fe\u00f3 minna hlutverk en systir hennar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/anat-stridsgydja-baal\/\">Anat<\/a>. \u00cd f\u00f6nik\u00edskum go\u00f0sagnarbrotum, s\u00e9rstaklega hj\u00e1 F\u00edl\u00f3n fr\u00e1 Byblos (vitna\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Euseb\u00edosi), kemur h\u00fan fram sem drottning sem fer\u00f0ast me\u00f0 nautinu til T\u00fdrusar og tekur \u00fear konungss\u00e6ti.<\/p><p>F\u00edl\u00f3n segir a\u00f0 Astarte hafi &#8216;fundi\u00f0 nautsh\u00f6fu\u00f0&#8217; og sett \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 sitt eigi\u00f0 h\u00f6fu\u00f0, og \u00feannig sta\u00f0fest gu\u00f0d\u00f3mleika sinn. \u00deessi fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn minnir \u00e1 egypska Hathor-hef\u00f0ina og \u00e1 mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsku s\u00f6gnina um In\u00f6nnu og Anu. Albert Baumgarten hefur \u00ed <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981) unni\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdna \u00fatg\u00e1fu af efninu.<\/p><p>\u00cd hellen\u00edskum textum er Astarte tengd Evr\u00f3pu-s\u00f6gninni: Evr\u00f3pa, d\u00f3ttir konungs Agenors af T\u00fdrus, var numin af Seifi \u00ed nautsgervi til Kr\u00edtar. \u00deessi tengsl eru s\u00f6gulega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0: Astarte er b\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00f3\u00f0ir Evr\u00f3pu og hinn gu\u00f0legi bakgrunnur hennar. Evr\u00f3pu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild \u00feeirra go\u00f0sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa um gu\u00f0i tiltekinnar menningar.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er \u00feannig hellen\u00edst-f\u00f6nik\u00edsk samsu\u00f0a.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum Kar\u00feag\u00f3 er var\u00f0veitt tenging milli Astarte og hetjunnar D\u00edd\u00f3; drottningin D\u00edd\u00f3, stofnandi Kar\u00feag\u00f3, er \u00ed sumum r\u00f3mverskum heimildum t\u00falku\u00f0 sem &#8216;prestleg \u00edmynd&#8217; Astarte. \u00deessi sams\u00f6mun er tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00fdrkun og tilbei\u00f0sla<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gustu helgista\u00f0ir Astarte voru S\u00eddon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tla\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> Astarte, byggt af Eshmunazar II.), T\u00fdrus, Byblos (me\u00f0 Baalat), K\u00edt\u00edon (K\u00fdpur, \u00fear sem risast\u00f3rt Astarte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tla\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> r\u00edkti yfir eyjunni), Kar\u00feag\u00f3 og hinar mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafslegu bygg\u00f0ir. Mar\u00eda Eugenia Aubet hefur \u00ed <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) skjalfest \u00fatbrei\u00f0sluna um Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafi\u00f0.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild \u00feeirra tr\u00faarlegu d\u00fdrkunarathafna sem tileinka\u00f0ar eru einum gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkunin<\/span> n\u00e1\u00f0i yfir brennif\u00f3rnir, drykkjarf\u00f3rnir og hina svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u &#8216;heil\u00f6gu dansah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0&#8217;, sem er nefnd \u00ed nokkrum f\u00f6nik\u00edskum heimildum.<\/p><p>S\u00e9rstakt hlutverk l\u00e9k f\u00f3lki\u00f0 sem kalla\u00f0ist <em>qedeshim<\/em> og <em>qedeshot<\/em>, helga\u00f0ir menn og konur, en n\u00e1kv\u00e6mt hlutverk \u00feeirra er umdeilt \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet og Stephanie Budin hafa m\u00f3tm\u00e6lt eldri t\u00falkuninni um &#8216;hofh\u00f3rd\u00f3m&#8217; \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 spurningin s\u00e9 fullkomlega \u00fatklj\u00e1\u00f0.<\/p><p>\u00c1 hellen\u00edskum t\u00edma var Astarte sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu; hinn fr\u00e6gi Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0ur<\/span> \u00ed Pafos \u00e1 K\u00fdpur er s\u00f6guleg bein framhald f\u00f6nik\u00edskrar Astarte-d\u00fdrkunar. Einnig \u00ed Korintu, \u00ed Eryx (Sikiley) og \u00e1 fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum st\u00f6\u00f0um vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf var f\u00f6nik\u00edska Astarte-hef\u00f0in var\u00f0veitt undir gr\u00edskum n\u00f6fnum.<\/p><p>\u00cd Kar\u00feag\u00f3 var Astarte s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li v\u00edkjandi fyrir <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168972\">Tanit<\/a>, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hverfa alveg; \u00ed Tofet-\u00e1letrunum koma b\u00e1\u00f0ar gy\u00f0jurnar stundum fram hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0. \u00deessi samkeppni tveggja kvenkyns h\u00f6fu\u00f0gy\u00f0ja er eitt einkennandi atri\u00f0i p\u00fanverskrar tr\u00faar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verndara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og fr\u00e1hrindandi t\u00e1kn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte var verndargy\u00f0ja konungsfj\u00f6lskyldna, \u00feunga\u00f0ra kvenna, sj\u00f3farenda og str\u00ed\u00f0smanna. \u00cd S\u00eddon kemur h\u00fan fram \u00e1 konungssiglum sem verndari konungsh\u00fassins; hin fr\u00e6ga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem hefur veri\u00f0 greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed fastan fl\u00f6t.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrun<\/span> konungs Eshmunazars II. (5. \u00f6ld f.Kr.) nefnir hana \u00e1samt Eshmun sem \u00e6\u00f0stu verndargy\u00f0ju.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d3gnvarnandi: um t\u00e1kn og hluti sem eiga a\u00f0 halda ska\u00f0legum \u00e1hrifum \u00ed fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0.\" tabindex=\"0\">Verndarlega<\/span> voru Astarte-styttur settar upp \u00ed h\u00fasum; hinar svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u &#8216;Astarte-pl\u00f6tur&#8217;, litlar terrakotta-l\u00e1gmyndir af nakinni konu, eru \u00feekktar \u00ed \u00fe\u00fasundum eintaka fr\u00e1 f\u00f6nik\u00edskum st\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00de\u00e6r \u00fej\u00f3nu\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum vernd, \u00e1kalli um frj\u00f3semi og verndun heimilis. Hlutverk \u00feessara platna er umdeilt \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum; t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00feeirra er hva\u00f0 sem \u00f6\u00f0ru l\u00ed\u00f0ur merki um mikla heimilislega Astarte-d\u00fdrkun.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">\u00cd f\u00f6nik\u00edskum fer\u00f0aath\u00f6fnum var Astarte k\u00f6llu\u00f0 til sem verndari siglinga; skipstj\u00f3rar og kaupmenn f\u00e6r\u00f0u henni heitgjafir b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir og eftir siglingar. \u00deessi &#8216;fer\u00f0afr\u00f6mkynni&#8217; er tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gulega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan tengir millir\u00edkjahreyfanleika f\u00f6nik\u00edsks heims beint vi\u00f0 tr\u00faarlegan ramma. iWell Guard skr\u00e1ir Astarte sem s\u00f6guleg-tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega pers\u00f3nu \u00e1n nokkurra n\u00faverandi heilsutengdra lofor\u00f0a.<\/p><p>F\u00f6nik\u00edsk skarabeus-innsigli fr\u00e1 7. og 6. \u00f6ld f.Kr. s\u00fdna oft Astarte-myndefni: nakta st\u00e6\u00f0andi gy\u00f0ju, Astarte \u00e1 lj\u00f3ni, Astarte me\u00f0 l\u00f3tusbl\u00f3m. \u00deessi sm\u00e1ger\u00f0u innsigli voru borin sem pers\u00f3nuleg verndargripir og voru mj\u00f6g \u00fatbreidd \u00ed f\u00f6nik\u00edska heiminum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte tilheyrir hinni miklu vestursem\u00edsk-mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsku gy\u00f0jufj\u00f6lskyldu \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. H\u00fan er n\u00e1skyld hinni \u00fagar\u00edt\u00edsku \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu, hinni mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edsku I\u0161tar, hinni mi\u00f0aram\u00edsku Atargatis (me\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ri \u00fer\u00f3un), hinni h\u00farr\u00edsku \u0160au\u0161ga og hinni het\u00edt\u00edsku I\u0161tar fr\u00e1 \u0160amu\u1e2ba. \u00cd akkad\u00edsku er marghli\u00f0a hlutverk I\u0161tar fr\u00e1 Uruk s\u00e9rstaklega vel skjalfest.<\/p><p>Astarte er tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega samsvarandi hinni gr\u00edsku Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu; k\u00fdpverska Afr\u00f3d\u00edta er bein arftaki f\u00f6nik\u00edsku Astarte. Gr\u00edska Hera, A\u00feena og a\u00f0 nokkru leyti Artemis bera einnig arfleif\u00f0 Astarte. \u00cd Kar\u00feag\u00f3 blandast h\u00fan \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li saman vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/?page_id=168972\">Tanit<\/a>, sem \u00fer\u00f3ar sitt eigi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0a hlutverk.<\/p><p>\u00cd hebreskum ritum kemur Astarte fram sem Ashtoreth, hla\u00f0in neikv\u00e6\u00f0ri, \u00e1deilulegri merkingu (1. Konungab\u00f3k 11,5; 2. Konungab\u00f3k 23,13). \u00deessi \u00e1deila er beint gegn kanaan\u00edskri tr\u00fa \u00ed f\u00f6nik\u00edskri mynd hennar.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9\u00f0 er Astarte fyrir hi\u00f0 forna \u00cdsrael samkeppnisgu\u00f0 \u00far s\u00f6mu kanaan\u00edsku hef\u00f0; hin bibl\u00edulega andst\u00e6\u00f0ing vi\u00f0 A\u0161tart-d\u00fdrkun er gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 raunverulegri tr\u00faarlegri n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/hettitar-anatolia-tarhunna-vernd\/\">Het\u00edt\u00edskar<\/a> hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur finnast \u00ed \u0160au\u0161ga fr\u00e1 \u0160amu\u1e2ba.<\/p><p>Samsemd Astarte og Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu er ekki s\u00f6guleg tilviljun; P\u00e1san\u00edas og a\u00f0rir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornaldar<\/span>h\u00f6fundar sta\u00f0festa a\u00f0 gr\u00edska Afr\u00f3d\u00edta s\u00e9 sprottin af f\u00f6nik\u00edskum fyrirmyndum. Ranns\u00f3knir Walter Burkert \u00ed <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> og Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge eru meginvi\u00f0mi\u00f0unarrit \u00ed \u00feessu efni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00fat\u00edmavi\u00f0t\u00f6kur og ranns\u00f3knir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte-ranns\u00f3knir standa n\u00fa \u00e1 h\u00e1u stigi. Einriti\u00f0 <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) eftir Corinne Bonnet er meginvi\u00f0mi\u00f0unarrit; <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) eftir Stephanie Budin fjallar \u00e1 gagnr\u00fdninn h\u00e1tt um tengslin vi\u00f0 Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu. Sabatino Moscati og Maria Eugenia Aubet eru vi\u00f0urkenndar heimildir um \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu d\u00fdrkunarins vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf. \u00datg\u00e1fa Charles Krahmalkov og Wolfgang R\u00f6llig \u00e1 f\u00f6nik\u00edskum \u00e1letrunum veitir frumtextana.<\/p><p>\u00cd almennri umr\u00e6\u00f0u er Astarte fyrst og fremst \u00feekkt fyrir sams\u00f6mun s\u00edna vi\u00f0 Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu og hina bibl\u00edulegu \u00e1deilu. Andleg endurvakning \u00ed n\u00fdhei\u00f0num anda, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed fem\u00edn\u00edskum og n\u00fdhei\u00f0num h\u00f3pum fr\u00e1 1980. \u00e1ratugnum, hefur t\u00falka\u00f0 Astarte sem &#8216;m\u00f3\u00f0urgy\u00f0ju&#8217;; \u00feessi n\u00fat\u00edmalega t\u00falkun er tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega vafas\u00f6m, \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan einfaldar hina s\u00f6gulegu mynd.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er Astarte n\u00fa talin eitt af mikilv\u00e6gustu ranns\u00f3knarefnum vestursem\u00edskrar tr\u00faar. N\u00faverandi \u00e1herslur ranns\u00f3kna liggja \u00ed a\u00f0greiningu sta\u00f0bundinna birtingarmynda Astarte (Astarte fr\u00e1 S\u00eddon, T\u00fdrus, B\u00fdblos, Kition), \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu-hef\u00f0ina og \u00ed spurningunni um <em>qedeshot<\/em> \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna fyrir gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a heilaga v\u00e6ttu.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> Astarte. iWell Guard skr\u00e1ir Astarte sem mi\u00f0l\u00e6gan me\u00f0lim <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a \u00ed tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um e\u00f0a menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0aveldis<\/span> og ekki sem n\u00faverandi verndarvi\u00f0takanda.<\/p><p>N\u00fdlegar fornleifafundir \u00e1 f\u00f6nik\u00edskum st\u00f6\u00f0um \u00e1 Sp\u00e1ni (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) og \u00ed Marokk\u00f3 (Lixus) v\u00edkka verulega myndina af d\u00fdrkun hennar \u00ed vestri. Ranns\u00f3knir Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Deamos og Manuela Mar\u00edn hafa \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum birt mikilv\u00e6gar n\u00fdjar heimildir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir og b\u00f3kmenntir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eftirfarandi \u00farval tekur saman mikilv\u00e6gustu grunnritin um Astarte-ranns\u00f3knir. \u00dea\u00f0 n\u00e6r yfir einrit, \u00fatg\u00e1fur \u00e1letrana og s\u00f6guleg heildaryfirlit. <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> eftir Corinne Bonnet er fyrsti inngangur; Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu-ranns\u00f3kn Budin fjallar um gr\u00edsku hli\u00f0ina; Aubet um \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf. M\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i Krahmalkov um f\u00f6nik\u00edsku-p\u00fan\u00edsku veitir tungum\u00e1las\u00f6gulegt efni; hi\u00f0 klass\u00edska heildaryfirlit Moscati veitir menningars\u00f6gulegan ramma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte \u00ed Eshm\u00fanasar-sark\u00f3faganum og konungs\u00e1letrunum fr\u00e1 S\u00eddon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eitt af mikilv\u00e6gustu \u00e1letrunarheimildunum um Astarte er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrunin<\/span> \u00e1 sark\u00f3faga konungs Eshm\u00fanasars II. af S\u00eddon, dagsett \u00ed upphaf 5. aldar fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal. Sark\u00f3faginn sj\u00e1lfur er egypskur a\u00f0 uppruna og fannst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1855; hann er n\u00fa var\u00f0veittur \u00ed Louvre-safninu. F\u00f6nik\u00edska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrunin<\/span> er me\u00f0al lengstu var\u00f0veittu texta \u00feessa tungum\u00e1ls.<\/p><p>\u00cd henni greinir konungsfj\u00f6lskyldan fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan hafi reist Astarte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er notu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">musteri<\/span>. Nefnt er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0ur<\/span> <em>Astarte Schem Baal<\/em>, Astarte, nafn Baals, or\u00f0alag sem l\u00edkist Tanit pene Baal \u00far p\u00fan\u00edskum \u00e1letrunum og tj\u00e1ir gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg tengsl milli gy\u00f0junnar og gu\u00f0sins.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00c1letrunin<\/span> nefnir einnig gu\u00f0inn Eshm\u00fan og afhj\u00fapar \u00feannig tr\u00faarlega stefnu s\u00eddonsku konungs\u00e6tarins.<\/p><p>\u00d6nnur mikilv\u00e6g heimild er <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrunin<\/span> konungs Bodashtarts, einnig fr\u00e1 S\u00eddon, sem greinir s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is fr\u00e1 byggingarstarfi fyrir Astarte og Eshm\u00fan. Af \u00feessum textum m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 Astarte var h\u00f6fu\u00f0gy\u00f0ja S\u00eddonar og a\u00f0 borgard\u00fdrkunin var n\u00e1i\u00f0 tengd l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti konungs\u00e6tarins.<\/p><p>F\u00f6nik\u00edsku konungs\u00e1letranirnar eru \u00feess vegna svo ver\u00f0m\u00e6tar a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r, \u00f3l\u00edkt go\u00f0sagnatextunum fr\u00e1 \u00dagar\u00edt, koma beint fr\u00e1 f\u00f6nik\u00edsku kjarnasv\u00e6\u00f0inu og hinni raunverulegu d\u00fdrkunarstarfsemi.<\/p><p>\u00de\u00e6r s\u00fdna Astarte ekki sem s\u00f6gupers\u00f3nu, heldur sem vi\u00f0takanda musteris, gjafa og konunglegrar d\u00fdrkunar. \u00datg\u00e1fur \u00feessara texta m\u00e1 finna \u00ed helstu safnritum f\u00f6nik\u00edskra \u00e1letrana, me\u00f0al annars hj\u00e1 Herbert Donner og Wolfgang R\u00f6llig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Afr\u00f3d\u00edta og gr\u00edska t\u00falkun gy\u00f0junnar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grikkir, sem voru \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 F\u00f6nik\u00edumenn um allt Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, settu Astarte til jafns vi\u00f0 s\u00edna eigin \u00e1star- og fegur\u00f0argy\u00f0ju, Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu. \u00deessi samsv\u00f6run er meira en einf\u00f6ld \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing.<\/p><p>Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos greinir fr\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helgur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a gu\u00f0d\u00f3ms.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0<\/span> hinnar himnesku Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu \u00ed Askalon og kallar hann elsta allra helgista\u00f0a \u00feessarar gy\u00f0ju, en fr\u00e1 honum eigi einnig helgista\u00f0urinn \u00e1 K\u00fdpur uppruna sinn. \u00dear me\u00f0 sta\u00f0setur hann uppruna Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu sk\u00fdrt \u00ed hinu s\u00fdrlensk-f\u00f6nik\u00edska sv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><p>K\u00fdpur gegnir lykilhlutverki \u00ed \u00feessari s\u00f6gu. Eyjan var snemma bygg\u00f0 F\u00f6nik\u00edum\u00f6nnum, einkum borgin Kition, og <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna sem tileinka\u00f0ar eru gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkunin<\/span> \u00e1 k\u00fdpversku gy\u00f0junni, sem Grikkir tilb\u00e1\u00f0u sem Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu, ber greinileg merki Astarte.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helgur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a gu\u00f0d\u00f3ms.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helgista\u00f0urinn<\/span> \u00ed Pafos \u00e1 K\u00fdpur d\u00fdrka\u00f0i go\u00f0amynd s\u00edna \u00ed formi keilulaga steins, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hef\u00f0bundin ath\u00f6fn sem endurtekin er reglulega innan samf\u00e9lags.\" tabindex=\"0\">si\u00f0ur<\/span> sem \u00e1 fremur skylt vi\u00f0 austurlenska en gr\u00edska d\u00fdrkunarhef\u00f0.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hafa deilt um a\u00f0 hve miklu leyti Afr\u00f3d\u00edta s\u00e9 \u00ed raun upphaflega gr\u00edsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem d\u00fdrku\u00f0 er sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gy\u00f0ja<\/span> e\u00f0a hvort h\u00fan hafi a\u00f0 mestu or\u00f0i\u00f0 til vi\u00f0 uppt\u00f6ku hinnar f\u00f6nik\u00edsku Astarte. Walter Burkert hefur \u00ed verkum s\u00ednum um austurlensk \u00e1hrif \u00e1 gr\u00edska tr\u00fa lagt mikla \u00e1herslu \u00e1 \u00feessi tengsl. A\u00f0rir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn sj\u00e1 bl\u00f6ndu af ind\u00f3evr\u00f3pskri morgunro\u00f0agy\u00f0ju og austurlenskum \u00fe\u00e1ttum.<\/p><p>V\u00edst er a\u00f0 Astarte og Afr\u00f3d\u00edta voru um aldara\u00f0ir taldar tv\u00f6 n\u00f6fn \u00e1 einni gy\u00f0ju sem upplif\u00f0 var sem skyld. Fyrir Astarte \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00feetta a\u00f0 \u00e1hrifasaga hennar n\u00e6r langt \u00fat fyrir f\u00f6nik\u00edsku borgirnar og heldur \u00e1fram \u00ed gr\u00edskri og s\u00ed\u00f0ar r\u00f3mverskri tr\u00fa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte og Ast\u00f3ret \u00ed hebresku bibl\u00edunni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte kemur fyrir \u00ed hebresku bibl\u00edunni undir myndinni <em>Ast\u00f3ret<\/em>, \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu <em>Astar\u00f3t<\/em>. S\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0asetning \u00feessa nafns er af fr\u00e6\u00f0im\u00f6nnum talin v\u00edsvitandi afb\u00f6kun: Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 masoret\u00edskir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hafi skipt \u00fat upprunalegu s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0unum fyrir s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00far hebreska or\u00f0inu fyrir sk\u00f6mm, a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem einnig er talin hafa veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0ra erlenda gu\u00f0i.<\/p><p>Bibl\u00edutextarnir nefna Ast\u00f3ret \u00e1 nokkrum st\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00cd fyrstu Konungab\u00f3k er h\u00fan nefnd gy\u00f0ja S\u00eddon\u00edumanna, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna sem tileinka\u00f0ar eru gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> hennar hafi Sal\u00f3mon konungur leyft.<\/p><p>Oft stendur h\u00fan \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 Baalanna, Baal-verum, sem \u00edmynd hinna erlendu \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0a sem bibl\u00eduh\u00f6fundarnir deila \u00e1. D\u00f3marab\u00f3kin og Sam\u00faelsb\u00e6kurnar nota \u00fe\u00e1 or\u00f0alag a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in hafi \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0 Ba\u00f6lunum og Ast\u00f6rtunum.<\/p><p>\u00deessar heimildir eru mikilv\u00e6gar fr\u00e1 tr\u00faars\u00f6gulegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i af tveimur \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00cd fyrsta lagi sta\u00f0festa \u00fe\u00e6r utan fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 Astarte hafi sannarlega veri\u00f0 a\u00f0algy\u00f0ja S\u00eddonar, sem f\u00f6nik\u00edsku konungs\u00e1letranirnar sta\u00f0festa fr\u00e1 eigin sj\u00f3narhorni. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi s\u00fdna \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna sem tileinka\u00f0ar eru gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> Astarte var einnig \u00fatbreidd me\u00f0al \u00edb\u00faa hins \u00edsraelska og j\u00fad\u00edska sv\u00e6\u00f0is, annars hef\u00f0i hin sp\u00e1d\u00f3mlega gagnr\u00fdni ekki haft neitt skotmark.<\/p><p>Bibl\u00edan er h\u00e9r fjandsamleg en einmitt \u00feess vegna uppl\u00fdsandi heimild. H\u00fan var\u00f0veitir ekki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg kenning um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa tiltekinna tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> Astarte-d\u00fdrkenda, en hins vegar \u00f3beina s\u00f6nnun \u00feess a\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna sem tileinka\u00f0ar eru gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> \u00feeirra hafi veri\u00f0 n\u00f3gu lifandi til a\u00f0 vera talin tr\u00faarleg samkeppni um aldara\u00f0ir.<\/p><p>Spurningin um hvernig Ast\u00f3ret tengist Asheru, sem einnig er nefnd \u00ed bibl\u00edunni, er enn til umr\u00e6\u00f0u me\u00f0al fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd f\u00f6nik\u00edska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hef\u00f0bundin fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipan heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gninni<\/span> tengir Astarte saman \u00e1st, str\u00ed\u00f0 og konungd\u00f3m; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6ll tr\u00faari\u00f0kun og tilbei\u00f0sla \u00e1 gu\u00f0legri veru e\u00f0a heilagri pers\u00f3nu.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbei\u00f0sla<\/span> hennar n\u00e1\u00f0i fr\u00e1 S\u00eddon og T\u00fdrus allt til Kar\u00feag\u00f3 og setti s\u00ed\u00f0ar mark sitt \u00e1 sams\u00f6mun vi\u00f0 Afr\u00f3d\u00edtu og Heru \u00e1 hellen\u00edskum t\u00edma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tengd leitaror\u00f0: Astarte F\u00f6nik\u00edumenn gy\u00f0ja \u00e1st str\u00ed\u00f0 I\u0161tar Afr\u00f3d\u00edta S\u00eddon T\u00fdrus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og verndarhef\u00f0ir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard tengist menningars\u00f6gulegri hef\u00f0 fyrir verndargripum sem borin eru \u00e1 s\u00e9r, \u00ed hef\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/fonikiumenn-og-kartago-baal-tanit\/\">F\u00f6nik\u00edumanna<\/a> og margra annarra menningarheima um allan heim. 41 lag, alv\u00f6ru gull, plat\u00edna, silfur, framleitt \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi. 30 daga skilar\u00e9ttur.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Meira um iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Meira um iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Pers\u00f3nuleg reynsla getur veri\u00f0 mismunandi. Ekki l\u00e6kningat\u00e6ki. Engin lofor\u00f0 um l\u00e6kningu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ekki l\u00e6kningat\u00e6ki<\/strong> og kemur ekki \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir l\u00e6knis- e\u00f0a s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0. Tr\u00faarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt efni er menningars\u00f6gulegt samhengi, ekki r\u00e1\u00f0legging um andlega i\u00f0kun.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2847,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astarte f\u00f6n\u00edsk gy\u00f0ja","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astarte \u2013 F\u00f6n\u00edsk gy\u00f0ja, go\u00f0s\u00f6gn, d\u00fdrkun","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astarte er mikilv\u00e6gasta kvenkyns gu\u00f0d\u00f3mur f\u00f6n\u00edskrar go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i, tengd \u00e1stum, herna\u00f0i og konungsvaldi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-168971","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Astarte \u2013 F\u00f6n\u00edsk gy\u00f0ja, go\u00f0s\u00f6gn, d\u00fdrkun<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Astarte er mikilv\u00e6gasta kvenkyns gu\u00f0d\u00f3mur f\u00f6n\u00edskrar go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i, tengd \u00e1stum, herna\u00f0i og konungsvaldi.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/astarte-fonisk-gydja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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