{"id":53760,"date":"2026-07-30T19:32:51","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T19:32:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/illapa-az-inkak-mennydoerges-es-idojarasistene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T19:33:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T19:33:16","slug":"illapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/illapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Illapa &#8211; az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sistene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53760\" class=\"elementor elementor-53760 elementor-2579\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa, az andok vid\u00e9k\u00e9nek mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-, vill\u00e1m- \u00e9s es\u0151istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa (quechua <em>Illapa<\/em>, m\u00e1s \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3ddal <em>Yllapa<\/em>) az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-, vill\u00e1m- \u00e9s es\u0151istene. A magasf\u00f6ld andoki paraszts\u00e1g\u00e1nak mindennapi \u00e9let\u00e9ben \u0151 volt a legfontosabb f\u0151istens\u00e9g, hiszen csapad\u00e9k\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u00f6tt az \u00f6sszes kukorica- \u00e9s burgonyatermeszt\u00e9s. Az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistene \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-ura, Illapa ker\u00fcl ter\u00edt\u00e9kre, alakj\u00e1nak \u00e9s hagyom\u00e1nybeli szerep\u00e9nek r\u00f6vid \u00f6sszegz\u00e9s\u00e9vel. Az andok vid\u00e9k\u00e9nek mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9shez, vill\u00e1mhoz \u00e9s es\u0151h\u00f6z k\u00f6t\u00f6tt istenalakja ker\u00fcl el\u0151, akinek kultusz\u00e1t t\u00f6m\u00f6ren ismerteti a bevezet\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten az Andok \/ Inka hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/andesi-kulturak\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az Andok \/ Inka hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Andok \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sistens\u00e9g.\">Mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sistens\u00e9g<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-107695\" alt=\"Illapa \u2013 istenek az andoki-inka hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l, t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti-illusztrat\u00edv \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, az <strong>ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistene<\/strong>, a pr\u00e9kolumbi\u00e1nus Andok id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1skulusz\u00e1nak k\u00f6zponti alakja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elhelyez\u00e9s az andoki panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa az <a href=\"\/hu\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, a <a href=\"\/hu\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> \u00e9s a <a href=\"\/hu\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> t\u00e1rsas\u00e1g\u00e1ban az inka kori \u00e1llami kultusz n\u00e9gy legf\u0151bb istens\u00e9g\u00e9nek egyike. A cuzc\u00f3i Coricancha templomkomplexumban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 templomter\u00fclettel rendelkezik, \u00e9s jelk\u00e9peit, a mennyk\u00f6veket \u00e9s paritty\u00e1kat, a mallqui-mumifik\u00e1tumok prehisp\u00e1n gy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny\u00e9ben \u0151rizt\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi szempontb\u00f3l a <em>mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s viharistens\u00e9gek<\/em> elterjedt k\u00f6r\u00e9be tartozik, amelyek szinte minden agr\u00e1r jelleg\u0171 magaskult\u00far\u00e1ban kiemelked\u0151 helyet foglalnak el.<\/p> <p>Az \u00e1llami-birodalmi Inti-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent szem\u00e9ly ir\u00e1nti vall\u00e1si tiszteleti cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszt\u00f3l<\/span> elt\u00e9r\u0151en az Illapa-tisztelet a modern kecsua \u00e9s ajmara nyelv\u0171 falvakban napjainkig \u00e9l\u0151 hagyom\u00e1ny. A vill\u00e1mhoz, mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9shez \u00e9s es\u0151h\u00f6z kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 vid\u00e9ki gyakorlatok az andoki felf\u00f6ld folyamatos vall\u00e1si gyakorlat\u00e1nak fontos r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezik.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien \u00e9s Frank Salomon etnogr\u00e1fiai munk\u00e1ikban t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r r\u00e1mutattak arra, hogy Illapa a parasztok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra gyakran k\u00f6zelibbnek t\u0171nik, mint Inti magasabb rend\u0171 napteol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.<\/p> <p>Illap\u00e1t egyes forr\u00e1sok tri\u00e1dikus alakk\u00e9nt \u00edrj\u00e1k le, egy h\u00e1romr\u00e9szes alakzatk\u00e9nt, amely <em>Chuqui Illap\u00e1b\u00f3l<\/em> (Illapa fiv\u00e9r), <em>Catu Illap\u00e1b\u00f3l<\/em> (Catu fiv\u00e9r) \u00e9s egy harmadik aspektusb\u00f3l \u00e1ll, amely kr\u00f3nik\u00e1sonk\u00e9nt v\u00e1ltozik.<\/p><p>Ez a h\u00e1romr\u00e9szes alakzat eml\u00e9keztette a spanyol misszion\u00e1riusokat a Szenth\u00e1roms\u00e1gra, \u00e9s a kor\u00e1bbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az a tudom\u00e1ny, amely \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3don \u00e9s hitbeli k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja a vall\u00e1sokat.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyban<\/span> el\u0151seg\u00edtette a kereszt\u00e9nys\u00e9g el\u0151tti Szenth\u00e1roms\u00e1g-sejtelem t\u00e9zis\u00e9t. Pierre Duviols b\u00edr\u00e1lta ezt az \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st, \u00e9s r\u00e1mutatott a kozmikus l\u00e9nyek saj\u00e1tosan andoki t\u00f6bbr\u00e9teg\u0171 alakis\u00e1g\u00e1ra.<\/p> <p>R\u00e9g\u00e9szeti-ikonogr\u00e1fiai szempontb\u00f3l a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1sban istenk\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> tisztelete az Andokban j\u00f3val az inka kor el\u0151ttre ny\u00falik vissza. A vari ker\u00e1mi\u00e1kon vill\u00e1mk\u00f6vet tart\u00f3 harcosok l\u00e1that\u00f3k, \u00e9s az \u00e9szak-perui Chimu-kult\u00fara is ismert egy hasonl\u00f3 mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistent <em>Ni<\/em> n\u00e9ven, aki azonban er\u0151teljesebben tengeri konnot\u00e1ci\u00f3val rendelkezett.<\/p> <p>Ez az el\u0151t\u00f6rt\u00e9net megmutatja, hogy az inka \u00e1llami Illapa-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> nem a semmib\u0151l keletkezett, hanem egy hossz\u00fa andoki vihar-mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s hagyom\u00e1nyra \u00e9p\u00fclt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Az <em>Illapa<\/em> n\u00e9v a kecsua nyelvben szemantikailag t\u00f6bb\u00e9rtelm\u0171. Diego Gonzalez Holguin az <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9ben a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 jelent\u00e9seket adja meg: <em>el rayo<\/em> (a vill\u00e1m), <em>el trueno<\/em> (a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s), <em>el relampago<\/em> (a vill\u00e1ml\u00e1s). Ezzel a sz\u00f3 az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1si f\u00e9nyjelens\u00e9gek mindh\u00e1rom aspektus\u00e1t egyetlen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1sban istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1saik\u00e9nt jel\u00f6li.<\/span><\/p> <p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 a szoros kapcsolat a <em>illa<\/em> kecsua fogalommal, amely egyfajta f\u00e9nyes numin\u00f3zumot jel\u00f6l (l\u00e1sd m\u00e9g <em>Illatiqsi Wiraqucha<\/em> mint Viracocha egyik mell\u00e9kneve). Az <em>illa<\/em> t\u00f6vi jelent\u00e9se egy f\u00e9nyl\u0151 ragyog\u00e1sra utal, amely numin\u00f3zus jelenl\u00e9tet jel\u00f6z. Az Illapa enn\u00e9lfogva az \u00e9g numin\u00f3zus, f\u00e9nyes felvillan\u00e1sa lenne.<\/p> <p>Az ajmara t\u00e9rs\u00e9gben a megfelel\u0151 istent <em>Tunup\u00e1nak<\/em> vagy <em>Illap\u00e1nak<\/em> nevezik, ahol a region\u00e1lis megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1sok v\u00e1ltozatosak. A gyarmati kori forr\u00e1sok n\u00e9ha k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tesznek <em>Illapa<\/em> (id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-aspektus) \u00e9s <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (j\u00e9ges\u0151-aspektus) k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Illapa inka kori k\u00e9s\u0151i besorol\u00e1sa az inka uralkod\u00f3k mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vi megnevez\u00e9seiben is felismerhet\u0151: Yupanqui Tupac inka az <em>Yupanqui-Illapa<\/em> mell\u00e9knevet viselte, ami a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1sban istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-aspektus\u00e1hoz f\u0171z\u0151d\u0151 kapcsolat\u00e1t fejezte ki.<\/p> <p>A kecsuva-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> leg\u00fajabb nyelvt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti munk\u00e1iban az <em>illa<\/em> etimol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja mint <em>f\u00e9ny, visszat\u00fckr\u00f6z\u0151d\u00e9s, f\u00e9nyes nyom<\/em> tov\u00e1bb ki lett dolgozva.<\/p> <p>Cesar Itier r\u00e1mutatott arra, hogy az <em>illa<\/em> az inka kori terminol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban nem csup\u00e1n a vill\u00e1ml\u00e1st jelenti, hanem egy alapvet\u0151bb numin\u00f3zus kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1t: az isteni jelenl\u00e9t felvillan\u00e1s\u00e1t a vil\u00e1gban. A kis k\u0151 amulettek <em>illa<\/em> (p\u00e1sztorfigur\u00e1k oltalmaz\u00f3 szerepben) ugyanezt a nevet viselik, ami szeml\u00e9lteti Illapa nev\u00e9nek szemantikai m\u00e9lys\u00e9g\u00e9t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gyarmati kori le\u00edr\u00e1sok Illap\u00e1t \u00e9gi harcosk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, aki arany paritty\u00e1val vill\u00e1mot csap \u00e9s buzog\u00e1nnyal mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9st \u00fct. N\u00e9ha csillagokb\u00f3l sz\u0151tt k\u00f6penyt \u00e9s egy vizeskors\u00f3t visel, amelyb\u0151l az es\u0151t \u00f6nti. Ezt az ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t Cristobal de Molina \u00e9s Polo de Ondegardo \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00edtette meg.<\/p><p>Fennmaradt inka text\u00edli\u00e1kon \u00e9s a gyarmati cusc\u00f3i fest\u00e9szetben Illapa gyakran paritty\u00e1s \u00e9s mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9snyilas harcosk\u00e9nt jelenik meg, n\u00e9ha pum\u00e1n lovagolva.<\/p><p>A pum\u00e1val val\u00f3 kapcsolat topogr\u00e1fiailag megalapozott: a Coricancha templomban a <em>Puma Punku<\/em> (Puma-kapu) k\u0151t\u00f6mb az Illapa-tisztelet vonatkoz\u00e1si pontjak\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt. Teresa Gisbert m\u0171v\u00e9szett\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9sz a gyarmati kori andoki ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 m\u0171veiben az Illapa-harcos-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokat rendszeresen feldolgozta.<\/p><p>A kereszt\u00e9nny\u00e9 t\u00e9tel sor\u00e1n Illap\u00e1t hamar Santiago apostollal (<em>Santiago<\/em>) azonos\u00edtott\u00e1k, aki a spanyol hagyom\u00e1nyban vill\u00e1mkardos lovas szentk\u00e9nt jelenik meg.<\/p><p>Ez a szinkretizmus mindm\u00e1ig megfigyelhet\u0151 az andoki szent\u00fcnnepeken: ahol a ladin\u00f3 parasztok <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em> \u00fcnnep\u00e9t tartj\u00e1k, ott az indigena szubsztr\u00e1tumfelfog\u00e1sban Illapa van jelen. A <em>Santiago de Murayoc<\/em>-hagyom\u00e1ny Jurochiriban erre k\u00f6zismert p\u00e9lda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az Illapa k\u00f6r\u00fcli legfontosabb elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s a Huarochiri-k\u00e9ziratban maradt fenn, \u00e9s Illapa kapcsolat\u00e1t \u00edrja le a v\u00edzisteno\u0151vel (<a href=\"\/hu\/mama-cocha\/\">Mama Cocha<\/a> egyik aspektus\u00e1val). Illapa a vill\u00e1mot az\u00e9rt haj\u00edtja, hogy eltal\u00e1lja az \u00e9gi vizeskors\u00f3-istenn\u0151t; a sz\u00e9tt\u00f6rt kors\u00f3b\u00f3l \u00f6mlik az es\u0151. Ez az es\u0151 aitiol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja az andoki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> standard eleme.<\/p><p>Egy m\u00e1sodik elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s Illap\u00e1t az \u00e9gi l\u00e1macsillaggal (<em>Yacana<\/em> csillagk\u00e9ppel, amely az inka kori csillag\u00e1szatban k\u00f6zponti szerepet j\u00e1tszott) kapcsolja \u00f6ssze. Amikor a Yacana csillagk\u00e9p \u00e9jf\u00e9lkor m\u00e9lyen a d\u00e9li \u00e9gen \u00e1ll, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span> szerint issza a Tej\u00fatb\u00f3l a vizet, \u00e9s ezzel cs\u00f6kkenti azt.<\/p><p>Illapa ezut\u00e1n \u00f6sszet\u00f6ri a vizeskors\u00f3-istenn\u0151t, hogy az es\u0151t ism\u00e9t a f\u00f6ldre hozza. Gary Urton ezt az asztro-mitol\u00f3giai konstrukci\u00f3t az <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban rendszeresen feldolgozta.<\/p><p>Egy harmadik elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st Polo de Ondegardo k\u00f6zvet\u00edtett, amely az inka kori <em>altomisayoq<\/em>-papok vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1s \u00e1ltali megh\u00edv\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00edrja le. Akit vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1s \u00e9rt \u00e9s t\u00fal\u00e9lte, azt Illapa maga \u00e1ltal megh\u00edvott papnak tekintett\u00e9k, \u00e9s jogot kapott az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hely vagy int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny, ahol isteni v\u00e1laszt k\u00e9rnek.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00f3sl\u00e1sra<\/span> \u00e9s gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00e1sra.<\/p><p>Ez a meghivat\u00e1strad\u00edci\u00f3 mindm\u00e1ig \u00e9l a quechua nyelv\u0171 falvak modern <em>paqo<\/em>-specialist\u00e1iban. Juan Nunez del Prado etnogr\u00e1fiai tanulm\u00e1nyaiban le\u00edrta ezt a vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1s \u00e1ltali meghivat\u00e1st.<\/p><p>Egy negyedik elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s Illap\u00e1t az inka kori b\u00fcntet\u0151joggal hozza \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe: aki mennyd\u00f6rg\u0151s esk\u00fcvel (<em>illapamanta<\/em>) fogadta az igazmond\u00e1st, nem hazudhatott, mert Illapa maga b\u00fcntette volna a hamis vallom\u00e1st vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1ssal.<\/p><p>Az inka igazs\u00e1gszolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1s k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen s\u00falyos esetekben ezt az isteni esk\u00fct alkalmazta igazs\u00e1gfelt\u00e1r\u00f3 eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt. Polo de Ondegardo \u00e9s Cobo arr\u00f3l sz\u00e1mol be, hogy az illapamanta-vallom\u00e1st igen nagy hiteless\u00e9ggel ruh\u00e1zt\u00e1k fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s tisztelet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Az Illapa-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> a cusc\u00f3i Coricancha-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomban<\/span> volt int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtve. Az \u00fagynevezett <em>Pucamarc\u00e1ban<\/em>, Cusco d\u00e9lkeleti v\u00e1rossz\u00e9l\u00e9n \u00e1ll\u00f3 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 szent\u00e9lyk\u00f6rzetben volt Illapa f\u0151kultuszszobra, egy arany f\u00e9rfiszobor mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sny\u00edllal \u00e9s paritty\u00e1val. Ezt az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">idolt<\/span> a spanyolok 1572-ben Vilcabamb\u00e1ban a Puncha\u00f3val egy\u00fctt elkobozt\u00e1k, \u00e9s az\u00f3ta elt\u0171nt.<\/span><\/p><p>A legfontosabb Illapa-szertart\u00e1sokat az es\u0151s \u00e9vszakban v\u00e9gezt\u00e9k, szeptember \u00e9s m\u00e1rcius k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ha az es\u0151k elmaradtak, a papok \u00e9s a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g nagy k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u0151 k\u00f6rmenetet szerveztek a ceque-vonalak ment\u00e9n, amelyeken fekete l\u00e1m\u00e1kat \u00e1ldoztak a v\u00e1ros k\u00f6r\u00fcli hegygerinceken.<\/p><p>A fekete l\u00e1m\u00e1k Illapa saj\u00e1tos \u00e1ldozati \u00e1llatai voltak, mivel a fekete sz\u00edn az es\u0151felh\u0151nek felelt meg. Cristobal de Molina le\u00edr egy k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hagyom\u00e1nyos, egy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gben rendszeresen ism\u00e9telt cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szok\u00e1st<\/span>: es\u0151tlen napokon egy fekete l\u00e1m\u00e1t h\u00e1rom napig v\u00edz n\u00e9lk\u00fcl tartottak, hogy szomj\u00e1t\u00f3l s\u00edrjon, \u00e9s k\u00f6nnyeivel \u00edgy cs\u00e1b\u00edtsa oda az es\u0151felh\u0151ket.<\/p><p>A legfontosabb \u00fcnnepnap a decemberi <em>Capac Raymi<\/em> \u00e9s a szeptemberi <em>Citua<\/em>-megtisztul\u00e1si \u00fcnnep volt, mindkett\u0151 szorosan az es\u0151s \u00e9vszak kezd\u00e9s\u00e9hez kapcsol\u00f3dott. Brian Bauer \u00e9s Tom Zuidema m\u0171veikben rendszeresen kidolgozt\u00e1k Illapa ritu\u00e1lis napt\u00e1rbeli helyzet\u00e9t az inka birodalmi \u00e9vben.<\/p><p>Az inka birodalmi \u00e9vben az Illapa-szertart\u00e1sok \u00f6sszetett megfelel\u00e9srendszerben \u00e1lltak a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gi ciklusokkal. Az augusztusi vet\u00e9s el\u0151tt szab\u00e1lyozott csapad\u00e9k\u00e9rt k\u00f6ny\u00f6r\u00f6gtek Illapp\u00e1hoz, december\/janu\u00e1rban m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelt, er\u00f3zi\u00f3 n\u00e9lk\u00fcli es\u0151\u00e9rt, m\u00e1rcius\/\u00e1prilisban szel\u00edd sz\u00e1razabb fordul\u00f3\u00e9rt.<\/p><p>Ez a napt\u00e1rilag differenci\u00e1lt id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> t\u00fckr\u00f6zi a paraszti vall\u00e1sgyakorlat bens\u0151s\u00e9ges ismeret\u00e9t, \u00e9s a modern andoki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnol\u00f3gia<\/span> a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gi kock\u00e1zatok <em>vall\u00e1si mikromenedzsmentjek\u00e9nt<\/em> \u00e9rtelmezi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi szok\u00e1sok \u00e9s apotropaikus gyakorlatok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az Illapa-tisztelet gyakorlati v\u00e9delmi vonatkoz\u00e1sa meglep\u0151en ambivalens: egyr\u00e9szt Illap\u00e1t sz\u00e1razs\u00e1g, j\u00e9ges\u0151 \u00e9s fagy ellen h\u00edvt\u00e1k seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt mag\u00e1t\u00f3l Illap\u00e1t\u00f3l is <em>v\u00e9dekeztek<\/em>, mindenekel\u0151tt vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1sai ellen. Ez az ambivalens v\u00e9delmi viszony jellemz\u0151 a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistens\u00e9gekre, \u00e9s megmutatkozik a Thor-, Indra- vagy Baal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszban<\/span> is.<\/p><p>A konkr\u00e9t v\u00e9delmi szok\u00e1sok k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik a viaszgyerty\u00e1k el\u00e9get\u00e9se az \u00e9vszak els\u0151 zivatara idej\u00e9n, kis k\u0151halmok (<em>apacheta<\/em>) fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa hegygerinceken, valamint bizonyos helyek (mag\u00e1nyos f\u00e1k, magas szikl\u00e1k) ker\u00fcl\u00e9se zivatar alatt.<\/p><p>Egy nagyon saj\u00e1tos szok\u00e1s a <em>Toldo<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekm\u00e9nyek szab\u00e1lyozott sora, vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00edtus<\/span>: ha vill\u00e1m csapott egy h\u00e1zba, az eg\u00e9sz \u00e9p\u00fcletet h\u00e1rom \u00e9vre lakhatatlannak nyilv\u00e1n\u00edtj\u00e1k, mivel \u00fagy tartj\u00e1k, hogy Illapa maga \u00e9rintette meg, \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A szentnek \u00e1tadott, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal a h\u00e9tk\u00f6znapib\u00f3l kiemelked\u0151.\" tabindex=\"0\">numin\u00f3zusan<\/span> tel\u00edtett.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unheil abwehrend: von Zeichen und Objekten, die sch\u00e4dliche Einfl\u00fcsse fernhalten sollen.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaikus<\/span> j\u00e9ges\u0151elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1s c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l egyes falvakban mind a mai napig szentelt gyerty\u00e1kat \u00e1ll\u00edtanak a bej\u00e1rat mell\u00e9, \u00e9s kereszteket sz\u00farnak a f\u00f6ldekbe, amelyek ma szinkretikusan M\u00e1ria-k\u00e9pekkel vagy Santiago apostollal kapcsol\u00f3dnak \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l a pr\u00e9hisp\u00e1n Illapa-szok\u00e1s k\u00f6zvetlen folytat\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l van sz\u00f3 kereszt\u00e9ny k\u00f6nt\u00f6sben. Olivia Harris az <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1ban le\u00edrta ezt a tov\u00e1bb \u00e9l\u0151 j\u00e9ges\u0151elleni v\u00e9delmi gyakorlatot az ajmarai magasf\u00f6ld\u00f6n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa illeszkedik a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistens\u00e9gek vil\u00e1gszerte megfigyelhet\u0151 mint\u00e1j\u00e1ba.<\/p><p>Szerkezetileg \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3 a germ\u00e1n <em>Thor<\/em>, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g <em>Zeusz<\/em>, a v\u00e9dikus <em>Indra<\/em>, a balti <em>Perkunas<\/em>, a nyugat-\u00e1zsiai <em>Baal Hadad<\/em>, a jap\u00e1n <em>Raijin<\/em> \u00e9s a mezopot\u00e1miai <em>Adad<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mindezen esetekben a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> f\u00e9rfi harcosalak haj\u00edt\u00f3fegyverrel (kalap\u00e1cs, mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sny\u00edl, parittya), aki felel\u0151s az es\u0151csapad\u00e9k\u00e9rt, \u00e9s vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1son kereszt\u00fcl papokat avat be.<\/p><p>Amerik\u00e1n bel\u00fcl Illapa k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen szoros hasonl\u00f3s\u00e1got mutat az azt\u00e9k <em>Tlalochoz<\/em>, a maja <em>Chaakhoz<\/em> \u00e9s az \u00e9szak-amerikai <a href=\"\/hu\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>-alakhoz. A Thunderbird-k\u00e9pzet k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e9rdekes, mivel szint\u00e9n egy rep\u00fclni k\u00e9pes l\u00e9nnyel kapcsolja \u00f6ssze a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9st, amely sz\u00e1rnyaival vihart kelt, szerkezetileg \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3 Illapa vizeskors\u00f3-istenn\u0151j\u00e9vel.<\/p><p>Illapa gyarmati-szinkretikus azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa Santiago apostollal (<em>Santiago<\/em>) a vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti irodalomban sok figyelmet kapott.<\/p><p>A spanyol Santiago-hagyom\u00e1ny maga ismeri a <em>Santiago Matamorost<\/em>, aki kardj\u00e1val a m\u00f3rok f\u00f6l\u00f6tt lovagol; az Andokban ez <em>Santiago Mataindi\u00f3ss\u00e1<\/em> (indi\u00e1n\u00f6l\u0151v\u00e9) v\u00e1lt, \u00e9s egyszerre funkcion\u00e1lhatott kereszt\u00e9ny lovasszentk\u00e9nt \u00e9s andoki mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistens\u00e9gk\u00e9nt, egy k\u00e9tfunkci\u00f3j\u00fa alak.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fontos, hogy Illapa els\u0151sorban nem harci isten volt, mint Thor vagy Indra. F\u0151 dimenzi\u00f3ja az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s adom\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s\u00e1ban rejlett. A harcias ikonogr\u00e1fia m\u00e1sodlagos, \u00e9s l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9snyil-jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9nek teol\u00f3giai k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nye.<\/p><p>Ez a megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s, id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sos adom\u00e1nyoz\u00f3 a harcos helyett, az andoki teol\u00f3gia saj\u00e1tos von\u00e1sa, amely az inka Illap\u00e1t a hasonl\u00f3 mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistens\u00e9gekt\u0151l megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti, \u00e9s az andoki magaskult\u00fara mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gi alaporient\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t t\u00fckr\u00f6zi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>A modern quechua \u00e9s ajmara nyelv\u0171 magasf\u00f6ld\u00f6n az Illapa-szok\u00e1sok nagyr\u00e9szt kereszt\u00e9ny form\u00e1k alatt \u00e9lnek tov\u00e1bb. A modern andoki falvak <em>paqo<\/em>&#8211; \u00e9s <em>yatiri<\/em>-specialist\u00e1i meghivat\u00e1sukat gyakran m\u00e9g ma is egy t\u00fal\u00e9lt vill\u00e1mcsap\u00e1sb\u00f3l eredeztetik; az archaeoetnol\u00f3giai irodalomban (pl. Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em>, 1998) ilyen eseteket ism\u00e9telten dokument\u00e1ltak.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hagyom\u00e1nyos n\u00e9pi kult\u00fara szok\u00e1sokkal, elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekkel \u00e9s dalokkal.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3r<\/span>kutat\u00e1sban a Santiago-Illapa-szinkretizmus a klasszikus p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja az andoki vall\u00e1s <em>doble nivel de discurso<\/em> (kett\u0151s nyelvszint) jelens\u00e9g\u00e9nek: fel\u00fcl a kereszt\u00e9ny szents\u00e9rtrad\u00edci\u00f3, alul az indigena mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistens\u00e9g, a gyakorlati ritu\u00e1lis vezet\u00e9sben elv\u00e1laszthatatlanul \u00f6sszeolvadva. Sabine MacCormack ezt a kett\u0151s szintet a <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1ban rendszeresen le\u00edrta.<\/span><\/p><p>Az akad\u00e9miai csillag\u00e1szati kutat\u00e1sban Illapa Yacana-l\u00e1macsillagk\u00e9phez val\u00f3 kapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s\u00e1t az inka csillagos \u00e9g fontos elemek\u00e9nt folyamatosan vizsg\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Gary Urton, Tom Zuidema \u00e9s Zuidema tan\u00edtv\u00e1nyainak \u00fajabb munk\u00e1i megmutatt\u00e1k, hogyan struktur\u00e1lta a k\u00f6z\u00e9p-andoki csillag\u00e1szat az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span>. Tudom\u00e1nyosan Illapa kulcsesetnek sz\u00e1m\u00edt az inka kori magaskultur\u00e1lis \u00e9s parasztvall\u00e1si \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1s meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9hez.<\/p><p>Az elm\u00falt \u00e9vtizedekben Bol\u00edvia \u00e9s Peru <em>movimiento andin\u00f3ja<\/em> Illap\u00e1t az indigena \u00e9ghajlati ellen\u00e1ll\u00e1sr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 diskurzusba vonta be. Ahogy az Andok csapad\u00e9krendszerei a kl\u00edmav\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben \u00e1talakulnak, az Illapa-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> a falvakban olyan kultur\u00e1lis rezonanciat\u00e9r, amelyben e v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sokat vall\u00e1silag t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Karsten Paerregaard antropol\u00f3gus a <em>Pilgrims of the Andes<\/em> (2017) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1ban le\u00edrta a magasf\u00f6ldi parasztok ritu\u00e1lis alkalmazkod\u00e1sait a kl\u00edmav\u00e1ltoz\u00e1shoz, \u00e9s megmutatta, hogyan j\u00e1tszik szerepet ebben az Illapa-vonatkoz\u00e1s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az al\u00e1bbi v\u00e1logat\u00e1s az andoki etnol\u00f3gia \u00e9s az archeoasztron\u00f3miai kutat\u00e1s k\u00f6zponti munk\u00e1it sorolja fel, amelyek Illapa meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9hez elengedhetetlenek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2827b8ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2827b8ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp276778f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp276778f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa az ink\u00e1k \u00e1llami kultusz\u00e1ban \u00e9s cusc\u00f3i szent\u00e9lye<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb4d10f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2fb4d10f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27cc43ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27cc43ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s, a vill\u00e1m \u00e9s az es\u0151 istene az Inka Birodalom \u00e1llami kultusz\u00e1ban a legf\u0151bb istens\u00e9gek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozott, \u00e9s a vall\u00e1si rangsorban k\u00f6zel \u00e1llt a napisten <em>Intihez<\/em> \u00e9s a teremt\u0151isten <em>Viracoch\u00e1ihoz<\/em>.<\/p><p>A 16. \u00e9s a 17. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9nek spanyol kr\u00f3nik\u00e1sai arr\u00f3l sz\u00e1molnak be, hogy Illap\u00e1nak Cusc\u00f3ban saj\u00e1t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9lye<\/span> volt, \u00e9s a nagy Naptemplomban, a <em>Coricancha<\/em> templomban k\u00fcl\u00f6n helyis\u00e9g volt kijel\u00f6lve sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<\/p><p>Illapa k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t az andoki mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g es\u0151t\u0151l val\u00f3 f\u00fcgg\u00e9se magyar\u00e1zza. Az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s urak\u00e9nt d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt sz\u00e1razs\u00e1g \u00e9s term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g felett, \u00e9s asz\u00e1ly idej\u00e9n k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u0151 k\u00f6rmeneteket \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> mutattak be neki.<\/p><p>Bernab\u00e9 Cobo kr\u00f3nik\u00e1s a <em>Historia del Nuevo Mundo<\/em> (1653-ban befejezve) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrja az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sistens\u00e9get, \u00e9s megeml\u00edti a vill\u00e1mmal mint l\u00f6ved\u00e9kkel \u00e9s a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9ssel mint \u00e9gi parittya hangj\u00e1val kapcsolatos k\u00e9pzeteket.<\/p><p>Az \u00e1llami kultuszban Illapa emellett olyan isten volt, akinek v\u00e1ls\u00e1gos id\u0151kben k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen neh\u00e9z <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> mutattak be, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a <em>capacocha<\/em>, az ink\u00e1k legjelent\u0151sebb \u00e1ldozati szertart\u00e1s\u00e1nak keret\u00e9ben. Tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l Illapa teh\u00e1t nem puszt\u00e1n term\u00e9szeti d\u00e9mon, hanem a birodalom politikai \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ba be\u00e1gyazott f\u0151istens\u00e9g. Tisztelete \u00f6sszekapcsolta az es\u0151 ir\u00e1nti gondoskod\u00e1st az inka uralom legitim\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1val, hiszen a fejedelem az emberek \u00e9s a nagy \u00e9gi hatalmak k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt l\u00e9pett fel. Intihez \u00e9s Viracoch\u00e1ihoz val\u00f3 szoros k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00e9se megmutatja, hogy az ink\u00e1k legf\u0151bb istens\u00e9geiket \u00f6sszetartoz\u00f3 egys\u00e9gk\u00e9nt gondolt\u00e1k el.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23b404c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23b404c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2418c76c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2418c76c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A kr\u00f3nik\u00e1sok mint forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s a kereszt\u00e9ny szem\u00fcveg probl\u00e9m\u00e1ja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ccce282 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ccce282\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac73122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac73122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mindaz, amit Illap\u00e1r\u00f3l tudunk, a spanyol h\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1s ut\u00e1n keletkezett forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik, \u00e9s ezt az \u00e1t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00edt\u00e9si helyzetet minden kijelent\u00e9sn\u00e9l szem el\u0151tt kell tartani.<\/p><p>Az ink\u00e1knak nem volt \u00edr\u00e1suk az eur\u00f3pai \u00e9rtelemben; igazgat\u00e1sukat \u00e9s r\u00e9szben tud\u00e1sukat a <em>quipu<\/em>, a csom\u00f3zsin\u00f3rok t\u00e1rolt\u00e1k, amelyek azonban vall\u00e1si tartalmak tekintet\u00e9ben csak korl\u00e1tozott forr\u00e1s\u00e9rt\u00e9kkel b\u00edrnak. Az \u00edr\u00e1sos besz\u00e1mol\u00f3kat spanyol egyh\u00e1ziak, tisztvisel\u0151k, valamint indigena vagy vegyes sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa szerz\u0151k k\u00e9sz\u00edtett\u00e9k.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A legfontosabb kr\u00f3nik\u00e1sok k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik Pedro de Cieza de Le\u00f3n; Juan de Betanzos, aki inka n\u0151t vett feles\u00e9g\u00fcl, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9ssel rendelkezett; a jezsuita Bernab\u00e9 Cobo; valamint a mesztic Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, akinek <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> (1609) c. m\u0171ve bel\u00fclr\u0151l, de id\u0151beli t\u00e1vols\u00e1ggal \u00e9s apologetikus sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kkal festi le az ink\u00e1k vil\u00e1g\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n forr\u00e1scsoportot alkotnak az <em>extirpaci\u00f3n de idolatr\u00edas<\/em>, az \u0151shonos vall\u00e1s egyh\u00e1zi \u00fcld\u00f6z\u00e9s\u00e9nek iratai, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Francisco de \u00c1vil\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9s Pablo Jos\u00e9 de Arriag\u00e1t\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Ezek a forr\u00e1sok n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlenek, de kereszt\u00e9ny szem\u00fcvegen \u00e1t n\u00e9zik Illap\u00e1t. Egyes kr\u00f3nik\u00e1sok Jakab apostollal azonos\u00edtott\u00e1k, mert \u0151 a spanyol hagyom\u00e1nyban mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9ssel \u00e9s csatamorajjal kapcsol\u00f3dott \u00f6ssze, ami a gyarmati korig hat\u00f3 kevered\u00e9shez vezetett. M\u00e1sok az andoki istenek vil\u00e1g\u00e1t eur\u00f3pai s\u00e9m\u00e1kba illesztett\u00e9k, vagy elhallgatt\u00e1k, ami visszatasz\u00edt\u00f3nak t\u0171nt sz\u00e1mukra. Tudom\u00e1nyosan ez\u00e9rt elfogadott, hogy az \u00e1t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00edtett Illapa-k\u00e9p mindig sz\u0171rt. A modern kutat\u00e1s, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Pierre Duviols munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban \u00e9s az Andok gyarmati kori vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9nek tanulm\u00e1nyaiban, azon dolgozik, hogy a sz\u0171r\u0151n t\u00fal k\u00e9rdezzen vissza, az eredeti k\u00e9pzetet azonban csak r\u00e9szlegesen tudja rekonstru\u00e1lni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Gary Urton: <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Frank Salomon, George Urioste: <em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><li>Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Molina: <em>Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los Incas<\/em> (1575)<\/li><li>Pierre Duviols: <em>Cultura andina y represion<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Brian Bauer: <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az Inka Birodalom vall\u00e1si rendj\u00e9ben Illap\u00e1t a legf\u0151bb <strong>id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-\u00farnak<\/strong> tartott\u00e1k, akihez parasztok \u00e9s p\u00e1sztorok egyar\u00e1nt fordultak, k\u00e9rve az id\u0151ben \u00e9rkez\u0151 es\u0151t \u00e9s az elpuszt\u00edt\u00f3 j\u00e9ges\u0151t\u0151l val\u00f3 v\u00e9delmet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Illapa Yllapa mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sisten vill\u00e1m Yacana Santiago Pucamarca Capac Raymi paqo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-illapa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az iWell Guard \u00e9s a v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard kapcsol\u00f3dik a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz, az <a href=\"\/hu\/andesi-kulturak\/\">Andok \/ Inka<\/a> trad\u00edci\u00f3 \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s kult\u00fara \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9hez. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Illapa, az andok vid\u00e9k\u00e9nek mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-, vill\u00e1m- \u00e9s es\u0151istene Illapa (quechua Illapa, m\u00e1s \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3ddal Yllapa) az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s-, vill\u00e1m- \u00e9s es\u0151istene. A magasf\u00f6ld andoki paraszts\u00e1g\u00e1nak mindennapi \u00e9let\u00e9ben \u0151 volt a legfontosabb f\u0151istens\u00e9g, hiszen csapad\u00e9k\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u00f6tt az \u00f6sszes kukorica- \u00e9s burgonyatermeszt\u00e9s. IstenAndok \/ InkaMennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1sistens\u00e9g Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Illapa, az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistene, a pr\u00e9kolumbi\u00e1nus Andok id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1skulusz\u00e1nak k\u00f6zponti alakja. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Illapa mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sisten ink\u00e1k","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Illapa - az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistene \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-ura","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Illapa, az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s es\u0151istene a f\u00f6ldm\u0171vel\u00e9s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9ppoly fontos volt, mint Inti az \u00e1llam sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. M\u00edtosz \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-53760","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Illapa - az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9sistene \u00e9s id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-ura<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Illapa, az ink\u00e1k mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s- \u00e9s es\u0151istene a f\u00f6ldm\u0171vel\u00e9s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9ppoly fontos volt, mint Inti az \u00e1llam sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. 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