{"id":168953,"date":"2026-09-05T14:04:20","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:04:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=168953"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:28:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:28:43","slug":"turms-etruskur-godsendiboti-daudir","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/turms-etruskur-godsendiboti-daudir\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Etr\u00faskur bo\u00f0beri gu\u00f0anna og gu\u00f0 hinna d\u00e1nu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"168953\" class=\"elementor elementor-168953 elementor-2608 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etr\u00faskur sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna, hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a gr\u00edska Hermesar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms er \u00ed etr\u00faskri tr\u00fa sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna og fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna d\u00e1nu til undirheima. Hlutverk hans er samb\u00e6rilegt vi\u00f0 gr\u00edska Hermes og r\u00f3mverska Mercurius. \u00deessi umfj\u00f6llun l\u00fdsir st\u00f6\u00f0u hans \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu samhengi, myndr\u00e6num einkennum hans og hlutverki hans \u00ed etr\u00fasku eftirl\u00edfskerfinu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Sendibo\u00f0i hef\u00f0ar Etr\u00faska.\">Sendibo\u00f0i<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i hef\u00f0ar Etr\u00faska.\">Etr\u00faskur<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna og fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna d\u00e1nu.\">Sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna og fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna d\u00e1nu<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" 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130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170826\" alt=\"Turms - Gu\u00f0ir \u00far etr\u00faskri hef\u00f0, s\u00f6guleg mynd\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sta\u00f0a \u00ed etr\u00faska go\u00f0heiminum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms telst til \u00e1berandi gu\u00f0a \u00ed etr\u00faska go\u00f0aheiminum. Hann er sendibo\u00f0i milli gu\u00f0anna og milli heimanna, hinna lifandi og hinna d\u00e1nu. \u00cd \u00feessu hlutverki samsvarar hann a\u00f0 mestu gr\u00edska Hermesi Psychopompos.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante og Nancy Thomson de Grummond hafa fjalla\u00f0 um Turms \u00ed verkum s\u00ednum um etr\u00faska tr\u00fa. Hann er algeng f\u00edg\u00fara \u00ed etr\u00faskri myndlist, oft s\u00fdndur \u00e1 speglum me\u00f0 \u00e1letrunum.<\/p><p>Gu\u00f0asendibo\u00f0inn Turms tilheyrir tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um sem eru s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0 fyrir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindin sem rannsaka tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0arlega og \u00e1n tr\u00faarlegrar skuldbindingar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> \u00fev\u00ed \u00feau mi\u00f0la milli gr\u00edsk-mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafslegrar og \u00edtal\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverskrar hef\u00f0ar. Mikilv\u00e6g framl\u00f6g til ranns\u00f3kna koma fr\u00e1 Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani og Giovanni Colonna, en verk \u00feeirra hafa skerpt myndina af sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ri tr\u00faarhef\u00f0.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindaleg fr\u00e6\u00f0i um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> haf\u00f0i sk\u00fdrt skipulagt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a e\u00f0a menningar.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0aheim<\/span> me\u00f0 stigskiptum st\u00f6\u00f0um og sk\u00fdrt skilgreindum verkefnum. Turms haf\u00f0i \u00fear fastan sess sem sendibo\u00f0i milli gu\u00f0anna og milli heimanna. \u00dear sem eldri ranns\u00f3knir l\u00fdstu \u00feessu kerfi sem r\u00e1\u00f0g\u00e1tukenndu e\u00f0a framandi, er n\u00fa liti\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt afbrig\u00f0i mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafstr\u00faar.<\/p><p>\u00cd tr\u00faars\u00f6gu \u00cdtal\u00edu t\u00f3ku Etr\u00faskar a\u00f0 s\u00e9r mi\u00f0lunarhlutverk milli gr\u00edskra \u00e1hrifa og hinnar r\u00f3mversku tr\u00faar sem var a\u00f0 myndast. \u00deetta mi\u00f0lunarhlutverk, sem endurspeglast a\u00f0 vissu leyti \u00ed sendibo\u00f0ahlutverki Turms, er s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1hugavert fyrir tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratuga l\u00edta \u00e1 etr\u00faska tr\u00fa sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt, tr\u00faarfyrirb\u00e6rafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega afmarka\u00f0 kerfi. \u00cd sta\u00f0 eldri skilnings, sem leit \u00e1 hana sem einfalda aflei\u00f0u gr\u00edskrar tr\u00faar, er n\u00fa komin mun \u00edtarlegri s\u00fdn, sem einnig gagnast skilningi \u00e1 Turms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nafni\u00f0 Turms er skjalfest \u00e1 fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum etr\u00faskum speglum og \u00e1letrunum. \u00d6ruggur or\u00f0sifjafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur uppruni hefur ekki veri\u00f0 endurger\u00f0ur. <em>Editio Minor<\/em> Helmuts Rix skr\u00e1ir hina fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00e1letrunarheimild.<\/p><p>Turms kemur einnig fram undir vi\u00f0urnefninu Turms Aitas (&#8216;Turms Aita&#8217;), sem tengir hann s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 undirheimagu\u00f0inn <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/aita-etruskur-gud-undirheimanna\/\">Aita<\/a> sem fylgdarmann. \u00deessi tenging er v\u00edsindalega mikilv\u00e6g: h\u00fan s\u00fdnir tv\u00f6falt hlutverk hans sem gu\u00f0asendibo\u00f0i og fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna d\u00e1nu.<\/p><p>Etr\u00faska tungan er tungum\u00e1lalega einangru\u00f0; h\u00fan telst \u00fdmist sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 e\u00f0a er tilg\u00e1tulega talin heyra til tyrsenskrar tungum\u00e1lafj\u00f6lskyldu, sem lemnverska og r\u00e6t\u00edska g\u00e6tu einnig tilheyrt. Ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0ningu textanna hafa sta\u00f0i\u00f0 yfir fr\u00e1 19. \u00f6ld og eru ekki loki\u00f0, sem einnig hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 t\u00falkun nafnsins Turms.<\/p><p>Mikilv\u00e6gasta fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega safni\u00f0 yfir etr\u00faska tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 er Editio Minor Helmuts Rix, \u00fear sem heimildir um nafni\u00f0 Turms eru einnig skr\u00e1\u00f0ar. \u00dev\u00ed til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar er n\u00fa Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae og netgagnagrunnurinn ETP, Etruscan Texts Project.<\/p><p>\u00deegar \u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, u.\u00fe.b. 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">forn\u00f6ld<\/span> voru skiptar sko\u00f0anir um uppruna Etr\u00faska: Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos taldi \u00fe\u00e1 vera fr\u00e1 L\u00fdd\u00edu, en D\u00ed\u00f3n\u00fds\u00edos fr\u00e1 Halikarnassos leit \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sem innf\u00e6dda \u00edtalska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0. Tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega er \u00feessi spurning mikilv\u00e6g, \u00fev\u00ed af henni r\u00e6\u00f0st hvort etr\u00fask tr\u00fa hafi tengsl vi\u00f0 sm\u00e1as\u00edsk tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0.<\/p><p>M\u00e1lv\u00edsindi og \u00e1letrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0i starfa n\u00fa n\u00e1i\u00f0 saman. Stafr\u00e6na \u00fatg\u00e1fan af etr\u00faskum textum, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), gerir samanbur\u00f0arranns\u00f3knir mun au\u00f0veldari, me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 gu\u00f0sn\u00f6fnum eins og Turms. Merk framl\u00f6g til \u00feessa hafa komi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Marie-Laurence Haack og Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00fdsing og myndlist<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms er s\u00fdndur \u00ed etr\u00faskri list sem ungur ma\u00f0ur, oft me\u00f0 fer\u00f0ahatt (petasos), v\u00e6ngja\u00f0ar sk\u00f3 og caduceus (sendistaf). \u00deessi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein um myndefni og merkingu \u00feess.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgimyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er tekin \u00far gr\u00edskri Hermes-hef\u00f0. Fr\u00e6gar eru etr\u00faskar bronsstyttur af Turms sem var\u00f0veist hafa \u00ed m\u00f6rgum s\u00f6fnum v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim.<\/p><p>\u00c1 etr\u00faskum speglum (4.\/3. \u00f6ld f.Kr.) kemur Turms fram \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum go\u00f0sagnakenndum senum, oft sem fylgdarma\u00f0ur deyjandi e\u00f0a flutninga hetja, og einnig sem sendibo\u00f0i milli gu\u00f0a.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er myndlist Etr\u00fara einstaklega gj\u00f6ful og er \u00e1 sama t\u00edma helsta uppspretta \u00feekkingar okkar, einkum um hinar m\u00f6rgu myndir af Turms. Speglar, vasar, grafm\u00e1lverk og bronsverk mynda meginhluta \u00feessa efnis. Larissa Bonfante hefur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi myndm\u00e1l s\u00e9 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 hef\u00f0 og ekki einungis afleidd.<\/p><p>Grafm\u00e1lverk, sem var\u00f0veist hafa a\u00f0allega \u00ed Tarquinia, Cerveteri og Vulci, eru mikilv\u00e6g heimild um tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 og eftirl\u00edfshugmyndir Etr\u00fara. Myndirnar s\u00fdna veislur, go\u00f0sagnakenndar atri\u00f0i, dans og t\u00f3nlist; framhaldsl\u00edfi\u00f0, sem Turms lei\u00f0ir hina d\u00e1nu inn \u00ed sem s\u00e1larlei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur, birtist \u00fear sem \u00e1framhald jar\u00f0l\u00edfsins.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein um myndefni og merkingu \u00feess.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgimyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> hyllist til margf\u00edg\u00fara samsetninga, fr\u00e1sagnarlegra tilv\u00edsana og t\u00e1knr\u00e6nnar \u00fe\u00e9ttingar; Turms kemur einnig oft fram \u00ed sl\u00edkum senum. \u00dea\u00f0 er verkefni etr\u00faskrar tr\u00faarlegrar helgimyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 greina \u00feetta myndm\u00e1l.<\/p><p>Einkennandi fyrir etr\u00faska myndlist er \u00fe\u00e9tt fr\u00e1sagnarlegt lagskipulag. \u00deegar \u00e1 einum spegli e\u00f0a vasa geta komi\u00f0 fram margar go\u00f0sagnakenndar tilv\u00edsanir samt\u00edmis, til d\u00e6mis \u00feegar Turms birtist vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 annarra vera. \u00deessi \u00fe\u00e9tting krefst n\u00e1kv\u00e6mrar greiningar \u00e1 myndsamhenginu af h\u00e1lfu fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms sem sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd hlutverki s\u00ednu sem sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna flytur Turms skilabo\u00f0 milli \u00d3lympsgu\u00f0anna, milli gu\u00f0a og manna, og milli lifandi og dau\u00f0ra. \u00c1 etr\u00faskum speglum er hann oft s\u00fdndur \u00ed senum \u00fear sem gu\u00f0ir eru \u00ed samskiptum s\u00edn \u00e1 milli, \u00fear sem Turms er millili\u00f0ur \u00feeirra.<\/p><p>\u00deetta hlutverk er vel \u00feekkt \u00far Hermes-hef\u00f0inni og hefur Etr\u00farar l\u00edklega teki\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 upp \u00far gr\u00edskri go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i. Etr\u00farar settu \u00fe\u00f3 eigin bl\u00e6 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0, s\u00e9rstaklega me\u00f0 tengingu vi\u00f0 undirheima.<\/p><p>\u00d6fugt vi\u00f0 gr\u00edska e\u00f0a r\u00f3mverska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild \u00feeirra fr\u00e1sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa um gu\u00f0i \u00ed tiltekinni menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> Etr\u00fara er ekki var\u00f0veitt \u00ed full\u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0um fr\u00e1sagnartextum. Go\u00f0sagnir um Turms ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 greina \u00far myndl\u00fdsingum, \u00e1letrunum og gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverskum aukaheimildum. \u00deessi millili\u00f0a heimildasta\u00f0a krefst s\u00e9rstakrar a\u00f0g\u00e1tar \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri n\u00e1lgun.<\/p><p>Samband etr\u00faskrar og gr\u00edskrar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild \u00feeirra fr\u00e1sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa um gu\u00f0i \u00ed tiltekinni menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er marg\u00fe\u00e6tt. Etr\u00farar t\u00f3ku annars vegar upp fj\u00f6lda gr\u00edskra efna, t.d. um Akkilles, \u00d3dysseif og \u00d6dipus, en g\u00e1fu \u00feeim hins vegar eigin t\u00falkun og \u00e1herslur. Hvernig \u00feessi a\u00f0l\u00f6gun f\u00f3r fram n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega, t.d. \u00feegar Hermes-einkenni voru tekin upp \u00e1 Turms, er rannsaka\u00f0 \u00edtarlega \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum.<\/p><p>Einkennandi fyrir etr\u00faska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindaleg fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa tiltekinna tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er gu\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0, consensus deorum. \u00c6\u00f0sti gu\u00f0inn Tinia starfar ekki einn, heldur r\u00e1\u00f0gast vi\u00f0 hina gu\u00f0ina, og Turms er millig\u00f6nguma\u00f0ur sem sendibo\u00f0i milli \u00feeirra. Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er \u00feetta r\u00e1\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt fyrirb\u00e6ri.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild \u00feeirra fr\u00e1sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa um gu\u00f0i \u00ed tiltekinni menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> hefur ekki eftirl\u00e1ti\u00f0 samfellda fr\u00e1sagnarhef\u00f0; hana ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 setja saman \u00far myndsenum, \u00e1letrunum og aukaheimildum, sem krefst vanda\u00f0rar t\u00falkunar. \u00dear sem Turms kemur a\u00f0allega fram \u00e1 speglum, hefur reynst s\u00e9rstaklega gagnlegt a\u00f0 tengja saman etr\u00faska \u00e1letringu, gr\u00edska myndfyrirmynd og samhengist\u00falkun hverrar senu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms sem s\u00e1larlei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gasta eskat\u00f3l\u00edska hlutverk Turms er a\u00f0 fylgja hinum l\u00e1tnu til undirheima. \u00c1 etr\u00faskum sark\u00f3f\u00f6gum og gr\u00f6fum me\u00f0 veggm\u00e1lverkum (Tarquinia, Vulci) er hann oft s\u00fdndur \u00e1samt \u00f6\u00f0rum fylgdarverum hinna dau\u00f0u, svo sem <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/charun-etruskur-daudademon\/\">Charun<\/a> og <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/vanth-etruskisk-undirheimadis\/\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask eskat\u00f3l\u00f3g\u00eda er s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00fear sem h\u00fan b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 sk\u00fdra hugmynd um undirheimana (\u00e1 etr\u00fasku a\u00f0 hluta til calusna). Turms er hluti af \u00feessari hugmynd. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot hefur fjalla\u00f0 kerfisbundi\u00f0 um eskat\u00f3l\u00f3g\u00eduna \u00ed verkinu <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em>.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faarlegur bakgrunnur Turms er Disciplina Etrusca, sp\u00e1d\u00f3mskerfi etr\u00faska sem skiptist \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1r greinar: innyflasko\u00f0un (haruspicina), eldingat\u00falkun (fulguratio) og fuglasp\u00e1 (auspicia). Etr\u00faskar f\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00feetta kerfi \u00e1fram til R\u00f3mverja, \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 lif\u00f0i sem virk i\u00f0kun allt fram \u00e1 4. \u00f6ld e.Kr. Cicero og Seneca l\u00fdstu \u00fev\u00ed \u00edtarlega.<\/p><p>\u00deeirri arfleiddu \u00feekkingu, sem gestalt \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Turms \u00e1 r\u00e6tur \u00ed, var vi\u00f0haldi\u00f0 af s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0um prestask\u00f3lum \u00fear sem Disciplina Etrusca var mi\u00f0la\u00f0 milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p><p>Me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gustu ritanna eru taldar Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini og Libri Fulgurales. \u00deessir textar hafa ekki var\u00f0veist, en h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 endurgera \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hluta \u00fat fr\u00e1 tilvitnunum hj\u00e1 Cicero, Festus og Macrobius.<\/p><p>Etr\u00faskt tr\u00faari\u00f0kun var mj\u00f6g bundin vi\u00f0 einstakar borgir. Hver hinna st\u00f3ru mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0va, \u00fea\u00f0 er Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia og Roselle, haf\u00f0i eigin h\u00f6fu\u00f0d\u00fdrkun og tr\u00faarlegar s\u00e9rkenni.<\/p><p>\u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6gi sem tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0in h\u00f6f\u00f0u, \u00fear sem Turms \u00e1 sinn sta\u00f0, s\u00e9st \u00e1 Disciplina Etrusca: sem samfellt tr\u00faarlegt og sp\u00e1d\u00f3mslegt kerfi telst h\u00fan me\u00f0al \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ustu sp\u00e1d\u00f3msi\u00f0kana hins forna heims. R\u00f3mverjar t\u00f3ku hana upp \u00e1 kerfisbundinn h\u00e1tt og i\u00f0kun hennar n\u00e1\u00f0i fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornaldar<\/span>. S\u00f6gulega s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessi samfella skili\u00f0 athygli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og athafnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms var d\u00fdrka\u00f0ur \u00ed eigin hofum, \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00ed s\u00f6mu vegsemd og Tinia, Uni e\u00f0a Menrva. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna fyrir gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a heilaga v\u00e6ttur.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkun<\/span> hans var frekar hagn\u00fdt og hversdagsleg: Fer\u00f0amenn, kaupmenn og sendibo\u00f0ar leitu\u00f0u til hans, og vi\u00f0 greftrun var hann \u00e1kalla\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 fylgja hinum l\u00e1tnu \u00f6ruggum til undirheima.<\/p><p>\u00c1berandi si\u00f0ur var a\u00f0 leggja litlar Turms-styttur \u00ed grafir. \u00deeim var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa hinum l\u00e1tnu veginn. Sl\u00edkar styttur hafa fundist \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum etr\u00farskum gr\u00f6fum.<\/p><p>Byggingarnar \u00fear sem gu\u00f0ir eins og Turms voru d\u00fdrka\u00f0ir bera einnig s\u00e9rst\u00f6k einkenni. Etr\u00farsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> einkennast af tuscanus-st\u00edlnum me\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ri s\u00falur\u00f6\u00f0, sem Vitr\u00fav\u00edus l\u00fdsir \u00ed De Architectura. \u00cd grunnmynd ber cella og brei\u00f0ur framanverandi salur mikinn svip, og me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed skera \u00feessar byggingar sig sk\u00fdrt fr\u00e1 gr\u00edskum fyrirmyndum.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hofin<\/span> \u00ed tr\u00faarheimi \u00feeim sem Turms tilheyr\u00f0i voru oft reist \u00e1 tignarlegan h\u00e1tt. Eitt d\u00e6mi er J\u00fap\u00edters-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofi\u00f0<\/span> \u00e1 Kapit\u00f3lh\u00e6\u00f0 \u00ed R\u00f3m, sem etr\u00farskir arkitektar og listamenn reistu, fremstur me\u00f0al \u00feeirra Vulca fr\u00e1 Veii. \u00dea\u00f0 er tali\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6g byggingarleg vitnisbur\u00f0ur um etr\u00farska tr\u00far\u00e6kni \u00ed R\u00f3m a\u00f0 fornu.<\/p><p>Fyrir Turms sem sendibo\u00f0a gu\u00f0anna er uppl\u00fdsandi a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feann v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka tr\u00faarramma sem hann var d\u00fdrka\u00f0ur innan: Vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Volsinii kom etr\u00farska bandalagi\u00f0 t\u00f3lf borga saman \u00e1rlega til tr\u00faarlegs og samt\u00edmis stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegs fundar. Voltumna gegndi hlutverki bandalagsgu\u00f0s r\u00edkjasambandsins og haf\u00f0i tr\u00faarlega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu sem n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fat fyrir einstaka borgard\u00fdrkanir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verndarhef\u00f0ir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms var \u00ed verndarsamhengi fyrst og fremst \u00e1kalla\u00f0ur af fer\u00f0am\u00f6nnum, kaupm\u00f6nnum, sendibo\u00f0um og sp\u00e1d\u00f3msm\u00f6nnum. S\u00e1 sem lag\u00f0i upp \u00ed fer\u00f0 flutti Karakia (b\u00e6nir) til Turms; kaupmenn t\u00f3ku hann sem verndard\u00fdrling inn \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptah\u00e6tti s\u00edna. Turms haf\u00f0i einnig hlutverk \u00ed sp\u00e1d\u00f3mssamhengi, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed fuglasko\u00f0un og draumat\u00falkun.<\/p><p>Verndarsi\u00f0ir tengdir Turms f\u00f3lu \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 bera Turms-styttur, setja upp Turms-hermur vi\u00f0 h\u00fasdyr og borgarhli\u00f0, og \u00e1kalla hann fyrir mikilv\u00e6gar samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur. \u00deessi hef\u00f0 er tekin \u00far gr\u00edskri Hermes-hef\u00f0.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etr\u00farskir verndarsi\u00f0ir b\u00faa yfir fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum verndart\u00e1knum: fallosgripum, gorg\u00f3na-myndum, augnamerkjum, bullae og \u00e1kve\u00f0num form\u00falum. T\u00e1knm\u00e1l \u00feessara verndart\u00e1kna hefur Larissa Bonfante greint \u00ed verki s\u00ednu Etruscan Mirrors, sem kom \u00fat fr\u00e1 1980.<\/span><\/p><p>Eins og a\u00f0rar v\u00e6ttir \u00ed etr\u00farska go\u00f0aheiminum stendur Turms einnig \u00ed umhverfi sem var gagns\u00fdrt af verndart\u00e1knum. Auga Tinia, fallosgripir og gorg\u00f3neia fundust \u00e1 hofum og gr\u00f6fum, sem og \u00e1 h\u00fas\u00f6lturum og pers\u00f3nulegum \u00e1h\u00f6ldum. \u00deessi si\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i \u00e1hrif langt \u00fat fyrir etr\u00farska menningu, inn \u00ed r\u00f3mverska og v\u00ed\u00f0ari mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafs\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tr\u00fa.<\/p><p>\u00deeir sem n\u00e1lgast \u00e1hrifasvi\u00f0 Turms kynnast tr\u00far\u00e6kni \u00fear sem verndara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir voru n\u00e1i\u00f0 bundnar Disciplina Etrusca. Borgarstofnun, herfer\u00f0 e\u00f0a h\u00fasbygging var ekki hafin \u00e1n undanfarandi sp\u00e1d\u00f3msathugunar \u00e1 vilja gu\u00f0anna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms samsvarar hlutverkslega gr\u00edska Hermes og r\u00f3mverska Mercurius. Tengslin eru b\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og s\u00f6guleg n\u00e1in: Etr\u00farska Turms-hef\u00f0in er bein aflei\u00f0ing af gr\u00edskri Hermes-hef\u00f0. Etr\u00farar settu \u00fe\u00f3 eigin \u00e1herslur, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed eftirl\u00edfsfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><p>\u00cd samanbur\u00f0i tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a m\u00e1 tengja Turms vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra sendibo\u00f0a gu\u00f0anna: Anubis (egypskan, lei\u00f0s\u00f6gumann hinna dau\u00f0u), Hermes (gr\u00edskan), Mercurius (r\u00f3mverskan), \u00d3\u00f0inn \u00ed hlutverki s\u00ednu sem lei\u00f0s\u00f6gumann hinna dau\u00f0u (germanskan). Hugmyndin um sendibo\u00f0a gu\u00f0anna sem millili\u00f0 milli heima er algeng \u00fevert \u00e1 tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0.<\/p><p>Me\u00f0 interpretatio Romana fengu etr\u00farskir gu\u00f0ir r\u00f3mversk n\u00f6fn: Tinia var\u00f0 J\u00fap\u00edter, Uni var\u00f0 J\u00fan\u00f3, Menrva var\u00f0 M\u00ednerva. Sl\u00edkar samsvaranir n\u00e1\u00f0u a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i a\u00f0eins yfir \u00e1kve\u00f0in einkenni, ekki alla v\u00e6ttina. Ranns\u00f3knir s\u00ed\u00f0ustu fimmt\u00edu \u00e1ra lei\u00f0a \u00ed lj\u00f3s hva\u00f0a etr\u00farsk s\u00e9rkenni var\u00f0veittust \u00fear, til d\u00e6mis hj\u00e1 sendibo\u00f0agu\u00f0inum Turms \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hermes og Mercurius.<\/p><p>A\u00f0 Turms sem sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna standi n\u00e1l\u00e6gt gr\u00edska Hermes og r\u00f3mverska Mercurius v\u00edsar til v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kra tengsla: Etr\u00farsk tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 s\u00fdna fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg snertipunkta vi\u00f0 anat\u00f3l\u00edskar, f\u00f6nik\u00edskar og austurlandahef\u00f0ir. F\u00f6nik\u00edsk milliganga er sta\u00f0fest me\u00f0 Pyrgi-t\u00f6flunum. \u00deessi \u00feverjar\u00f0hafstengsl hafa veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0 um \u00e1ratuga skei\u00f0.<\/p><p>\u00cd samanbur\u00f0i tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a tilheyrir etr\u00farsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna fyrir gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a heilaga v\u00e6ttur.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> hinni v\u00ed\u00f0ari mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafsfj\u00f6lskyldu tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a og tengist Grikklandi, F\u00f6nik\u00edu, Egyptalandi, Anat\u00f3l\u00edu og Lat\u00edum. \u00deessi tengsl, sem sendibo\u00f0av\u00e6ttin Turms tilheyrir einnig, myndar mikilv\u00e6gt ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ranns\u00f3knir n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms-fr\u00e6\u00f0i hefur teki\u00f0 miklum framf\u00f6rum \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 30 \u00e1rum me\u00f0 kerfisbundinni ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 etr\u00faskum speglum (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE). Larissa Bonfante hefur \u00ed nokkrum spegla-\u00fatg\u00e1fum kortlagt Turms-myndirnar.<\/p><p>Ranns\u00f3knir kanna n\u00e1i\u00f0 sambandi\u00f0 milli gr\u00edsku Hermes-hef\u00f0arinnar og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is Turms \u00ed etr\u00faskri menningu. Hvar m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 bein t\u00f6ku\u00e1hrif og hvar s\u00e9rst\u00f6k etr\u00fask einkenni? \u00deessi spurning er efni \u00ed virkri umr\u00e6\u00f0u.<\/p><p>Gestalt eins og Turms er \u00ed dag ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 innan al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 etr\u00faskri tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um. Me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gra mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0va eru h\u00e1sk\u00f3larnir \u00ed Fl\u00f3rens, R\u00f3marh\u00e1sk\u00f3linn Sapienza, P\u00edsa, T\u00fcbingen og Princeton. \u00c1 hverju \u00e1ri fjalla margar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar r\u00e1\u00f0stefnur um einst\u00f6k svi\u00f0 \u00feessa fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0s.<\/p><p>Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg verkefni um etr\u00faska tr\u00fa beita n\u00fa stafr\u00e6nni t\u00e6kni: \u00fer\u00edv\u00edddarsk\u00f6nnun \u00e1 hofum og gr\u00f6fum, gagnagrunnum fyrir \u00e1letranir og myndheimildir, auk GIS-greininga \u00e1 bygg\u00f0amynstri. Sl\u00edkar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir varpa n\u00fdju lj\u00f3si \u00e1 efni\u00f0, einnig \u00e1 speglana sem Turms er s\u00fdndur \u00e1.<\/p><p>\u00dea\u00f0 sem ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 etr\u00faskri tr\u00fa og gu\u00f0um hennar, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al Turms, lei\u00f0a \u00ed lj\u00f3s, berst almenningi me\u00f0 s\u00fdningum, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed Vat\u00edkansafninu, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia og Boston Museum of Fine Arts, auk fj\u00f6lda rita.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir og sta\u00f0a ranns\u00f3kna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gustu heimildir Turms-ranns\u00f3kna eru etr\u00faskir speglar (s\u00e9rstaklega me\u00f0 \u00e1letrunum), grafm\u00e1lverk, sark\u00f3fagar og \u00e1letranir. Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (m\u00f6rg bindi) er mikilv\u00e6gasta safn spegilmyndanna.<\/p><p>N\u00e1nari sko\u00f0un \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etr\u00faskri tr\u00faars\u00f6gu<\/a> \u00ed heild sinni s\u00fdnir hvernig skilja m\u00e1 Turms \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 \u00d3lympsgu\u00f0ina og undirheimagu\u00f0ina Aita, Charun og Vanth. \u00deessi tengsl eru v\u00edsindalega mikilv\u00e6g.<\/p><p>Heimildagrunnur um etr\u00faska tr\u00fa er misleitur: fornletrunarheimildir, sem safna\u00f0 er \u00ed Editio Minor Helmuts Rix, fornleifafundir, myndheimildir og fr\u00e6\u00f0irit. \u00deeir sem vilja skilja Turms til fulls ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 fara \u00fevert \u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinar; n\u00fdrri ranns\u00f3knir tengja til \u00feess m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindi sem rannsaka fyrri menningarsamf\u00e9l\u00f6g \u00fat fr\u00e1 efnislegum fundum.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindin sem rannsaka tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 samanbur\u00f0arh\u00e1tt og \u00e1n tr\u00faarlegrar bindingar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> og mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 kerfisbundinn h\u00e1tt.<\/p><p>R\u00e9ttm\u00e6t heimildagagnr\u00fdni krefst \u00feess a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur \u00feekki b\u00e6\u00f0i upprunalegar etr\u00faskar heimildir og gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverska s\u00ed\u00f0ari-heimild. \u00deessi tv\u00f6falda n\u00e1lgun er krefjandi, en \u00f3missandi fyrir trausta tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega endurger\u00f0 af Turms.<\/p><p>Vanda\u00f0ur s\u00f6gulegur skilningur \u00e1 Turms krefst \u00feess a\u00f0 fornletrunar-, fornleifa- og b\u00f3kmenntaheimildir s\u00e9u yfirfarnar samhli\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0um n\u00fat\u00edma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindin sem rannsaka tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 samanbur\u00f0arh\u00e1tt og \u00e1n tr\u00faarlegrar bindingar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>. \u00deessi marg\u00fe\u00e6tta umfj\u00f6llun telst sta\u00f0all \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms \u00e1 bronslifrinni fr\u00e1 Piacenza og \u00ed etr\u00faskri fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gt heimildaskjal um etr\u00faska gu\u00f0askipan er hin svokalla\u00f0a bronslifur fr\u00e1 Piacenza, bronsl\u00edkan af sau\u00f0alifur sem fannst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1877 \u00e1 Nor\u00f0ur-\u00cdtal\u00edu, skipt \u00ed reiti og \u00e1letra\u00f0 me\u00f0 gu\u00f0an\u00f6fnum \u00e1 etr\u00fasku letri.<\/p><p>Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 h\u00fan hafi \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0 sem kennslu- e\u00f0a s\u00fdnit\u00e6ki fyrir etr\u00faska innyflasp\u00e1d\u00f3ma, <em>haruspicina<\/em>. \u00c1 ja\u00f0ri l\u00edkansins eru sext\u00e1n reitir, og fleiri innar.<\/p><p>\u00c1 \u00feessum grip kemur einnig fram <em>Turms<\/em>. Sta\u00f0setning hans gefur v\u00edsbendingar um \u00ed hva\u00f0a hluta etr\u00faska himinsins prestarnir t\u00f6ldu hann tilheyra og hva\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum gu\u00f0um hann var talinn \u00ed n\u00e1grenni vi\u00f0.<\/p><p>Bronslifrin er \u00fear me\u00f0 f\u00e1g\u00e6t heimild sem kemur ekki \u00far r\u00f3mverskri e\u00f0a gr\u00edskri s\u00ed\u00f0ari-heimild, heldur beint \u00far etr\u00faskri tr\u00faari\u00f0kun, hinni svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>.<\/p><p>Lestur og t\u00falkun lifursins er \u00fe\u00f3 erfi\u00f0. Etr\u00faska er a\u00f0 v\u00edsu l\u00e6sileg, en a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 hluta skiljanleg, \u00fev\u00ed ekkert n\u00e1i\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l er til samanbur\u00f0ar. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn eins og Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig og s\u00ed\u00f0ar Nancy de Grummond hafa lagt sitt af m\u00f6rkum til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra m\u00e1li\u00f0, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 allir reitirnir og gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt r\u00f6kkerfi \u00feeirra hafi veri\u00f0 skilgreint til fulls. Turms er \u00fear me\u00f0 gott d\u00e6mi um grundvallarvanda etr\u00faskufr\u00e6\u00f0a: vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum nafn hans og st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed helgisi\u00f0akerfinu, en l\u00e6rd\u00f3murinn \u00ed kringum hann er enn brotakenndur.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00e1lulei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0urinn: Turms \u00ed etr\u00faskri grafm\u00e1lun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00d3l\u00edkt gr\u00edska Hermesi, sem v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k b\u00f3kmenntaleg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mi\u00f0lun \u00feekkingar og fr\u00e1sagna milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">arfleif\u00f0<\/span> s\u00fdnir sem sendibo\u00f0a gu\u00f0anna, kraftaj\u00e1lk og uppfinningamann, er <em>Turms<\/em> fyrir okkur n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu mynd.<\/p><p>Eitt af sk\u00fdrustu hlutverkum hans er s\u00e1lulei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0urinn, <em>psychopompos<\/em>, sem lei\u00f0ir hina l\u00e1tnu til undirheima. \u00deetta hlutverk kemur fyrst og fremst fram \u00ed etr\u00faskri grafm\u00e1lun og \u00e1 \u00f6skukrukkum fr\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari etr\u00faskum t\u00edma.<\/p><p>\u00cd vegg\u00adm\u00e1lverkum etr\u00faskra grafh\u00f3lfa, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed kringum Tarquinia og \u00ed hinum st\u00f3ru grafreitum, birtist mannsmynd me\u00f0 fer\u00f0ahettu og staf, sem tekur \u00ed h\u00f6nd hins l\u00e1tna e\u00f0a gengur \u00e1 undan honum.<\/p><p>\u00deessi mynd er oft sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 Turms, \u00fdmist me\u00f0 \u00e1letrun e\u00f0a einungis me\u00f0 t\u00e1knfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Sumsta\u00f0ar ber hann vi\u00f0urnefni sem beinl\u00ednis au\u00f0kennir hann sem fylgdarmann \u00ed undirheimum, \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0um oft lesi\u00f0 sem <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>, \u00fe.e. Turms \u00ed fylgd undirheimagu\u00f0sins Aita.<\/p><p>\u00deessi mikla \u00e1hersl\u00e1 \u00e1 hlutverk s\u00e1lulei\u00f0s\u00f6gunnar er gott d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 <em>interpretatio<\/em> geti leitt villu vegar. Ef Turms v\u00e6ri einfaldlega afgreiddur sem \u201eetr\u00faskur Hermes\u201c, myndi ma\u00f0ur horfa framhj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 etr\u00fask list dregur s\u00e9rstaklega fram \u00feann \u00fe\u00e1tt sem tengist hinum megin, en hin \u00fej\u00f3f\u00f3tta, sl\u00e6gvitra hli\u00f0 gr\u00edska Hermesar er varla s\u00fdnileg. Hvort \u00feetta stafar af heimildast\u00f6\u00f0unni, sem \u00ed Etr\u00far\u00edu er a\u00f0 miklu leyti m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af gr\u00f6fum, e\u00f0a af raunverulega annarri \u00e1herslu \u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er d\u00fdrku\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0d\u00f3minn<\/span>, er opin ranns\u00f3knarspurning. Um a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i etr\u00faskrar tr\u00faar sj\u00e1 einnig greinina um <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etr\u00faska go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (\u00fdmis bindi)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (m\u00f6rg bindi)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fleiri grunnrit \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/heimildaskra\/\">heimildaskr\u00e1nni<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms er sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna hj\u00e1 Etr\u00farum og er b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fornum heimildum og \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum reglulega fjalla\u00f0 um hann sem <em>interpretatio<\/em>-mynd: hann kemur fram sem bein <strong>hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a<\/strong> vi\u00f0 gr\u00edska gu\u00f0inn Hermes og r\u00f3mverska Mercurius.<\/p><p>\u00c1 bronsspeglum fr\u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0u og \u00feri\u00f0ju \u00f6ld fyrir okkar t\u00edmatal er hann s\u00fdndur me\u00f0 v\u00e6ngsk\u00f3m og sendibo\u00f0astaf og sinnir samb\u00e6rilegum hlutverkum, me\u00f0al annars \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fylgja hinum l\u00e1tnu. \u00deessi flokkun sem hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00fdnir hversu n\u00e1tengd gu\u00f0aver\u00f6ld Etr\u00fara var gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverskum hugmyndum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cd etr\u00farskri <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yfirlifu\u00f0 fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipan heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gn<\/span><\/em> er Turms s\u00fdndur sem sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna og fylgdarma\u00f0ur s\u00e1lna, en hlutverk hans falla n\u00e1i\u00f0 saman vi\u00f0 hlutverk gr\u00edska gu\u00f0sins Hermes; myndr\u00e6nt birtist hann \u00e1 bronsspeglum fr\u00e1 fimmtu og fj\u00f3r\u00f0u \u00f6ld fyrir Krist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tengd leitaror\u00f0: Turms Etr\u00farar sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna Caduceus Hermes Mercurius fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna l\u00e1tnu Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og verndarhef\u00f0ir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard tengist menningars\u00f6gulegri hef\u00f0 farandhelgigripa, \u00ed hef\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etr\u00faska<\/a> og margra annarra menningarheima um allan heim. 41 lag, alv\u00f6ru gull, plat\u00edna, silfur, framleitt \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi. 30 daga skilar\u00e9ttur.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb 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Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Pers\u00f3nuleg reynsla getur veri\u00f0 mismunandi. Ekki l\u00e6kningat\u00e6ki. Engin lofor\u00f0 um l\u00e6kningu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard er <strong>ekki l\u00e6kningat\u00e6ki<\/strong> og kemur ekki \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir l\u00e6knis- e\u00f0a s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0. Tr\u00faarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt efni er menningars\u00f6gulegt samhengi, ekki r\u00e1\u00f0legging um andlega i\u00f0kun.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms Etr\u00faskur","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etr\u00faskur sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna, go\u00f0saga","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms er etr\u00faskur sendibo\u00f0i gu\u00f0anna og fylgdarma\u00f0ur hinna d\u00e1nu, hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a gr\u00edska Hermesar. 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