{"id":76774,"date":"2026-08-02T02:40:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T02:40:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mara-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T02:40:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T02:40:39","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"76774\" class=\"elementor elementor-76774 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, Dewa dalam Tradisi Buddhisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sang penggoda di pohon Bodhi, Penguasa alam indera.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">Godaan Mara terhadap Buddha<\/h2>\n<p>Adegan utama Mara adalah <strong>godaan terhadap Bodhisattva Siddhartha<\/strong> di bawah <strong>pohon Bodhi<\/strong> di Bodhgaya. Tiga fase dilaporkan secara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termasuk dalam himpunan kitab suci yang diakui sebagai mengikat dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonik<\/span>: pertama, kemunculan bersama <strong>pasukan para demon<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, keinginan, nafsu, kebencian); kedua, pengutusan <strong>ketiga putrinya<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) dalam rupa yang menggoda; ketiga, serangan melalui keraguan dan tuntutan (&#8220;Siapakah saksi atas jasa-jasamu?&#8221;).<\/p><p>Siddhartha menyentuh bumi, yakni <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, dan dewi bumi menjadi saksi kesempurnaannya. Mara pun kalah. Keempat pasukannya adalah <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (keinginan), <em>arati<\/em> (ketidaknyamanan), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (lapar dan haus), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (hasrat). Dalam Buddhisme Mahayana, Mara berkembang menjadi <strong>empat Mara<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (lima agregat), Klesha-Mara (kekotoran batin), Mrityu-Mara (kematian), Devaputra-Mara (godaan surgawi). Dalam tradisi Buddhisme, Mara tampil sebagai dewa godaan yang menghalangi jalan menuju Pencerahan.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dewa \/ Dewi: Kekuatan tertinggi yang dipersonifikasikan dalam panteon suatu kebudayaan, dengan tanggung jawab yang jelas atas kekuatan alam, takdir, perang, dan kesuburan. Dipuja melalui kultus, persembahan, dan institusi kuil.\">Dewa<\/span><a href=\"\/id\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradisi Buddhisme dengan Bodhisattva, dewa pelindung, roh kelaparan, dan penjaga neraka.\">Buddhisme<\/a><a href=\"\/id\/anti-goetter\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kekuatan chaos dan penentang kosmis, lawan dalam dualisme sejarah agama.\">Anti-Dewa<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Tidak ada judul yang ditemukan di halaman ini.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tDaftar isi\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1554\" alt=\"Mara - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara adalah tokoh penentang utama dalam tradisi Buddhisme. Adegan yang paling terkenal adalah malam sebelum Pencerahan Buddha: Di bawah pohon Bodhi di Bodhgaya, Mara mengirimkan pasukannya dan ketiga putrinya, yaitu Keinginan, Kebencian, dan Keserakahan, untuk mencegah <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Buddhisme Mahayana, seorang yang telah tercerahkan dan menunda pembebasannya sendiri demi mengajarkan Dharma kepada makhluk-makhluk lain.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> mencapai Pencerahan.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Buddhisme Mahayana, seorang yang telah tercerahkan dan menunda pembebasannya demi mengajarkan Dharma kepada makhluk-makhluk lain.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> menyentuh bumi sebagai saksi, bumi pun berguncang, dan Mara mundur. Adegan ini tersebar luas secara ikonografis di seluruh dunia dan sangat penting secara teologis.<\/p><p>Mara bukanlah dewa-penentang kosmis dalam pengertian monoteistis. Ia adalah Penguasa <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (alam indera), sebuah tokoh Deva yang telah menjadi penghalang jalan melalui kemelekatan dan kesombongan.<\/p><p>Dalam penafsiran Buddhisme yang lebih luas, terdapat empat Mara: Skandha-Mara (agregat), Kleshamara (kekotoran batin), Marana-Mara (kematian), Devaputra-Mara (Deva-Mara, tokoh personal). Semuanya menggambarkan rintangan dalam jalan menuju pembebasan. Hal ini menjadikan ajaran Mara sebagai teori komprehensif tentang segala sesuatu yang menghalangi praktik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil singkat: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipe:<\/strong> Penggoda, Penguasa alam indera<br>Asal: Deva dari Kamadhatu; menurut sebagian teks: jatuh karena kesombongan<br>Empat Mara: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Teks: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Himpunan kitab suci yang diakui sebagai mengikat dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span> Pali (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jataka<br>Periode: Abad ke-5 SM hingga masa kini<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Konteks<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Periode teks<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Terdokumentasi sejak masa Buddha (abad ke-5 SM). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Himpunan kitab suci yang diakui sebagai mengikat dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span> Pali (abad ke-3 SM hingga abad ke-1 M) memuat banyak episode Mara. Sutra-sutra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Kendaraan Besar'; salah satu dari tiga tradisi utama Buddhisme, dengan ideal Bodhisattva dan refleksi filosofis yang mendalam.\">Mahayana<\/span> mengembangkannya lebih lanjut (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Kendaraan Berlian'; bentuk tantrik dari Buddhisme Mahayana, terutama di Tibet, dengan praktik Yidam dan teknik mantra sebagai intinya.\">Vajrayana<\/span> mengintegrasikan Mara dalam praktik perlindungan tantrik. Praktik Buddhisme modern di seluruh dunia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wilayah penyebaran<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Berasal dari India Utara; menyebar bersama Buddhisme ke Sri Lanka, Asia Tenggara, Asia Timur, Tibet, dan komunitas Buddhis global modern. Penggambaran Mara lokal di seluruh Asia: lukisan dinding <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan satu atau beberapa dewa.\" tabindex=\"0\">kuil<\/span> Thailand, thangka Tibet, ukiran kayu Jepang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kondisi sumber<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), berbagai kisah Jataka, Lalitavistara (biografi Buddha dalam tradisi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kendaraan Besar; salah satu dari tiga tradisi utama Buddhisme, dengan ideal Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>), tradisi komentar Tibet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nama dan varian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskerta dan Pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Julukan: Papiyas (&#8220;yang lebih jahat&#8221;), Kanha (&#8220;yang hitam&#8221;), Namuci (&#8220;yang tidak membebaskan&#8221;), Antaka (&#8220;kematian&#8221;).<br>Empat Mara (ajaran Empat Mara): Skandha-Mara (agregat sebagai rintangan), Kleshamara (kekotoran batin), Marana-Mara (kematian), Devaputra-Mara (Mara personal).<br>Asia Timur: bahasa Tionghoa \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), bahasa Jepang <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>Ajaran Empat Mara menjadikan Mara lebih dari sekadar tokoh personal: sebuah sistem yang menggambarkan segala sesuatu yang menghalangi jalan. Hal ini sangat kaya secara filosofis dan menjelaskan mengapa Mara tidak harus dihancurkan, melainkan diatasi melalui kebijaksanaan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karakteristik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Penampilan<\/strong><\/p><p>Sebagai Deva Kamadhatu yang tampan dalam kemegahan penuh, berwajah muda, bercahaya. Dalam serangan terhadap Buddha: menunggangi gajah, memimpin pasukan besar, dikelilingi para putrinya. Wujud murka: menakutkan, bersenjata, menyemburkan api. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mempelajari muatan gambar dan maknanya.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ikonografi<\/span> bervariasi menurut tradisi dan episode.<\/p><p><strong>Perilaku<\/strong><\/p><p>Bukan melalui kekerasan, melainkan melalui godaan dan pendekatan psikologis. Ia mengirimkan rangsangan inderawi, rasa takut, keraguan diri, kesombongan, dan belas kasih diri. Ketiga putrinya, Tanha (keinginan), Arati (kebencian), Raga (keserakahan), menggambarkan jalur-jalur serangan yang khas.<\/p><p><strong>Wilayah pengaruh<\/strong><\/p><p>Seluruh alam indera (Kamadhatu) adalah wilayah kekuasaannya. Kekuatannya mencapai sejauh makhluk-makhluk melekat pada kesenangan inderawi. Ia tampak paling aktif di ambang Pencerahan, pada momen pohon Bodhi, atau dalam meditasi tingkat lanjut.<\/p><p><strong>Klasifikasi mitologis<\/strong><\/p><p>Ia adalah seorang Deva, bukan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Makhluk spiritual yang diyakini memiliki pengaruh merusak atau bersifat ambivalen.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> dalam pengertian Barat. Tokohnya memadukan posisi kosmologis (Penguasa Kamadhatu) dengan fungsi psikologis (representasi semua rintangan). Dalam beberapa tradisi, setelah kekalahannya ia bahkan menjadi murid Buddha dan bertobat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aspek-aspek terpenting Mara sekilas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asal-usul Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva dari Kamadhatu, Penguasa alam indera. Dalam sebagian teks, ia jatuh karena kesombongan. Dalam ajaran yang lebih luas: Empat Mara sebagai teori menyeluruh tentang rintangan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Berkaitan dengan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Semua makhluk yang melekat pada hal-hal inderawi. Paling aktif terhadap para meditator tingkat lanjut dan di ambang Pencerahan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wujud<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva tampan dalam kemegahan; menunggangi gajah bersama pasukan; bersama tiga putri (Keinginan, Kebencian, Keserakahan). Dalam wujud murka juga tampil sebagai pejuang yang menakutkan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cara kerja<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bukan melalui kekerasan, melainkan melalui sugesti: rasa takut, keraguan, keinginan, kesombongan. Sangat halus secara psikologis, mengenal setiap manusia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perlindungan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mudra menyentuh bumi (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), pembacaan teks Paritta, Metta-Bhavana (meditasi cinta kasih), kebijaksanaan dan perhatian penuh sebagai perlindungan mendasar. Bukan penghancuran, melainkan pemahaman mendalam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padanan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Kama sebagai dewa cinta dalam Hinduisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Penanganan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Praktik ritual<\/strong><\/p><p>Pembacaan Paritta (Theravada) pada momen-momen kritis. Ratana Sutta (&#8220;Sutta Permata&#8221;) dan Karaniya Metta Sutta sebagai teks perlindungan utama. Dalam tradisi Mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tindakan menyapa suatu dewa atau kekuatan secara memohon atau memuja.\" tabindex=\"0\">pemujaan<\/span> kepada para Bodhisattva (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) untuk menangkal pengaruh Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Praktik meditatif<\/strong><\/p><p>&#8220;Penangkalan&#8221; Mara yang terpenting bukanlah penangkalan, melainkan pemahaman mendalam. Perhatian penuh (sati), wawasan (vipassana), cinta kasih (metta), ketiganya mengikis kekuatan Mara karena tidak tergoda oleh bujukannya. Mudra menyentuh bumi milik Buddha adalah gambaran asal dari praktik ini.<\/p><p><strong>Transformasi Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>Dalam tradisi tantrik, energi Mara tidak dilawan, melainkan ditransformasikan melalui dewa-dewa meditasi yang murka (Yamantaka, Heruka). Tokoh pelindung yang murka secara struktural terhubung dengan energi Mara, hanya dalam bentuk yang telah diubah.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralel dan resepsi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralel keagamaan:<\/strong> Satan dan Iblis berbagi fungsi sebagai penggoda. Perbedaannya: Mara beroperasi di dalam sistem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dalam Hinduisme, Buddhisme, dan Jainisme, hukum sebab-akibat perbuatan: setiap tindakan berdampak pada kehidupan-kehidupan berikutnya.\">karma<\/span>, bukan sebagai dewa-penentang kosmis. Perannya secara struktural diperlukan, bukan jahat dalam pengertian mutlak.<\/p><p><strong>Penafsiran psikologis:<\/strong> Para guru Buddhisme modern (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) membaca Mara sebagian besar secara psikologis: jumlah total resistensi batin terhadap jalan. Hal ini menjadikannya relevan secara langsung bagi para meditator masa kini.<\/p><p><strong>Seni dan budaya populer:<\/strong> Adegan serangan Mara adalah salah satu motif visual terpenting dalam Buddhisme di seluruh dunia. Secara visual, dari Gandhara (abad ke-2 hingga ke-5 M) melewati Borobudur hingga manga Jepang modern. Dalam video game dan novel fantasi, Mara adalah tokoh yang mapan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Godaan di bawah pohon Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Episode sentral dari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sebuah kisah yang diwariskan mengenai para dewa, asal-usul alam semesta, dan tatanan dunia.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitos<\/span> Mara adalah serangannya terhadap Buddha yang belum tercerahkan, Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama, pada malam sebelum Pencerahan di bawah pohon ara di Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Kisah ini diwariskan dalam berbagai teks, antara lain dalam <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> dari Kanon Pali dan secara terperinci dalam biografi-biografi kemudian seperti <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> karya Ashvaghosha dan <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara menyadari bahwa Bodhisattva hampir mencapai terobosan dan akan lolos dari kekuasaannya atas dunia kelahiran dan kematian. Ia pertama-tama mengerahkan pasukannya, suatu pasukan makhluk-makhluk iblis yang menakutkan, yang menyerang dengan senjata, badai, api, dan kegelapan.<\/p><p>Namun semua proyektil berubah menjadi bunga-bunga ketika mencapai Bodhisattva yang sedang bermeditasi. Setelah itu Mara mengutus para putrinya, yang dalam sejumlah teks bernama Tanha, Arati, dan Raga (Keinginan, Ketidaksenangan, Nafsu), untuk menggoda sang pertapa, tetapi usaha itu pun gagal.<\/p><p>Akhirnya Mara mempertanyakan hak Bodhisattva untuk menduduki singgasana Pencerahan. Bodhisattva menyentuh bumi dengan tangan kanannya dan memanggil bumi sebagai saksi atas jasa-jasanya yang telah terkumpul selama kehidupan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya. Bumi pun bersaksi, Mara dikalahkan dan mundur.<\/p><p>Mudra ini, <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, yaitu mudra menyentuh bumi, menjadi bentuk penggambaran Buddha yang paling umum dalam seluruh seni Buddhisme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara sebagai prinsip psikologis dalam ajaran kanonik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam teks-teks tertua Kanon Pali, Mara bukan hanya tokoh naratif, tetapi juga sebuah konsep dalam ajaran. Kata <em>mara<\/em> berasal dari akar kata yang berarti mati dan secara harfiah berarti yang membunuh atau kematian. Mara mewujudkan segala sesuatu yang mengikat makhluk-makhluk pada siklus kelahiran dan kematian.<\/p><p>Tradisi komentar membedakan beberapa aspek atau jenis Mara. Disebutkan antara lain Mara sebagai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Makhluk yang disembah sebagai dewata dalam suatu agama.\" tabindex=\"0\">dewa<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara sebagai lima kelompok keberadaan (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara sebagai kekotoran batin (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>), dan Mara sebagai kematian itu sendiri (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Dengan demikian Mara sekaligus merupakan seorang penentang konkret dan sebuah sandi bagi kekuatan-kekuatan batin yang menghalangi pembebasan.<\/p><p>Dalam <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> terdapat banyak perjumpaan singkat di mana Mara muncul kepada Buddha atau para bhikkhu dan bhikkhuni-Nya untuk mengusik, mengalihkan perhatian, atau membujuk mereka ke arah keraguan. Yang patut dicatat adalah sikap tokoh-tokoh yang telah tercerahkan: mereka cukup mengenali Mara, menyapanya, dan dengan demikian ia kehilangan kekuatannya.<\/p><p>Tradisi Theravada kerap membaca adegan-adegan ini sebagai alegori keadaan-keadaan batin. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ilmu yang mengkaji agama-agama secara komparatif dan tanpa keberpihakan pada keyakinan tertentu.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ilmu agama<\/span> menekankan bahwa dalam Buddhisme awal, dimensi mitis dan psikologis tidak dipisahkan, melainkan dipahami sebagai dua sisi dari satu kenyataan yang sama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kedudukan Mara dalam kosmologi Buddhisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dalam pandangan dunia Buddhisme, Mara bukanlah penentang dari luar dunia, melainkan dirinya sendiri bagian dari kosmos tumimbal lahir. Ia dianggap sebagai penguasa surga tertinggi dalam alam indera; dalam sejumlah teks disebut sebagai penghuni surga <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara dengan demikian adalah makhluk yang kuat dengan umur panjang dan kekuatan besar, tetapi ia tidak abadi dan tidak terbebaskan.<\/p><p>Kepentingannya dalam menghalangi Pencerahan dapat dijelaskan dari kedudukannya ini. Selama makhluk-makhluk tetap dalam siklus tumimbal lahir, mereka tetap berada dalam wilayah kekuasaan Mara. Siapa yang mencapai pembebasan, lolos dari kekuasaan itu. Mara bukanlah kejahatan mutlak dalam pengertian dualisme kosmis, melainkan sebuah kekuatan di dalam dunia yang berkondisi yang mempertahankan wilayahnya sendiri.<\/p><p>Konstruksi ini membedakan Buddhisme secara jelas dari agama-agama dualistis, di mana suatu prinsip kejahatan berhadapan dengan kebaikan secara setara. Mara itu kuat, tetapi pada dasarnya dapat diatasi, dan kekalahannya bukan penghancuran seorang musuh, melainkan sekadar tergelincirnya diri dari lingkup pengaruhnya.<\/p><p>Para peneliti telah menunjukkan bahwa tradisi-tradisi kemudian, terutama dalam Mahayana, memperinci peran Mara dan bahkan sebagian mengajarkan bahwa makhluk yang telah tercerahkan dapat menghadapi Mara dengan belas kasih, karena ia pun merupakan makhluk yang menderita dalam siklus keberadaan.<\/p><p>Suatu padanan jauh dari tokoh penggoda ini dapat ditemukan dalam agama-agama lain, misalnya dalam tokoh yang dikenal oleh <a href=\"\/id\/erzengel-michael\/\">teks-teks Kristen<\/a> sebagai penentang, namun klasifikasi kosmologisnya sangat berbeda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tautan lanjutan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tautan internal yang direkomendasikan:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/buddhismus\/\">Buddhisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/id\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamaduta, <a href=\"\/id\/naraka-waechter\/\">Penjaga Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/id\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/id\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (paralel penggoda)<\/li><li>Pencerahan Buddha di bawah pohon Bodhi<\/li><li>Ajaran Empat Mara (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur penelitian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Pilihan sumber dan studi utama tentang Mara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (\u00dcbers. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Karya-karya referensi lebih lanjut terdapat dalam <a href=\"\/id\/literatur\/\">daftar pustaka<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Pertanyaan yang sering diajukan tentang Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Siapakah Mara dalam tradisi Buddhisme?<\/h3><p>Mara (Sanskerta: kematian, penggoda) adalah personifikasi godaan, kemelekatan duniawi, dan kematian dalam Buddhisme.<\/p><p>Mara menghadang Buddha di bawah pohon Bodhi dan berusaha menghalanginya dari Pencerahan, dengan pasukan para demon, dengan ketiga putrinya (Keinginan, Ketidaksenangan, Nafsu), dan dengan tuduhan bahwa Buddha tidak berhak atas Pencerahan. Buddha menyentuh bumi yang menjadi saksinya, dan mengalahkan Mara melalui keteguhan hati.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Apakah empat Mara dalam Buddhisme?<\/h3><p>Ajaran Buddhisme membedakan empat aspek Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, godaan melalui lima kelompok keberadaan (tubuh, perasaan, persepsi, formasi mental, kesadaran); (2) Klesha-Mara, godaan melalui kekotoran batin (keserakahan, kebencian, kegelapan batin); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, kematian itu sendiri; (4) Devaputra-Mara, penggoda surgawi (tokoh yang dipersonifikasikan). Keempatnya harus dilalui dalam jalan menuju pembebasan.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Siapakah Mara dalam tradisi Buddhisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (Sanskerta: kematian, penggoda) adalah personifikasi godaan, kemelekatan duniawi, dan kematian dalam Buddhisme. Mara menghadang Buddha di bawah pohon Bodhi dan berusaha menghalanginya dari Pencerahan, dengan pasukan para demon, dengan ketiga putrinya (Keinginan, Ketidaksenangan, Nafsu), dan dengan tuduhan bahwa Buddha tidak berhak atas Pencerahan. Buddha menyentuh bumi yang menjadi saksinya, dan mengalahkan Mara melalui keteguhan hati.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Apakah empat Mara dalam Buddhisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ajaran Buddhisme membedakan empat aspek Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, godaan melalui lima kelompok keberadaan (tubuh, perasaan, persepsi, formasi mental, kesadaran); (2) Klesha-Mara, godaan melalui kekotoran batin (keserakahan, kebencian, kegelapan batin); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, kematian itu sendiri; (4) Devaputra-Mara, penggoda surgawi (tokoh yang dipersonifikasikan). Keempatnya harus dilalui dalam jalan menuju pembebasan.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mara, Dewa dalam Tradisi Buddhisme Sang penggoda di pohon Bodhi, Penguasa alam indera. Godaan Mara terhadap Buddha Adegan utama Mara adalah godaan terhadap Bodhisattva Siddhartha di bawah pohon Bodhi di Bodhgaya. Tiga fase dilaporkan secara kanonik: pertama, kemunculan bersama pasukan para demon (Trishna, Raga, Arati, keinginan, nafsu, kebencian); kedua, pengutusan ketiga putrinya (Tanha, Arati, Raga) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1554,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mara penggoda buddhis","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara - Dewa dalam Tradisi Buddhisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara adalah tokoh penentang utama dalam tradisi Buddhisme. 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