{"id":168952,"date":"2026-09-05T14:04:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=168952"},"modified":"2026-09-05T14:24:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T14:24:26","slug":"voltumna-bandalagsgud-etruska-rikjasambandsins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/voltumna-bandalagsgud-etruska-rikjasambandsins\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; Bandalagsgu\u00f0 etr\u00faska r\u00edkjasambandsins"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"168952\" class=\"elementor elementor-168952 elementor-2607 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - Bandalagsgu\u00f0 etr\u00faska bandalagsins og gu\u00f0 t\u00f3lf borganna<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (\u00e1 lat\u00ednu einnig Vertumnus e\u00f0a Veltha, \u00e1 etr\u00fasku Veltha e\u00f0a Velthune) er \u00e6\u00f0sti bandalagsgu\u00f0 etr\u00faska bandalagsins sem samanst\u00f3\u00f0 af t\u00f3lf borgum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur sem er tileinka\u00f0ur tilbei\u00f0slu gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helgista\u00f0ur<\/span> hans, Fanum Voltumnae, var sta\u00f0settur n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Volsinii og var vettvangur \u00e1rlegs samkomuhalds etr\u00faska bandalagsins. \u00deessi umfj\u00f6llun l\u00fdsir tr\u00faarp\u00f3lit\u00edskri og helgisi\u00f0alegri st\u00f6\u00f0u hans \u00ed etr\u00faska r\u00edkjasambandinu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gu\u00f0 \u00far etr\u00faskri hef\u00f0.\">Gu\u00f0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i etr\u00faskrar hef\u00f0ar.\">Etr\u00faskt<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bandalags- og r\u00edkisgu\u00f0.\">Bandalags- og r\u00edkisgu\u00f0<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Engar undirfyrirsagnir fundust \\u00e1 \\u00feessari s\\u00ed\\u00f0u.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tEfnisyfirlit\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-170823\" alt=\"Voltumna - Gu\u00f0ir \u00far etr\u00faskri hef\u00f0, s\u00f6guleg mynd\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sta\u00f0a \u00ed etr\u00faska go\u00f0heiminum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna hefur s\u00e9rstaka st\u00f6\u00f0u innan etr\u00faska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a \u00ed tiltekinni tr\u00fa e\u00f0a menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0heimsins<\/span>: Hann er ekki fyrst og fremst &#8216;kosm\u00edskur&#8217; h\u00f6fu\u00f0gu\u00f0 \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/tinia-haesti-gud-etrura\/\">Tinia<\/a>, heldur gu\u00f0 sem er skilgreindur \u00e1 p\u00f3lit\u00edskum og tr\u00faarlegum forsendum sem bandalagsgu\u00f0. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra tilbei\u00f0sluathafna fyrir gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a heilaga v\u00e6ttu.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkun<\/span> hans var bundin stofnun t\u00f3lf borga bandalagsins (dodekapolis). Borgin Volsinii var\u00f0veitti bandalagshelgista\u00f0 hans.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani og Simonetta Stopponi hafa m\u00f3ta\u00f0 Voltumna-ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum verkum. Uppgreftir Stopponi \u00e1 Campo della Fiera n\u00e6rri Orvieto hafa gert l\u00edklega sta\u00f0setningu Fanum Voltumnae m\u00f6gulega.<\/p><p>Bandalagsgu\u00f0inn Voltumna heyrir til tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sem eru s\u00e9rlega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0 fyrir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindagrein sem rannsakar tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0arlega og \u00e1n tr\u00faartengsla.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feau mi\u00f0la milli hins gr\u00edsk-mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafslega og hins \u00edtalsk-r\u00f3mverska fr\u00e1sagnarheims. Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani og Giovanni Colonna hafa lagt fram mikilv\u00e6g framl\u00f6g til ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 \u00feeim, en verk \u00feeirra hafa skerpt myndina af sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ri tr\u00faarhef\u00f0.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindaleg fr\u00e6\u00f0i um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> \u00feekkti sk\u00fdrt uppbygg\u00f0an <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild gu\u00f0a \u00ed tiltekinni tr\u00fa e\u00f0a menningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0heim<\/span> me\u00f0 stigskiptri r\u00f6\u00f0un og skiptu valdsvi\u00f0i, \u00fear sem Voltumna haf\u00f0i s\u00edna eigin, p\u00f3lit\u00edskt og tr\u00faarlega \u00e1kve\u00f0nu st\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00dear sem eldri ranns\u00f3knir l\u00fdstu \u00feessu kerfi sem r\u00e1\u00f0g\u00e1tukenndu e\u00f0a framandi, er n\u00fa liti\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt afbrig\u00f0i mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafstr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.<\/p><p>\u00cd tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu \u00cdtal\u00edu voru Etr\u00farar millili\u00f0ir milli gr\u00edskra \u00e1hrifa og hinnar r\u00f3mversku tr\u00faar sem var a\u00f0 myndast. A\u00f0 etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er tignu\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0leg vera<\/span> \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Voltumna lif\u00f0i \u00e1fram \u00ed r\u00f3mverska Vertumnus er d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta millig\u00f6nguhlutverk, sem vekur s\u00e9rstakan \u00e1huga innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratuga l\u00edta \u00e1 etr\u00fask tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 sem loka\u00f0 og fyrirb\u00e6rafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt kerfi. Eldri tilhneiging til a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 \u00feau sem einfalda aflei\u00f0u gr\u00edskra tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a hefur viki\u00f0 fyrir talsvert fj\u00f6lbreyttari s\u00fdn, sem skilningur \u00e1 Voltumna n\u00fdtur einnig g\u00f3\u00f0s af.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nafn og or\u00f0sifjar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etr\u00faska nafni\u00f0 Veltha e\u00f0a Velthune er \u00e1 lat\u00ednu rita\u00f0 Voltumna e\u00f0a Vertumnus. Or\u00f0sifjar eru \u00f3vissar; till\u00f6gur n\u00e1 fr\u00e1 &#8216;hinum vaxandi&#8217; (tengt vertere, &#8216;a\u00f0 sn\u00faa&#8217;) til &#8216;hins breytilega&#8217;. Tengsl vi\u00f0 \u00e1rst\u00ed\u00f0abundnar breytingar gr\u00f3\u00f0urs eru til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum.<\/p><p>R\u00f3mverski Vertumnus er sta\u00f0festur \u00ed R\u00f3m sem gu\u00f0 breytinga og gr\u00f3\u00f0urs; hvort hann er sami og Voltumna e\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 r\u00f3mversk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er tignu\u00f0 sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0leg vera<\/span>, er umdeilt. Etr\u00faskar heimildir eru h\u00e9r gagnlegri en r\u00f3mverskar.<\/p><p>Etr\u00faska er s\u00e9rst\u00e6tt tungum\u00e1l; \u00fea\u00f0 er tali\u00f0 einangra\u00f0 e\u00f0a er tilg\u00e1tulega tali\u00f0 heyra til tyrsenskrar tungum\u00e1lafj\u00f6lskyldu, sem lemn\u00edska og r\u00e6t\u00edska tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 g\u00e6tu einnig heyrt til. Unni\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ningu textanna fr\u00e1 19. \u00f6ld, en henni er ekki loki\u00f0, sem gildir einnig um t\u00falkun nafna eins og Veltha e\u00f0a Velthune.<\/p><p>Helsta safn \u00e1letrana \u00e1 etr\u00fasku m\u00e1li er Editio Minor Helmuts Rix. \u00dea\u00f0 er n\u00fa stutt af Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae og gagnagrunninum ETP, Etruscan Texts Project, \u00fear sem einnig m\u00e1 finna efni um Voltumna.<\/p><p>\u00deegar \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">forn\u00f6ld<\/span> var deilt um uppruna Etr\u00fara: Her\u00f3d\u00f3tos taldi \u00fe\u00e1 koma fr\u00e1 L\u00fdd\u00edu, en D\u00ed\u00f3n\u00fds\u00edos fr\u00e1 Halikarnassos h\u00e9lt a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru innf\u00e6ddur \u00edtalskur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0flokkur. Tr\u00faars\u00f6gulega er \u00feessi spurning mikilv\u00e6g, \u00fev\u00ed af henni r\u00e6\u00f0st hvort etr\u00fask tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 hafi tengsl vi\u00f0 sm\u00e1as\u00edska d\u00fdrkun.<\/p><p>M\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00e1letrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0i starfa n\u00fa n\u00e1i\u00f0 saman. Stafr\u00e6n \u00fatg\u00e1fa etr\u00faskra texta, Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), einfaldar samanbur\u00f0arranns\u00f3knir talsvert, me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 gu\u00f0an\u00f6fnum \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Veltha. Marie-Laurence Haack og Vincent Jolivet hafa lagt fram brautry\u00f0jandi framl\u00f6g \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00fdsing og myndlist<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Myndfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mi\u00f0lun \u00feekkingar og fr\u00e1sagna milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">arfleif\u00f0<\/span> Voltumna er tilt\u00f6lulega r\u00fdr. \u00c1 nokkrum etr\u00faskum myntum er s\u00fdnd karlkyns f\u00edg\u00fara sem er sams\u00f6mu\u00f0 Voltumna. H\u00fan ber stundum jurtatengd t\u00e1kn &#8211; korn\u00f6x, bl\u00f3m, v\u00ednvi\u00f0argreinar &#8211; sem myndi sty\u00f0ja gr\u00f3\u00f0urhlutverki\u00f0.<\/p><p>\u00cd R\u00f3m er Vertumnus sta\u00f0festur me\u00f0 fr\u00e6gri styttu \u00ed Vicus Tuscus, sem s\u00fdnir hann sem gangandi gr\u00f3\u00f0urgu\u00f0. \u00deessa styttu nefna Properz og a\u00f0rir r\u00f3mverskir h\u00f6fundar.<\/p><p>Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er etr\u00fask myndlist mikil a\u00f0 g\u00e6\u00f0um og au\u00f0leg\u00f0 og er \u00e1 sama t\u00edma helsta uppspretta \u00feekkingar okkar. Speglar, vasar, grafm\u00e1lverk og bronsmunir bera meginhluta efnisins, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mi\u00f0lun \u00feekkingar og fr\u00e1sagna milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">arfleif\u00f0in<\/span> um Voltumna sj\u00e1lfan er tilt\u00f6lulega r\u00fdr. Larissa Bonfante hefur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feetta myndm\u00e1l s\u00e9 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 hef\u00f0 og ekki einungis afleidd.<\/p><p>Fyrsta flokks uppspretta um tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 og eftirl\u00edfshugmyndir Etr\u00fara er grafm\u00e1lverki\u00f0, var\u00f0veitt s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed Tarquinia, Cerveteri og Vulci. Myndir \u00feeirra s\u00fdna veislur, go\u00f0s\u00f6gulega atbur\u00f0i, dans og t\u00f3nlist og draga upp mynd af framhaldsl\u00edfi sem hugsa\u00f0 er sem \u00e1framhald jar\u00f0neska l\u00edfsins.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0in um myndefni og merkingu \u00feess.\" tabindex=\"0\">myndhef\u00f0<\/span> (\u00edkon\u00f3graf\u00eda) hallast a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lpers\u00f3nulegum samsetningum, fr\u00e1sagnarlegum tilv\u00edsunum og t\u00e1kn\u00fe\u00e9ttum myndyr\u00f0ingum. A\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00feetta myndm\u00e1l er verkefni etr\u00faskrar tr\u00faarlegrar myndfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><p>Einkennandi fyrir etr\u00faska myndlist er \u00fe\u00e9tt fr\u00e1sagnarlegt lagskipting: Jafnvel einn spegill e\u00f0a einn vasi getur bori\u00f0 margar go\u00f0s\u00f6gulegar tilv\u00edsanir samt\u00edmis. \u00deessi \u00fe\u00e9ttleiki krefst \u00feess a\u00f0 rannsakendur greini n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hvert myndsamhengi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna og etr\u00faska r\u00edkjasambandi\u00f0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00f3lf helstu borgir Etr\u00fara &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia og Roselle &#8211; myndu\u00f0u tr\u00faarlegt-p\u00f3lit\u00edskt bandalag (Dodekapolis) sem kom saman \u00e1rlega vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae. \u00deessi samkoma \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i tr\u00faarlegum og p\u00f3lit\u00edskum tilgangi: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gj\u00f6f til go\u00f0magns til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 \u00feakkl\u00e6ti, b\u00f3n e\u00f0a lotningu.\" tabindex=\"0\">f\u00f3rnir<\/span>, \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir bandalagsins, sameiginlegar h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ir.<\/p><p>Liv\u00edus (4.23, 5.17) greinir \u00edtarlega fr\u00e1 \u00feessum bandalagsfundum. \u00deeir voru fyrirmynd fyrir hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ara r\u00f3mverska Concilium og h\u00f6f\u00f0u afgerandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3un stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lastofnana \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu. Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er Voltumna \u00feannig d\u00e6mi um \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edskan gu\u00f0&#8220;, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna gagnvart go\u00f0magni e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> hans er borin uppi af r\u00edkisstofnun.<\/p><p>Fullb\u00fana fr\u00e1sagnarb\u00f3kmennt, l\u00edkt og \u00fe\u00e1 sem gr\u00edska og r\u00f3mverska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mi\u00f0lun \u00feekkingar og fr\u00e1sagna milli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">arfleif\u00f0in<\/span> \u00feekkir, er ekki til fyrir etr\u00faska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild go\u00f0sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa fr\u00e1 menningarheimi.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>. \u00dea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 vitum, einnig um Voltumna, ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fat fr\u00e1 myndl\u00fdsingum, \u00e1letrunum og fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum gr\u00edskra og r\u00f3mverskra h\u00f6funda. \u00deessi \u00f3beina uppsprettusta\u00f0a krefst s\u00e9rstakrar a\u00f0g\u00e1tar \u00ed a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><p>Sambandi\u00f0 milli etr\u00faskrar og gr\u00edskrar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild go\u00f0sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa fr\u00e1 menningarheimi.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> er marg\u00fe\u00e6tt. Etr\u00farar t\u00f3ku upp fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg gr\u00edsk efni, me\u00f0al annars um Akkilles, \u00d3dysseif og \u00d6dipus, en umt\u00falku\u00f0u \u00feau oft og l\u00f6g\u00f0u eigin \u00e1herslur. Hvernig \u00feetta ferli \u00e6ttlei\u00f0slu f\u00f3r fram er rannsaka\u00f0 \u00edtarlega \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum.<\/p><p>Til etr\u00faskrar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg kenning um gu\u00f0 og tr\u00fa innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> heyrir einkennandi gu\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0, consensus deorum. Jafnvel \u00e6\u00f0sti gu\u00f0inn Tinia bregst ekki einn heldur r\u00e1\u00f0gast vi\u00f0 hina gu\u00f0ina, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al Voltumna, bandalagsgu\u00f0 r\u00edkjasambandsins. Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega er \u00feetta r\u00e1\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt fyrirb\u00e6ri.<\/p><p>Etr\u00fask <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heild go\u00f0sagna sem var\u00f0veist hafa fr\u00e1 menningarheimi.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> hefur ekki leift af s\u00e9r heildst\u00e6\u00f0a fr\u00e1sagnarhef\u00f0; hana ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fat fr\u00e1 myndsenum, \u00e1letrunum og aukauppsprettum, sem krefst n\u00e1kv\u00e6mrar t\u00falkunar. S\u00e9rstaklega hj\u00e1 fyrirb\u00e6ri sem er svo r\u00fdrt \u00ed arfleif\u00f0 eins og Voltumna er samtenging etr\u00faskrar \u00e1letrunar, gr\u00edskrar myndfyrirmyndar og samhengisbundinnar lestrar mikilv\u00e6g a\u00f0fer\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae er mikilv\u00e6gasta bandalagshelgid\u00f3mur Etr\u00fara. Lengi vel var n\u00e1kv\u00e6m sta\u00f0setning \u00feess umdeild. Simonetta Stopponi hefur fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2000 grafi\u00f0 upp umfangsmikla hofbyggingu vi\u00f0 Campo della Fiera n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Orvieto, sem \u00ed dag er talin me\u00f0 mikilli vissu vera Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 samanstendur af nokkrum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofum<\/span>, alt\u00f6rum, brunnum og samkomusv\u00e6\u00f0um. Fundirnir spanna t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 7. \u00f6ld f.Kr. fram \u00e1 r\u00f3mverska t\u00edma. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helgid\u00f3murinn<\/span> \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i samfellt \u00ed um 1000 \u00e1r sem tr\u00faarlega og p\u00f3lit\u00edska mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, hi\u00f0 skipulega sp\u00e1d\u00f3mskerfi Etr\u00fara, skiptist \u00ed innyflasp\u00e1 (haruspicina), eldingasp\u00e1 (fulguratio) og fuglasp\u00e1 (auspicia). Etr\u00farar arfleiddu R\u00f3mverja a\u00f0 \u00feessu kerfi, og \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00e9lst lifandi framkv\u00e6md fram \u00e1 4. \u00f6ld e.Kr. \u00cdtarlegar fr\u00e1sagnir um \u00feetta m\u00e1 \u00feakka Cicero og Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca var kennt \u00ed s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum prestask\u00f3lum. Me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gra rita hennar voru Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini og Libri Fulgurales. \u00deessir textar eru ekki var\u00f0veittir, en m\u00e1 a\u00f0 hluta til endurgera \u00fat fr\u00e1 tilvitnunum r\u00f3mverskra h\u00f6funda \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Cicero, Festus og Macrobius.<\/p><p>Etr\u00farsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6ll tr\u00faarleg d\u00fdrkunarath\u00f6fn tileinku\u00f0 gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbei\u00f0sla<\/span> var sterklega bundin vi\u00f0komandi borg. Hver af hinum mikilv\u00e6gu mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0vum, Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia og Roselle, haf\u00f0i s\u00edna eigin h\u00f6fu\u00f0d\u00fdrkun og tr\u00faarlega s\u00e9rkenni. Volsinii haf\u00f0i s\u00e9rstakt hlutverk, \u00fear sem h\u00fan var\u00f0veitti bandalagshelgid\u00f3m Voltumnu.<\/p><p>Sem heildst\u00e6tt tr\u00faarlega-sp\u00e1d\u00f3mslegt kerfi telst Disciplina Etrusca me\u00f0al fullkomnustu sp\u00e1d\u00f3msa\u00f0fer\u00f0a fornaldarheimsins. R\u00f3mverjar t\u00f3ku \u00fea\u00f0 kerfisbundi\u00f0 upp, og \u00fea\u00f0 var stunda\u00f0 fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu t\u00edma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornaldar<\/span>. \u00deessi samfella er merkileg fr\u00e1 tr\u00faars\u00f6gulegu sj\u00f3narhorni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult og athafnir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tilbei\u00f0sluathafnir vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae f\u00f3lu \u00ed s\u00e9r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gj\u00f6f til gu\u00f0s til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 \u00feakkl\u00e6ti, b\u00e6n e\u00f0a d\u00fdrkun.\" tabindex=\"0\">f\u00f3rnir<\/span> (naut, sau\u00f0f\u00e9, sv\u00edn), b\u00e6nir, skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngur og h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arleiki. \u00c1rlegar samkomur voru mikilv\u00e6gir tr\u00faarlegir og p\u00f3lit\u00edskir atbur\u00f0ir fyrir allan etr\u00farska heiminn.<\/p><p>Eftir r\u00f3mverska hert\u00f6ku Volsinii (264 f.Kr.) var Voltumna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur tileinka\u00f0ur d\u00fdrkun gu\u00f0s.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgid\u00f3murinn<\/span> ekki lag\u00f0ur ni\u00f0ur; hann h\u00e9lst \u00e1fram \u00ed breyttu formi og var a\u00f0 hluta til felldur inn \u00ed r\u00f3mverska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6ll tr\u00faarleg d\u00fdrkunarath\u00f6fn tileinku\u00f0 gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri veru.\" tabindex=\"0\">tilbei\u00f0slu<\/span>. \u00deessi samfella s\u00fdnir tr\u00faarlegt mikilv\u00e6gi Voltumnu langt umfram p\u00f3lit\u00edskt hnignun Etr\u00far\u00edu.<\/p><p>Etr\u00farsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> hafa s\u00e9rst\u00f6k byggingareinkenni. Einkennandi er Tuscanus-st\u00edllinn, eigin s\u00falnaskipan sem Vitr\u00fav\u00edus l\u00fdsir \u00ed De Architectura. Grunnmyndir leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 cella-h\u00f3lfi\u00f0 og brei\u00f0an fremri sal og skera sig \u00feannig greinilega fr\u00e1 gr\u00edskum fyrirmyndum.<\/p><p>M\u00f6rg etr\u00farsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> voru bygg\u00f0 \u00ed st\u00f3rum st\u00edl. J\u00fap\u00edters-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hofi\u00f0<\/span> \u00e1 r\u00f3mverska Capitolium var til d\u00e6mis reist af etr\u00farskum arkitektum og listam\u00f6nnum, fyrst og fremst Vulca fr\u00e1 Veji, og er tali\u00f0 byggingarlegur vitnisbur\u00f0ur um etr\u00farska tr\u00far\u00e6kni \u00ed frumr\u00f3mi.<\/p><p>\u00c1 hverju \u00e1ri komu bandalag hinna t\u00f3lf etr\u00farsku borga saman vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Volsinii, \u00fear sem tr\u00faarleg og p\u00f3lit\u00edsk m\u00e1lefni voru afgreidd samt\u00edmis. Voltumna var bandalagsgu\u00f0 \u00feessa r\u00edkjabandalags og haf\u00f0i v\u00e6gi sem n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fat fyrir hina einst\u00f6ku borgard\u00fdrkun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verndarhef\u00f0ir og p\u00f3lit\u00edk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna var verndargu\u00f0 etr\u00farska bandalagsins \u00ed heild. Hver sem leita\u00f0i til bandalagsins, leita\u00f0i til Voltumnu. \u00deessi samruni p\u00f3lit\u00edkur og tr\u00faar er v\u00edsindalega \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ur: hann s\u00fdnir tr\u00fa sem skipulag\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0eins einstaklingsbundna gu\u00f0r\u00e6kni, heldur einnig samskipti milli r\u00edkja.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cdllafr\u00e1hr\u00f6kkvandi: um t\u00e1kn og hluti sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 halda ska\u00f0legum \u00e1hrifum \u00ed skefjum.\" tabindex=\"0\">Verndandi<\/span> var Voltumna \u00e1k\u00f6llu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 borgarstofnun, bandalagsmyndun og p\u00f3lit\u00edska samninga. \u00deessi venja h\u00e9lst a\u00f0 hluta til \u00e1fram \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum borgarstofnunarath\u00f6fnum.<\/p><p>Til etr\u00farskrar verndarvenju heyrir fj\u00f6ldi verndart\u00e1kna: fallosam\u00falettur, gorg\u00f3na-myndir, augnat\u00e1kn, bullae og \u00e1kve\u00f0nar form\u00falur. Myndm\u00e1l \u00feessara verndart\u00e1kna hefur Larissa Bonfante raki\u00f0 \u00ed verki s\u00ednu Etruscan Mirrors, sem kom \u00fat fr\u00e1 1980.<\/p><p>Verndart\u00e1kn voru v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00fatbreidd \u00ed etr\u00farskri menningu, me\u00f0al annars auga Tinia, fallosam\u00falettur og gorg\u00f3na. \u00deau pr\u00fdddu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bygging sem er \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til d\u00fdrkunar \u00e1 einum e\u00f0a fleiri gu\u00f0um.\" tabindex=\"0\">hof<\/span> og grafh\u00fdsi, s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is heimilishelgid\u00f3ma og einkaeigur. \u00deessi venja lif\u00f0i \u00e1fram \u00ed r\u00f3mverskri og v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafstr\u00fa al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0unnar.<\/p><p>\u00cd etr\u00farsku samhengi var verndarath\u00f6fn n\u00e1tengd Disciplina Etrusca. Fyrir hvert mikilv\u00e6gt verk, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 var borgarstofnun, herna\u00f0arlei\u00f0angur e\u00f0a h\u00fasbygging, var vilji gu\u00f0anna leita\u00f0ur me\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00falkun t\u00e1kna til a\u00f0 greina hi\u00f0 hulda e\u00f0a komandi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sp\u00e1d\u00f3mslestri<\/span>, sem gilti einnig um p\u00f3lit\u00edskar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir bandalagsins um Voltumnu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum menningarheimum<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna m\u00e1 bera saman vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra bandalagsgu\u00f0i: Zeus Hellanios (hinn allgr\u00edska Seif), Diespiter Latiaris (hinn lat\u00ednska J\u00fap\u00edter) e\u00f0a Jahve \u00ed hlutverki s\u00ednu sem bandalagsgu\u00f0 \u00cdsraelsmanna. Tengsl stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegs bandalags og tr\u00faarlegs <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna gagnvart gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri v\u00e6ttu.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgisi\u00f0ar<\/span> eru algengt fyrirb\u00e6ri \u00ed tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu fornaldar.<\/p><p>S\u00e9rstaklega er hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0an vi\u00f0 hinn s\u00ed\u00f0ari Iuppiter Latiaris lat\u00ednubandalagsins fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega uppl\u00fdsandi. B\u00e6\u00f0i bandalagsd\u00fdrkunin hittust \u00e1rlega \u00e1 mi\u00f0l\u00e6gum sta\u00f0, b\u00e1\u00f0ar h\u00f6f\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegt hlutverk, b\u00e1\u00f0ar lif\u00f0u af stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1labreytingar.<\/p><p>Me\u00f0 interpretatio Romana fengu etr\u00farsk gu\u00f0ir r\u00f3mversk n\u00f6fn: Tinia var\u00f0 a\u00f0 J\u00fap\u00edter, Uni a\u00f0 J\u00fan\u00f3, Menrva a\u00f0 M\u00ednervu, og Voltumna lif\u00f0i \u00e1fram \u00ed hinum r\u00f3mverska Vertumnus. Sl\u00edkar samsvaranir voru yfirleitt ekki t\u00e6mandi heldur dr\u00f3gu a\u00f0eins fram \u00e1kve\u00f0na \u00fe\u00e6tti. Ranns\u00f3knir s\u00ed\u00f0ustu fimmt\u00edu \u00e1ra hafa greint hva\u00f0a etr\u00farskir s\u00e9rkenni var\u00f0veittust \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed samhengi.<\/p><p>Etr\u00farsk tr\u00fa s\u00fdnir margv\u00edslega snertifleti vi\u00f0 anat\u00f3l\u00edskar, f\u00f6nik\u00edskar og foras\u00edu-arfsagnir. F\u00f6nik\u00edska samskiptin eru s\u00e9rstaklega sta\u00f0fest me\u00f0 Pyrgi-t\u00f6flunum. \u00deessi tengsl yfir Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt ranns\u00f3knasvi\u00f0 undanfarna \u00e1ratugi.<\/p><p>\u00cd samanbur\u00f0artr\u00fafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu lj\u00f3si tilheyrir etr\u00farski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna gagnvart gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri v\u00e6ttu.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgisi\u00f0urinn<\/span> hinni v\u00ed\u00f0ari mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafslegu tr\u00faarfj\u00f6lskyldu og tengist Grikklandi, F\u00f6nik\u00edu, Egyptalandi, Anat\u00f3l\u00edu og Lat\u00edum. \u00deessi samtenging er mikilv\u00e6gt ranns\u00f3knasvi\u00f0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ranns\u00f3knir n\u00fat\u00edmans<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 Voltumna hafa teki\u00f0 mikinn kipp fr\u00e1 2000, vegna uppgraftra \u00e1 Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, H\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed Perugia). \u00c1rlegar uppgraftarsk\u00fdrslur og fj\u00f6lmargar einritsritger\u00f0ir skjalfesta fundina.<\/p><p>\u00deverfaglegar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 etr\u00farsku r\u00edkisvaldi (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) taka Voltumna kerfisbundi\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00ed reikninginn. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heildarsafn tr\u00faarlegra d\u00fdrkunarathafna gagnvart gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri v\u00e6ttu.\" tabindex=\"0\">D\u00fdrkun<\/span> hans er lykill a\u00f0 skilningi \u00e1 etr\u00farskum sambandsr\u00edkisskap.<\/p><p>Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega samh\u00e6f\u00f0ar ranns\u00f3knir fjalla n\u00fa um etr\u00farska tr\u00fa. Me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gra ranns\u00f3knarst\u00f6\u00f0va eru h\u00e1sk\u00f3larnir \u00ed Fl\u00f3rens, R\u00f3m Sapienza, P\u00edsa, T\u00fcbingen og Princeton. \u00c1rlega eru haldnar nokkrar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar r\u00e1\u00f0stefnur um einstaka \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00feessa efnis.<\/p><p>Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg verkefni um etr\u00farska tr\u00fa n\u00fdta \u00ed dag stafr\u00e6nar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir: \u00fer\u00edv\u00edddarsk\u00f6nnun \u00e1 hofum og gr\u00f6fum, gagnas\u00f6fn fyrir \u00e1letranir og myndheimildir, auk GIS-greininga \u00e1 bygg\u00f0amynstri. Sl\u00edkar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir opna n\u00fdja inns\u00fdn, me\u00f0al annars vi\u00f0 sta\u00f0setningu helgista\u00f0a \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Almenningur f\u00e6r \u00ed dag a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 n\u00faverandi etr\u00farskum ranns\u00f3knum \u00ed gegnum s\u00fdningar, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed Vat\u00edkansafninu, \u00ed Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia og \u00ed Boston Museum of Fine Arts, auk fj\u00f6lmargra ritverka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir og sta\u00f0a ranns\u00f3kna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mikilv\u00e6gustu heimildir um ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 Voltumna eru fornleifafundir \u00e1 Campo della Fiera, etr\u00farskar \u00e1letranir, umfj\u00f6llun Liv\u00edusar, r\u00f3mverskar heimildir um Vertumnus og \u00e1letranafundir \u00far etr\u00farskum borgum.<\/p><p>Dj\u00fap greining \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\">etr\u00farskri tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gu<\/a> \u00ed heild s\u00fdnir hvernig skilja m\u00e1 Voltumna \u00ed tengslaneti Tinia, Uni, Menrva og hinna Atua &#8211; me\u00f0 \u00feeim s\u00e9rkennum a\u00f0 hann er fyrst og fremst skilgreindur \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalega-tr\u00faarlegan h\u00e1tt.<\/p><p>Heimildir um etr\u00farska tr\u00fa eru \u00f3samst\u00e6\u00f0ar: \u00e1letranir, sem safna\u00f0 er saman \u00ed Editio Minor Helmuts Rix, fornleifafundir, myndheimildir og fr\u00e6\u00f0irit. \u00deessi fj\u00f6lbreytni krefst \u00feverfaglegrar n\u00e1lgunar, og n\u00fdrri ranns\u00f3knir tengja saman textafr\u00e6\u00f0i, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindagrein sem rannsakar fyrri menningarheima me\u00f0 efnislegum fundum.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindagreinin sem rannsakar tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0arlega og \u00e1n tr\u00faartengsla.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span> og manne\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 kerfisbundinn h\u00e1tt.<\/p><p>R\u00e9tt heimildagagnr\u00fdni krefst \u00feekkingar \u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i upprunalegum etr\u00farskum heimildum og gr\u00edsk-r\u00f3mverskri s\u00ed\u00f0ari arfs\u00f6gn. S\u00e9rstaklega hj\u00e1 Voltumna, \u00fear sem r\u00f3mverska hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0an Vertumnus hefur skili\u00f0 eftir sig meiri spor en margar etr\u00farskar heimildir, er \u00feetta tv\u00f6falda sj\u00f3narhorn \u00f3missandi.<\/p><p>S\u00e1 sem vill skilgreina Voltumna vandlega \u00fat fr\u00e1 tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0as\u00f6gulegu sj\u00f3narhorni \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa yfirs\u00fdn yfir \u00e1letranir, fornleifafundir og rita\u00f0ar heimildir, jafnt sem a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir n\u00fat\u00edma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00edsindagreinin sem rannsakar tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0arlega og \u00e1n tr\u00faartengsla.\" tabindex=\"0\">tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span>. \u00deessi marg\u00fe\u00e6tta umfj\u00f6llun telst sta\u00f0all \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: bandalagshelgid\u00f3mur etr\u00farskra borga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, sem r\u00f3mverskir h\u00f6fundar kalla einnig <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, er n\u00e1tengdur \u00e1kve\u00f0num helgista\u00f0, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. R\u00f3mverski sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Titus Livius greinir margsinnis fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fulltr\u00faar etr\u00farsku borganna hafi safnast saman \u00ed \u00feessu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur sem er helga\u00f0ur tilbei\u00f0slu gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a go\u00f0magns.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0num<\/span> til a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0um s\u00ednum um sameiginleg m\u00e1lefni, taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir um str\u00ed\u00f0 og fri\u00f0 og halda tr\u00faarh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ir me\u00f0 leikum.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> var \u00feannig samt\u00edmis tr\u00faarleg mi\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 og p\u00f3lit\u00edskur samkomusta\u00f0ur etr\u00farska borgabandalagsins.<\/p><p>N\u00e1kv\u00e6m sta\u00f0setning helgista\u00f0arins var lengi \u00f3lj\u00f3s og hefur veri\u00f0 tilefni margv\u00edslegra tilg\u00e1ta. Fr\u00e1 upphafi 21. aldar hefur ranns\u00f3knarvinna einbeitt s\u00e9r a\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu Campo della Fiera n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Orvieto, hinni fornu <em>Velzna<\/em> e\u00f0a Volsinii.<\/p><p>\u00dear hafa fornleifauppgreftir undir stj\u00f3rn Simonetta Stopponi leitt \u00ed lj\u00f3s umfangsmiki\u00f0 helgisv\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 grunnum hofa, alt\u00f6rum, v\u00edgslugj\u00f6fum og langri notkunars\u00f6gu. Margir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn telja l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00fearna hafi veri\u00f0 <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>, en \u00fea\u00f0 er, eins og oft \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um etr\u00farskar fornleifar, ekki sta\u00f0fest me\u00f0 \u00f3yggjandi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Texti sem er greyptur e\u00f0a h\u00f6ggvinn \u00ed varanlegt efni.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1letrun<\/span>.<\/p><p>Fornleifafundirnir \u00ed Campo della Fiera s\u00fdna a\u00f0 sta\u00f0urinn var \u00ed notkun langt fram yfir etr\u00farska t\u00edmann, allt fram \u00e1 r\u00f3mverska t\u00edmann og jafnvel \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0forn\u00f6ld.<\/p><p>\u00deetta samr\u00e6mist \u00feeirri athugun a\u00f0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6ll tr\u00faarleg tilbei\u00f0sluath\u00f6fn sem tengist gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri v\u00e6tt.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> Voltumna h\u00e9lt \u00e1fram eftir a\u00f0 R\u00f3mverjar unnu Volsinii, og gu\u00f0inn var enn tilbe\u00f0inn \u00ed r\u00f3mverskri mynd sem <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. Bandalagshelgista\u00f0urinn s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 etr\u00farsk tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 voru ekki einungis m\u00e1l einstakra borga heldur h\u00f6f\u00f0u einnig sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundi\u00f0 hlutverk sem sameina\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfsmynd f\u00f3lksins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus og spurningin um e\u00f0li gu\u00f0sins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Um e\u00f0li Voltumna er ekki samhlj\u00f3mur me\u00f0al fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna, og \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til e\u00f0lis heimildanna.<\/p><p>R\u00f3mverski fr\u00e6\u00f0ima\u00f0urinn Varro kallar Voltumna \u00e6\u00f0sta gu\u00f0 Etr\u00far\u00edu, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. \u00d6nnur vitnisbur\u00f0arg\u00f6gn benda til frj\u00f3semis- e\u00f0a umbreytingargu\u00f0s, sem er s\u00e9rstaklega stutt af r\u00f3mversku myndinni af <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, sem tengdist \u00e1rst\u00ed\u00f0askiptum og \u00e1vaxta\u00feroskun.<\/p><p>Sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 Properz l\u00e6tur <em>Vertumnus<\/em> tala \u00ed fr\u00e6gri eleg\u00edu og lofa getu s\u00edna til umbreytingar.<\/p><p>Vandinn er s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessar heimildir eru af r\u00f3mverskum uppruna og settar fram \u00f6ldum eftir bl\u00f3maskei\u00f0 etr\u00farskrar d\u00fdrkunar. Hvort Voltumna var upphaflega frj\u00f3semisgu\u00f0, p\u00f3lit\u00edskur bandalagsgu\u00f0 e\u00f0a v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er tilbe\u00f0in sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0m\u00f6gn<\/span> me\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum hli\u00f0um, er ekki unnt a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeim f\u00e1u etr\u00farsku eigin heimildum sem til eru.<\/p><p>Nafni\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft tengja sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn vi\u00f0 r\u00f3t sem merkir a\u00f0 sn\u00faa e\u00f0a breytast, sem myndi samr\u00e6mast umbreytingar\u00feemanu, en \u00feessi or\u00f0sifjafr\u00e6\u00f0i er ekki heldur \u00f6rugg.<\/p><p>Voltumna er \u00feannig d\u00e6mi um grundvallarvandam\u00e1l etr\u00farskra fr\u00e6\u00f0a: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vera sem er tilbe\u00f0in sem gu\u00f0leg innan tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0magn<\/span> getur veri\u00f0 vel sta\u00f0fest af <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00edmabil gr\u00edskrar og r\u00f3mverskrar menningar, um 800 f.Kr. til 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">fornaldar<\/span>h\u00f6fundum og \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 \u00f3sk\u00fdrt \u00ed upprunalegu e\u00f0li s\u00ednu, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 heimildirnar eru s\u00ed\u00f0b\u00fanar, a\u00f0komnar og hlutdr\u00e6gar.<\/p><p>Vanda\u00f0ar fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar framsetningar s\u00fdna \u00fev\u00ed oft margar t\u00falkanir hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 velja eina. \u00d6ruggt er einungis hi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaka hlutverk gu\u00f0sins sem tilv\u00edsunarpunktur etr\u00farska borgabandalagsins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heimildir (\u00farval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (m\u00f6rg bindi)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: Framl\u00f6g til etr\u00farskra tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a<\/li><li>Livius: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, einnig kalla\u00f0ur Veltha e\u00f0a Vertumnus, var <strong>gu\u00f0legur<\/strong> verndari t\u00f3lf borga etr\u00farska bandalagsins. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur sem er helga\u00f0ur tilbei\u00f0slu gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a go\u00f0magns.\" tabindex=\"0\">Helgista\u00f0ur<\/span> hans, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Volsinii, \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i samkv\u00e6mt Liv\u00edusi sem \u00e1rlegur samkomusta\u00f0ur fulltr\u00faa bandalagsins, \u00fear sem tr\u00faarleg, p\u00f3lit\u00edsk og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg m\u00e1lefni voru r\u00e6dd \u00ed sameiningu.<\/p><p>Sem gu\u00f0legur tilv\u00edsunarpunktur bandalagsins var Voltumna \u00fev\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ur tengdur heimilislegri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6ll tr\u00faarleg tilbei\u00f0sluath\u00f6fn sem tengist gu\u00f0i e\u00f0a heilagri v\u00e6tt.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00fdrkun<\/span> en r\u00edkisbundinni framsetningu, og tr\u00faarlegt tengslaband hans styrkti b\u00f6ndin milli annars sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ra borgr\u00edkja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etr\u00farska <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hef\u00f0bundin fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn um gu\u00f0i, uppruna og skipan heimsins.\" tabindex=\"0\">go\u00f0s\u00f6gnin<\/span><\/em> nefnir Voltumna sem \u00e6\u00f0sta bandalagsgu\u00f0 t\u00f3lf borganna; \u00ed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Heilagur sta\u00f0ur sem er helga\u00f0ur tilbei\u00f0slu gu\u00f0s e\u00f0a go\u00f0magns.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgista\u00f0<\/span> hans, Fanum Voltumnae n\u00e1l\u00e6gt Volsinii, komu fulltr\u00faar etr\u00farska bandalagsins \u00e1rlega saman til r\u00e1\u00f0ager\u00f0ar og h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arhalda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Tengd leitaror\u00f0: Voltumna Etr\u00farar Fanum Voltumnae bandalag t\u00f3lfborgarbandalag Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard og verndarhef\u00f0ir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard tengist menningars\u00f6gulegri hef\u00f0 farandhelgigripa, \u00ed hef\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/is\/etruskisk-trubrogd-haruspex-disciplina\/\">Etr\u00faska<\/a> og margra annarra menningarheima um allan heim. 41 lag, alv\u00f6ru gull, plat\u00edna, silfur, framleitt \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi. 30 daga skilar\u00e9ttur.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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.jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Pers\u00f3nuleg reynsla getur veri\u00f0 mismunandi. 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Tr\u00faarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt efni er menningars\u00f6gulegt samhengi, ekki r\u00e1\u00f0legging um andlega i\u00f0kun.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna Etr\u00faska bandalagi\u00f0","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna - Etr\u00faskur bandalagsgu\u00f0, go\u00f0saga","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna er bandalagsgu\u00f0 etr\u00faska r\u00edkjasambandsins, tigna\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae. Tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u00fattekt me\u00f0 go\u00f0s\u00f6gn og heimildum.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-168952","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Voltumna - Etr\u00faskur bandalagsgu\u00f0, go\u00f0saga<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Voltumna er bandalagsgu\u00f0 etr\u00faska r\u00edkjasambandsins, tigna\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 Fanum Voltumnae. 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