{"id":77529,"date":"2026-08-02T03:25:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T03:25:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-hakim-kematian\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T03:26:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T03:26:18","slug":"yama-buddhisme","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/yama-buddhisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (Hakim Kematian)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"77529\" class=\"elementor elementor-77529 elementor-2015\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme, dewa dalam tradisi Buddhis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhisme adalah dewa dalam tradisi Buddhis.<\/p><p><strong>Dewa kematian Buddhis dan hakim jiwa-jiwa setelah kematian.<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama berperan dalam Buddhisme sebagai hakim karma dan pengelola alam-alam neraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dewa \/ Dewi: Kekuatan tertinggi yang dipersonifikasikan dalam panteon suatu kebudayaan, dengan tanggung jawab yang jelas atas kekuatan alam, takdir, perang, dan kesuburan. Dipuja melalui kultus, persembahan, dan institusi kuil.\">Dewa<\/span><a href=\"\/id\/dewa-buddhisme\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradisi Buddhis dengan para Bodhisattva, dewa pelindung, roh kelaparan, dan penjaga neraka.\">Buddhisme<\/a><a href=\"\/id\/dewa-kematian\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dewa-dewa dunia bawah dan kematian, penguasa alam baka, hakim kematian, pengantar jiwa.\">Dewa Kematian<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1740\" alt=\"Yama Totenrichter - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sekilas: Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipe:<\/strong> Dewa utama Buddhis (Mahayana, Vajrayana), hakim kematian dan penjaga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan tatanan tindakan yang benar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Keseluruhan dewa-dewi dalam suatu agama atau kebudayaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Buddhisme (semua aliran), diadopsi dari Yama Hindu<br>Fungsi: hakim kematian, penjaga hukum karma, dalam tradisi Tibet sebagai wrathful deity<br>Atribut utama: Kitab Kematian, Cermin Karma, pedang (Khadga), tali jerat (Pasha), kerbau hitam<br>Pusat pemujaan utama: biara-biara Gelug Tibet (Tari Cham), Jepang (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Berbagai bentuk: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Jepang), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (Tiongkok)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasifikasi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Periode teks<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dibawa bersama Buddhisme dari India ke seluruh negara-negara Buddhis (pendahulu Weda dalam <em>Rigveda<\/em>, sejak 1200 SM). Dalam tradisi Pali (Theravada), ia adalah pemeriksa utama dalam pengadilan kematian.<\/p><p>Dalam Mahayana terdapat korpus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hinduisme dan Buddhisme, sebuah teks ajaran dalam bentuk yang ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> tersendiri (misalnya <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). Di Tibet sejak abad ke-8 M sebagai <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>, ia menjadi sentral dalam panteon wrathful deity tradisi Vajrayana. Masa kejayaan utama: di biara-biara Gelug Tibet hingga hari ini, dengan pertunjukan Tari Cham yang dramatis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wilayah penyebaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pusat pemujaan utama: biara-biara <strong>Gelug Tibet<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Tashilhunpo, dengan Tari Cham Yama-Dharmaraja), <strong>Jepang<\/strong> sebagai Enma-O (di setiap <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan satu atau beberapa dewa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kuil<\/span> kematian), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> sebagai Diem Vuong. Di negara-negara Theravada (Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) sebagai kehadiran latar kosmis. Di Tiongkok sebagai <em>Yanluo<\/em> (halaman tersendiri).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kondisi sumber<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sumber utama: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (Pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hinduisme dan Buddhisme, sebuah teks ajaran dalam bentuk yang ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (Tionghoa), <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> Tibet (sumber klasik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mempelajari Tuhan dan kepercayaan suatu agama secara sistematis.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> Yama-Dharmaraja, dikenal sebagai &#8220;Kitab Kematian Tibet&#8221;), teks-teks tantrik tentang sadhana Yama-Dharmaraja. Literatur sekunder: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Penamaan dan ejaan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama Buddhis umumnya digambarkan dengan kepala banteng, tanduk besar, wajah yang menakutkan, serta kulit hitam atau biru tua. Kadang-kadang ia memiliki dua atau empat lengan. Ia membawa <em>Damaru<\/em> (tongkat tulang kematian) dan lasso dari tali jiwa.<\/p><p>Di sekelilingnya menari para demon dan Yaksha. Api mengelilinginya; darah menetes dari mulutnya. Dalam karya seni Tibet, ia sering duduk di dalam gua atau di istananya di Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sifat dan karakter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dalam ajaran Buddhis bukanlah hukuman, melainkan cermin. Hakim Yama bersifat otomatis: setiap tindakan (<em>karma<\/em>) akan membawa konsekuensinya sendiri. Dalam praktik tantrik, Yama tidak dimohonkan belas kasihan, melainkan divisualisasikan sebagai guru ketidakkekalan.<\/p><p>Ritual kematian dalam Buddhisme Tibet menyapa Yama secara langsung, dengan permohonan agar jiwa mendapatkan jalan <em>Bardo<\/em> yang menguntungkan. Para praktisi belajar untuk bertemu Yama tanpa rasa takut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek terpenting Yama (Buddhisme) secara sekilas. Kolom-kolom berikut merangkum asal-usul, fungsi, penampilan, pemujaan, simbol, dan padanan lintas budaya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asal-usul Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama dalam Buddhisme diadopsi dari Yama Hindu (manusia pertama yang mati dalam tradisi Weda), mempertahankan fungsi sebagai hakim kematian, namun diinterpretasikan ulang secara Buddhis: bukan hakim yang sewenang-wenang, melainkan perantara cermin karma.<\/p><p>Dalam sistem Bardo Thodol Tibet, ia muncul kepada almarhum dalam keadaan Bardo di antara kematian dan kelahiran kembali; cerminnya menampilkan karma si almarhum tanpa Yama sendiri menjatuhkan vonis. Hukuman merupakan akibat dari reaksi karma itu sendiri. Dalam bentuk wrathful sebagai Yama-Dharmaraja: pelindung <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan tatanan tindakan yang benar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> dari segala ancaman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lingkup kewenangan Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hakim kematian dalam keadaan Bardo. Penjaga hukum karma. Dalam tradisi Vajrayana tantrik sebagai Yidam pelindung (meditasi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Makhluk yang disembah sebagai dewata dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">dewa<\/span>) terhadap segala ancaman batin dan lahir, terutama terhadap rasa takut akan kematian. Pelindung praktik pemeriksaan diri (penglihatan jujur atas perbuatan sendiri). Dalam Tari Cham Tibet sebagai pengingat ritual akan ketidakkekalan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Penampilan Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam kebanyakan tradisi Asia, berwujud antropomorfis sebagai pejabat tegas dengan Kitab Kematian dan pena. Dalam tradisi Vajrayana Tibet sebagai <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: wujud wrathful berwarna biru tua atau hitam dengan kepala kerbau, tiga mata, rambut berapi, dan aureol berapi.<\/p><p>Perhiasan tulang, cawat kulit harimau. Di tangannya terdapat cangkir tengkorak (Kapala), Khatvanga (tongkat tengkorak), tali jerat (Pasha), pedang. Menunggang kerbau hitam yang menginjak seorang manusia. Ditemani saudarinya Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wilayah pengaruh Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wilayah pengaruh:<\/strong> Yama dalam Bardo Thodol Tibet diharapkan muncul dalam keadaan Bardo; orang yang sekarat dipersiapkan untuk menghadapi pertemuannya. Dalam Tari Cham Tibet terdapat konfrontasi ritual dengan hakim kematian (dengan topeng dramatis). Dalam praktik tantrik dimeditasikan sebagai Yidam pelindung. Dalam ritual kematian Theravada dan Mahayana sebagai perantara latar karma. Di Jepang sebagai Enma-O, ia menjadi sentral di setiap pemakaman Buddhis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbol-simbol Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kitab Kematian, Cermin Karma (Karma-Darpana), pedang (Khadga), tali jerat (Pasha), kerbau hitam (tunggangan), Khatvanga (tongkat tengkorak), Kapala (cangkir tengkorak), kepala kerbau (dalam bentuk wrathful Tibet), mata ketiga, rambut berapi. Tumbuhan suci: tidak ada yang spesifik. Arah suci: selatan (dalam tradisi India).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padanan lintas budaya Yama Buddhisme<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (Hinduisme, akar), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Hinduisme \/ Buddhisme), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, bentuk wrathful Vajrayana), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jepang), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Tiongkok, pertama dari Sepuluh Raja Neraka), <em>Hades<\/em> (Yunani), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Mesir, pengantar + hakim), <em>Hel<\/em> (Jermanik), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Aztek). Yama adalah salah satu konsep dewa yang paling luas tersebar di dunia (dari India ke seluruh Asia hingga Jepang).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktik perlindungan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritual Penangkal<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Urutan tindakan simbolis yang teratur dengan makna religius atau budaya.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> penangkal Yama dalam tradisi Buddha: resitasi teks Dharani dan invokasi Bodhisattva pada masa-masa rentan (proses kematian, pengalaman mendekati kematian). Ritual api Goma (persembahan api Tibet) ditujukan untuk menangkal hukuman Yama. Tradisi Chanting menggunakan mantra dewa-dewa welas asih untuk meringankan vonis hakim Yama. Praktik rakyat Buddha-Tionghoa: lembaran kertas ke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan satu atau beberapa dewa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kuil<\/span> Kaisar Giok untuk menenangkan hakim Yama.<\/p><p><strong>Mantra dan Invokasi<\/strong><\/p><p>Mantra Jizo (Bodhisattva neraka) dan invokasi Avalokiteshvara dianggap sebagai penangkal hukuman Yama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hindu dan Buddha, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Welas Asih Agung (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hindu dan Buddha, teks ajaran dalam bentuk ringkas.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> Karuna) diresitasikan. Dalam tradisi Tibet: visualisasi Yamantaka dalam Tantra Guhyasamaja, yaitu penaklukan agresif Yama oleh &#8220;Penakluk Iblis Yamantaka&#8221;. Teks asli Sanskrit: &#8220;Om j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama India, ajaran dan tata cara tindakan yang benar.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Jimat dan Simbol Pelindung<\/strong><\/p><p>Patung Jizo sebagai simbol pelindung di kuil-kuil Tionghoa-Jepang. Gelang Buddha (Mala) dengan 108 manik-manik, terhubung secara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Berkaitan dengan urutan tindakan keagamaan yang telah ditetapkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> dengan penenangan penjaga neraka. Bukti arkeologis: batu stela Buddha dari abad ke-7 di Tiongkok\/Korea yang memperhadapkan hakim Yama dengan para penyelamat Bodhisattva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama Buddhisme, padanan dalam kebudayaan lain<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama Buddhis menyerupai Yama Hindu, namun lebih merupakan &#8220;penjelmaan hukum&#8221; daripada sekadar &#8220;hakim&#8221;. Dengan kematian dalam tradisi Kristen (<em>Thanatos<\/em> atau <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>), ia berbagi sifat ketidakterelakan.<\/p><p>Dalam konteks Tibet, Yama adalah Dharmapala, yaitu &#8220;Pelindung <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam agama-agama India, ajaran dan tatanan tindakan yang benar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>&#8220;, serupa dengan Kali atau Bhairava dalam Hinduisme. Warna hitam dan wujud liar merupakan ciri universal dewa-dewa kematian.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama antara warisan Weda dan reinterpretasi Buddhis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figur Yama dalam Buddhisme tidak muncul secara mandiri, melainkan berasal dari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Makhluk yang disembah sebagai dewata dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">dewa<\/span> India yang lebih tua. Dalam India Weda, dalam himne-himne <em>Rigveda<\/em>, Yama adalah manusia pertama yang meninggal, dan dengan demikian menjadi raja orang mati yang telah menemukan jalan menuju alam baka.<\/p><p>Ia menguasai sebuah kawasan terang tempat para leluhur yang telah meninggal berkumpul, dan lebih bersifat sebagai penyambut jiwa-jiwa yang baik daripada hakim yang menghukum.<\/p><p>Buddhisme mengambil alih Yama, namun mengubah fungsinya secara signifikan. Dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gagasan mengenai susunan dan tatanan dunia dalam suatu kebudayaan.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologi<\/span> Buddhis, Yama menjadi penguasa dunia bawah dan hakim yang memutuskan kelahiran kembali para almarhum, khususnya mengenai siapa yang masuk ke dalam alam-alam neraka.<\/p><p>Pergeseran dari penyambut jiwa-jiwa terberkati menjadi hakim jiwa-jiwa berdosa ini berkaitan dengan ajaran sentral Buddhisme tentang <em>karma<\/em>: nasib setelah kematian ditentukan oleh perbuatan, dan Yama menjadi instansi yang merepresentasikan kaitan tersebut.<\/p><p>Penting untuk dicatat dari sudut pandang ilmu agama bahwa dalam pemahaman Buddhis yang ketat, Yama tidak menghakimi berdasarkan kehendaknya sendiri. Teks-teks berulang kali menegaskan bahwa <em>karma<\/em> itu sendirilah yang menentukan kelahiran kembali, dan Yama lebih berfungsi memperlihatkan kepada almarhum perbuatan-perbuatannya sendiri.<\/p><p>Sebuah perumpamaan terkenal dari <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> dalam Kanon Pali menampilkan Yama yang memperlihatkan kepada almarhum para utusan ilahi, yaitu usia tua, penyakit, dan kematian, sambil bertanya apakah ia tidak pernah memperhatikan peringatan-peringatan tersebut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama dalam Buddhisme Tibet dan Roda Kehidupan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam Buddhisme Tibet, Yama mendapatkan makna ikonografis dan ritual yang sangat menonjol. Di sana ia biasanya muncul sebagai <em>Shinje<\/em>, dalam wujud yang menakutkan, dengan kepala banteng, mahkota api, dan atribut-atribut hakim kematian, seringkali berdiri di atas seekor lembu.<\/p><p>Penggambarannya yang paling dikenal adalah pada apa yang disebut Roda Kehidupan, yaitu <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. Dalam komposisi gambar yang tersebar luas ini, yang menghiasi area pintu masuk di banyak biara, sebuah wujud besar yang meringis menggigit dan mencengkeram roda enam alam keberadaan dengan cakar dan giginya.<\/p><p>Wujud yang memeluk roda ini umumnya ditafsirkan sebagai Yama, sebagai penjelmaan ketidakkekalan dan kematian yang menguasai semua bentuk keberadaan yang terkondisi. Gambar ini mengungkapkan ajaran bahwa setiap alam kelahiran kembali, bahkan surga sekalipun, tunduk pada kematian dan dengan demikian pada cengkeraman Yama.<\/p><p>Selain itu, tradisi Tibet mengenal figur meditatif Yamantaka, yang namanya berarti Penakluk Yama atau Pengakhir Kematian. Yamantaka dianggap sebagai manifestasi garang Bodhisattva Manjushri dan mewujudkan kebijaksanaan yang mengatasi kematian itu sendiri.<\/p><p>Dalam konstelasi ini tampak jelas kedudukan Yama yang ambivalen: ia adalah penguasa kematian sekaligus kekuatan yang dapat diatasi dalam pencerahan. Penelitian melihat dalam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mempelajari muatan gambar dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> Yama Tibet yang kaya sebagai peleburan model-model India dengan gagasan-gagasan lokal Tibet tentang dewa gunung dan dewa kematian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama di Asia Timur: Dari dewa India menjadi hakim neraka Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seiring penyebaran Buddhisme ke Tiongkok, Korea, dan Jepang, Yama pun ikut berpindah dan terintegrasi secara mendalam dalam gagasan-gagasan lokal tentang alam baka. Di Tiongkok, figur India ini berpadu dengan gagasan tentang dunia bawah yang terorganisir secara birokratis dan menjadi Yanluo Wang, Raja Yanluo, salah satu dari sepuluh raja neraka yang masing-masing memimpin sebuah mahkamah dunia bawah.<\/p><p>Sepuluh Raja Dunia Bawah ini memeriksa para almarhum dalam instansi-instansi yang berurutan, dan almarhum melewati mereka satu per satu sebelum diputuskan kehidupan berikutnya. Yanluo Wang umumnya menempati posisi raja kelima. Seluruh sistem ini mencerminkan pengalaman dengan hierarki birokrasi duniawi, dengan daftar register, vonis, dan ukuran hukuman.<\/p><p>Di Jepang, figur ini diadopsi sebagai Enma atau Enma-o, dan di Korea sebagai Yeomra. <a href=\"\/id\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> adalah figur yang dikenal dalam agama rakyat Jepang, sering digambarkan dengan wajah kemerah-merahan, penutup kepala bergaya pengadilan, serta papan tulis atau cermin tempat perbuatan-perbuatan almarhum menjadi terlihat.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mengkaji agama-agama secara komparatif dan tanpa keberpihakan pada keyakinan tertentu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ilmu agama<\/span> menekankan bahwa perwujudan-perwujudan Asia Timur jauh melampaui model India dan bahwa Yama di sana telah menjadi bagian tetap dari gagasan-gagasan populer tentang alam baka yang memadukan unsur-unsur Buddhis, Tao, dan kepercayaan rakyat. Transformasi dari figur cahaya Weda melalui hakim India-Buddhis hingga birokrat neraka Asia Timur merupakan contoh nyata dari transfer budaya keagamaan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tautan lanjutan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/id\/yama\/\">Yama (Hinduisme), akar<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, bentuk terkait<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, bentuk Jepang<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, bentuk Korea<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/yanluo-wang\/\">Yanluo, bentuk Tiongkok<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/dewa-buddhisme\/\">Buddhisme, ikhtisar panteon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/dewa-kematian\/\">Dewa Kematian, subkategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur (pilihan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (berbagai terjemahan, misalnya Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8220;Yama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya-karya referensi lebih lanjut terdapat dalam <a href=\"\/id\/literatur\/\">daftar pustaka<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama Buddhisme, dewa dalam tradisi Buddhis Yama Buddhisme adalah dewa dalam tradisi Buddhis. Dewa kematian Buddhis dan hakim jiwa-jiwa setelah kematian. Yama berperan dalam Buddhisme sebagai hakim karma dan pengelola alam-alam neraka. DewaBuddhismeDewa Kematian Daftar isi Yama Buddhisme Sekilas: Yama Buddhisme Tipe: Dewa utama Buddhis (Mahayana, Vajrayana), hakim kematian dan penjaga DharmaPanteon: Buddhisme (semua aliran), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama Buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama - Dewa Kematian Buddhis dan Hakim Karma","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama dalam Buddhisme: kepala banteng, hakim Bardo, dan penegakan karma. Perannya dalam Bardo Thodol, Kitab Kematian Tibet.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-77529","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama - Dewa Kematian Buddhis dan Hakim Karma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama dalam Buddhisme: kepala banteng, hakim Bardo, dan penegakan karma. 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