{"id":53741,"date":"2026-07-30T19:29:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T19:29:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/supay-az-andok-arto-szellemei-es-alvilagi-ura\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T19:29:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T19:29:55","slug":"supay","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/supay\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay &#8211; az Andok \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemei \u00e9s alvil\u00e1gi ura"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53741\" class=\"elementor elementor-53741 elementor-2580\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemek, alvil\u00e1gi \u00far \u00e9s b\u00e1nyad\u00e9mon az andoki fenns\u00edkon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supay (kecsua <em>supay<\/em>, ajmara <em>supaya<\/em>) az andoki hagyom\u00e1nyban egyar\u00e1nt jel\u00f6l egy k\u00e1rt okoz\u00f3 szellemek oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1t \u00e9s egy konkr\u00e9t alvil\u00e1gi alakot. Bol\u00edvia b\u00e1nyavid\u00e9k\u00e9n a potos\u00ed \u00e9s orur\u00f3i ez\u00fcstb\u00e1ny\u00e1k t\u00e1rnai d\u00e9monj\u00e1v\u00e1, a <em>Tio<\/em>-v\u00e1 alakult \u00e1t. \u00c1rt\u00f3 szellemek, alvil\u00e1gi \u00far \u00e9s b\u00e1nyad\u00e9mon k\u00e9pzete fon\u00f3dik \u00f6ssze az andoki fenns\u00edkon, \u00e9s ezt a r\u00e9teget bontja ki a bevezet\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c1rt\u00f3 szellem az Andok \/ Inka hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l.\">\u00c1rt\u00f3 szellem<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/andesi-kulturak\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az Andok \/ Inka hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Andok \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Alvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9mon.\">Alvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9mon<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-107693\" alt=\"Supay \u2013 szellemek az andoki-inka hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l, t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti-illusztrat\u00edv \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s az andoki panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supay az andoki vall\u00e1s nehezen kategoriz\u00e1lhat\u00f3 alakja. Az olyan \u00e1llami-birodalmi f\u0151istens\u00e9gekt\u0151l elt\u00e9r\u0151en, mint <a href=\"\/hu\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, a Supay sem megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett teremt\u0151, sem egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en meghat\u00e1rozott egyedi isten. A legkor\u00e1bbi kecsua forr\u00e1sokban k\u00e1ros, testetlen l\u00e9nyek oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1t jel\u00f6li: halotti szellemeket, betegs\u00e9gd\u00e9monokat, \u00e9jszakai zavar\u00f3k\u00e9t, \u00e9s ezzel p\u00e1rhuzamosan az alvil\u00e1g megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett ur\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A spanyol misszion\u00e1riusok a 16. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l a <em>supay<\/em> sz\u00f3t a kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6g (<em>diablo<\/em>) kecsua megfelel\u0151jek\u00e9nt haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Ez az azonos\u00edt\u00e1s az eredeti jelent\u00e9startalmat l\u00e9nyegesen torz\u00edtotta: m\u00edg a kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6g tiszt\u00e1n gonosz hatalomk\u00e9nt van elk\u00e9pzelve, addig a prekolumbi\u00e1nus andoki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span> a supay erk\u00f6lcsileg ambivalens alak volt: vesz\u00e9lyes, de bizonyos k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt hasznos is, semmik\u00e9ppen sem a tiszta gonosz megtestes\u00edt\u0151je.<\/p><p>Manuel Marzal perui antropol\u00f3gus az <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban szisztematikusan le\u00edrta a supay\/diablo-torz\u00edt\u00e1st.<\/p><p>A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos oszt\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sban a Supay a <em>chthonikus numinozit\u00e1sok<\/em> t\u00e1g kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1j\u00e1ba tartozik: a m\u00e9lys\u00e9g, a f\u00f6ld belsej\u00e9nek, a barlangoknak \u00e9s a t\u00e1rn\u00e1knak l\u00e9nyei.<\/p><p>Struktur\u00e1lisan \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3 a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e1d\u00e9sz, a germ\u00e1n Hel, a mezoamerikai Mictlantecuhtli, \u00e9s bizonyos \u00e9rtelemben a voduni Baron Samedi. Minden esetben olyan l\u00e9nyekr\u0151l van sz\u00f3, amelyek a halottak vil\u00e1g\u00e1val \u00e9s a f\u00f6ld alatti birodalommal \u00e1llnak kapcsolatban.<\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 az a korai spanyol megfigyel\u00e9s, hogy a kecsua nyelv\u0171 ink\u00e1k nem ismertek egys\u00e9ges, abszol\u00fat gonosz fogalm\u00e1t. Polo de Ondegardo 1559-ben feljegyezte, hogy az ink\u00e1k ugyan sok k\u00e1rt okoz\u00f3 l\u00e9nyt ismernek, de nem rendelkeznek a kereszt\u00e9ny S\u00e1t\u00e1nhoz hasonl\u00f3, egys\u00e9ges gonosz l\u00e9nyalakkal.<\/p><p>Ezt a megfigyel\u00e9st a misszion\u00e1riusok eleinte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3giai<\/span> hi\u00e1nyk\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9kelt\u00e9k, \u00e9s a supay\/diablo-azonos\u00edt\u00e1ssal p\u00f3tolt\u00e1k &#8211; ez az elj\u00e1r\u00e1s mind a mai napig foglalkoztatja a vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kutat\u00e1st.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kecsua <em>supay<\/em> kifejez\u00e9s a legkor\u00e1bbi gyarmati sz\u00f3t\u00e1rak \u00f3ta adatolt. Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn 1608-ban a jelent\u00e9s\u00e9t <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>-k\u00e9nt adja meg: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szellemi l\u00e9ny, amelynek k\u00e1ros vagy k\u00e9tarc\u00fa hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> vagy \u00e1rny\u00e9k. Ez a kett\u0151s jelent\u00e9s tanuls\u00e1gos: a <em>sombra<\/em> nem csup\u00e1n optikai \u00e1rny\u00e9kot jelent, hanem egyfajta anyagtalan l\u00e9nyt, amely az \u00e9l\u0151kh\u00f6z tapadhat. A <em>supaykuna<\/em> t\u00f6bbes sz\u00e1m az ilyen \u00e1rny\u00e9kszer\u0171 l\u00e9nyek sokas\u00e1g\u00e1t jel\u00f6li.<\/p><p>Az ajmara nyelvter\u00fcleten a megfelel\u0151 kifejez\u00e9s <em>supaya<\/em> vagy <em>saxra<\/em>. Ez ut\u00f3bbi ma a boliviai ajmara falvakban a szok\u00e1sosabb fogalom, \u00e9s olyan \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemeket jel\u00f6l, amelyek bizonyos term\u00e9szeti jelens\u00e9gekben (\u00f6rv\u00e9nyek, sziklahasad\u00e9kok, barlangok) laknak.<\/p><p>A modern kecsua nyelv\u0171 falvakban a <em>supay<\/em> differenci\u00e1lt fogalomt\u00f6rt\u00e9netet j\u00e1rt be.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen a <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban h\u00e1rom szemantikai mez\u0151t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet meg: els\u0151k\u00e9nt a <em>supay<\/em>-t mint pejorat\u00edv megjel\u00f6l\u00e9st kereszt\u00e9ny d\u00e9monokra (a misszi\u00f3s azonos\u00edt\u00e1s \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben), m\u00e1sodszor a <em>supay<\/em>-t mint \u00e1rny\u00e9kszer\u0171 \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellem \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos megnevez\u00e9s\u00e9t, harmadszor a <em>supay<\/em>-t mint egyes hegyurak (Apu) vagy \u0151s-m\u00fami\u00e1k (mallqui) tiszteletrem\u00e9lt\u00f3 mell\u00e9knev\u00e9t, amelyek \u00e1h\u00edtatos \u00f3vatoss\u00e1gra intenek.<\/p><p>A <em>supay<\/em> etimol\u00f3giai k\u00f6zels\u00e9ge a kecsua <em>supay-<\/em> ig\u00e9hez (sz\u00e9l \u00e1ltal elhordatni, elvitetni) arra a feltev\u00e9sre vezette egyes nyelv\u00e9szeket, hogy az alapjelent\u00e9s egy <em>sz\u00e9l \u00e1ltal elhordott <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span><\/em>, egy l\u00e9ny, amelyet hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n a sz\u00e9l visz vissza az \u00e9l\u0151k vil\u00e1g\u00e1ba.<\/p><p>Ez a nyelvt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hipot\u00e9zis nem teljesen bizony\u00edtott, de j\u00f3l illeszkedik a supay-t <em>sz\u00e9l-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellemk\u00e9nt<\/span><\/em> \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00f3 etnogr\u00e1fiai megfigyel\u00e9sekhez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A korai kr\u00f3nik\u00e1kban a Supay alaktalan l\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt jelenik meg: l\u00e1thatatlan, ill\u00e9kony l\u00e9ny, amely az \u00e9l\u0151ket \u00e1lomban, betegs\u00e9gben vagy \u00e9jszaka keresi fel. Ez az ikonogr\u00e1fiai hi\u00e1ny jellemz\u0151 az andoki \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemekr\u0151l alkotott r\u00e9gi elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9sre: nem \u00e1br\u00e1zolt\u00e1k \u0151ket r\u00f6gz\u00edtett form\u00e1ban, hanem l\u00e1thatatlan jelenl\u00e9tk\u00e9nt f\u00e9ltek t\u0151l\u00fck.<\/p><p>A spanyol misszi\u00f3val \u00e9s a kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6ggel val\u00f3 azonos\u00edt\u00e1ssal az ikonogr\u00e1fia gy\u00f6keresen megv\u00e1ltozott. A gyarmati kuzsk\u00f3i \u00e9s potos\u00edi fest\u00e9szetben a Supay egyre ink\u00e1bb eur\u00f3pai-\u00f6rd\u00f6gi alakban jelenik meg: szarvas, hossz\u00fa fark\u00fa, kecskel\u00e1b\u00fa, n\u00e9ha k\u00e9nk\u00f6d lengi k\u00f6r\u00fcl.<\/p><p>A h\u00edres <em>Szent Mih\u00e1ly diadala<\/em> festm\u00e9ny (kuzsk\u00f3i iskola, 17. sz.) t\u00f6bb ilyen Supayt \u00e1br\u00e1zol a f\u0151angyal l\u00e1ba alatt.<\/p><p>A boliviai b\u00e1nyavid\u00e9ken a 17. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 Tio-ikonogr\u00e1fia alakult ki: agyagb\u00f3l form\u00e1lt f\u00e9rfifigur\u00e1k arany szemekkel, szarvas fejjel, sz\u00e1jukban doh\u00e1nycigarett\u00e1val \u00e9s hangs\u00falyos erekci\u00f3s falloszban &#8211; a f\u00f6ldanya term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt, amely az ez\u00fcst\u00f6t sz\u00fcli.<\/p><p>Ezek a Tio-figur\u00e1k ma is szinte minden potos\u00ed-orur\u00f3i b\u00e1nyat\u00e1rna bej\u00e1rat\u00e1n\u00e1l megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k. June Nash r\u00e9szletesen dokument\u00e1lta \u0151ket a <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supay k\u00f6r\u00fcli mitol\u00f3giai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ismeretek \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 \u00e1tad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny<\/span> t\u00f6red\u00e9kes. A Huarochiri-k\u00e9ziratban (kb. 1608) t\u00f6bb supay-l\u00e9ny jelenik meg h\u0151salakok ellenfelek\u00e9nt; ezeket t\u00f6bbnyire csellel gy\u0151zik le, vagy ritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati int\u00e9zked\u00e9sekkel tartj\u00e1k t\u00e1vol.<\/p><p>Cristobal de Albornoz <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (kb. 1581) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9ben k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 supay-oszt\u00e1lyokat \u00edr le, k\u00f6zt\u00fck az <em>aya supay<\/em> (halotti szellemek), a <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (l\u00e1ndzsa-szellemek, azaz harcos d\u00e9monok) \u00e9s a <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (el\u0151l\u00e9p\u0151k, azaz v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 k\u00eds\u00e9rtetszellemek) oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A quechua nyelv\u0171 falvak elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seiben elterjedt toposz a <em>condenado<\/em> (az el\u00e1tkozott): egy halotti l\u00e9lek, amely v\u00e9rfert\u0151z\u00e9s, gyilkoss\u00e1g vagy m\u00e1s s\u00falyos b\u0171ntettek miatt nem jut be a t\u00falvil\u00e1gi vil\u00e1gba, \u00e9s v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 Supayk\u00e9nt k\u00eds\u00e9rt.<\/p><p>Ezek a condenados f\u0151k\u00e9nt a magasf\u00f6ld\u00f6n k\u00f3borolnak \u00e9jszaka, szomor\u00fa, de h\u00e1tborzongat\u00f3 \u00fatit\u00e1rsk\u00e9nt jelennek meg az utaz\u00f3knak, \u00e9s megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lj\u00e1k a hal\u00e1lba r\u00e1ntani az \u00e9l\u0151ket. Catherine Allen Sonqo falub\u00f3l t\u00f6bb ilyen condenado-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st jegyzett fel.<\/p><p>A bol\u00edviai Andok b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyozott istenelbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1ban<\/span> Supay\/Tio az ez\u00fcstlel\u0151helyek urak\u00e9nt l\u00e9p fel. Egy k\u00f6zponti elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s azt \u00edrja le, hogyan bukkant az els\u0151 b\u00e1ny\u00e1sz egy Tio-szoborra, \u00e9s hogyan k\u00e9rdezte meg azt: a Tio gazdag ez\u00fcst\u00f6t \u00edg\u00e9rt, cser\u00e9be azonban kok\u00e1t, p\u00e1link\u00e1t \u00e9s id\u0151nk\u00e9nt egy ember\u00e9letet is k\u00f6vetelt.<\/p><p>Ez a t\u00f6rt\u00e9net ugyan legend\u00e1s jelleg\u0171, m\u00e9gis igen pontosan t\u00fckr\u00f6zi a t\u00e1rn\u00e1kban t\u00e9nylegesen megfigyelt magasabb baleseti kock\u00e1zatot, amelyet a Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak ir\u00e1nti vall\u00e1sos tiszteletad\u00e1s cselekm\u00e9nyeinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> ritu\u00e1lis gyakorlat r\u00e9v\u00e9n dolgoz fel.<\/p><p>Egy tov\u00e1bbi fontos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9scsoport a <em>pishtaco<\/em>-l\u00e9nyekre vonatkozik, a Supay-rokons\u00e1g egy saj\u00e1tos form\u00e1j\u00e1ra, amely az \u00fajabb andoki falvakban k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6s figyelmet kapott. A pishtac\u00f3k feh\u00e9r b\u0151r\u0171, zs\u00edrsz\u00edv\u00f3 l\u00e9nyek, akik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek sz\u00e1nt adom\u00e1ny, amely h\u00e1l\u00e1t, k\u00e9r\u00e9st vagy tiszteletet fejez ki.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozataik<\/span> zs\u00edrj\u00e1t ipari g\u00e9pekbe \u00e9p\u00edtik be.<\/p><p>Ez az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s a 16. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9ge \u00f3ta adatolt, \u00e9s minden gazdas\u00e1gi \u00e1talakul\u00e1si id\u0151szakban \u00fajra fel\u00e9led. Mary Weismantel a <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9ben megmutatta, hogyan dolgozza fel ez az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s vall\u00e1si m\u00f3don az \u0151slakos n\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e9s a nem \u0151slakos hatalmak k\u00f6z\u00f6tti struktur\u00e1lis fesz\u00fclts\u00e9geket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati ritu\u00e1l\u00e9k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az inka kori Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> csup\u00e1n negat\u00edv form\u00e1ban l\u00e9tezett: a Supayok nem fogad\u00f3 istens\u00e9gek voltak, hanem szellemek, amelyek k\u00e1r\u00e1t ritu\u00e1lis int\u00e9zked\u00e9sekkel kellett elh\u00e1r\u00edtani.<\/p><p>A legfontosabb p\u00e9lda a kuzsk\u00f3i \u00e9ves <em>Citua<\/em>-tiszt\u00edt\u00f3\u00fcnnep (szeptember), amelynek sor\u00e1n a harcosok f\u00e1kly\u00e1kkal vonultak v\u00e9gig a v\u00e1roson, \u00e9s minden betegs\u00e9get, minden ismert supay-l\u00e9nyt \u00e9s minden zavart szimbolikusan ki\u0171ztek a v\u00e1rosb\u00f3l, \u00e9s a n\u00e9gy \u00e9gt\u00e1j fel\u00e9 most\u00e1k el.<\/p><p>A 17. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta a bol\u00edviai b\u00e1nyavid\u00e9ken \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> alakult ki, amely messze t\u00falmutat a puszta elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1son, \u00e9s a t\u00e1rnai d\u00e9monnal val\u00f3 kapcsolat akt\u00edv \u00e1pol\u00e1s\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p>A b\u00e1ny\u00e1szok minden kedden \u00e9s p\u00e9nteken \u00e1ldozatot mutatnak be a Tionak: koka-leveleket tesznek az \u00f6l\u00e9be, p\u00e1link\u00e1t \u00f6ntenek a sz\u00e1j\u00e1ba, \u00e9g\u0151 cigarett\u00e1t dugnak a sz\u00e1j\u00e1ba, \u00e9s megk\u00e9rik, hogy adja ki az ez\u00fcst\u00f6t, \u00e9s tartsa biztons\u00e1gban a t\u00e1rn\u00e1kat.<\/p><p>Az \u00e9ves cs\u00facspont az <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (b\u00e1ny\u00e1szok karnev\u00e1lja) Orur\u00f3ban, amelyet 2001 \u00f3ta az UNESCO szellemi kultur\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt tartanak nyilv\u00e1n.<\/p><p>A k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontban a <em>Diablada<\/em>-t\u00e1nc \u00e1ll, amely a Tio veres\u00e9g\u00e9t \u00e1br\u00e1zolja Mih\u00e1ly f\u0151angyal ellen\u00e9ben &#8211; ez az inka kori Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> \u00e9s a katolikus d\u00e9mon-doktr\u00edna koreogr\u00e1fiai \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa. Az orur\u00f3i karnev\u00e1l nevezetes ez\u00fcst\u00f6s Diablo-maszkjai egyszerre m\u0171v\u00e9szett\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9s vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti jelens\u00e9gek.<\/p><p>A potos\u00edi b\u00e1nyavid\u00e9k 1545-\u00f6s ez\u00fcstlelet-felfedez\u00e9se \u00f3ta a spanyol gyarmati gazdas\u00e1g gazdas\u00e1gi centruma volt. Potos\u00ed v\u00e1rosa a 17. sz\u00e1zadban t\u00f6bb mint 160 000 lakos\u00e1val a vil\u00e1g legnagyobb v\u00e1rosai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozott.<\/p><p>Az \u0151slakos mita-munk\u00e1sok k\u00f6r\u00e9ben bek\u00f6vetkez\u0151 hatalmas hal\u00e1los \u00e1ldozatok &#8211; \u00e9vente t\u00f6bb ezer b\u00e1ny\u00e1sz halt meg higanym\u00e9rgez\u00e9s, balesetetek \u00e9s kimer\u00fclts\u00e9g k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben &#8211; meghat\u00e1rozt\u00e1k a Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span>, \u00e9s v\u00e9res h\u00e1tteret adtak neki, amely mind a mai napig jelen van az orur\u00f3i-bol\u00edviai karnev\u00e1l elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seiben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat \u00e9s apotropaikus elemek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supayok elleni v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat az andoki n\u00e9pi vall\u00e1s egyik leggazdagabb fejezete. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien \u00e9s Olivia Harris etnogr\u00e1fiai munk\u00e1ikban szisztematikusan le\u00edrt\u00e1k az ezzel kapcsolatos falusi gyakorlatot.<\/p><p>A legfontosabb v\u00e9d\u0151eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak: piros gyapj\u00fafonal visel\u00e9se a csukl\u00f3n (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen kisgyermekekn\u00e9l), kis kereszt-kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3 elhelyez\u00e9se a bej\u00e1rati ajt\u00f3 felett, a h\u00e1z eukaliptusz- \u00e9s muna-levelekkel (egy hegyvid\u00e9ki vad menta) val\u00f3 megf\u00fcst\u00f6l\u00e9se, valamint fokhagyma- vagy rutadarabok hord\u00e1sa a nyakon. Ezek a gyakorlatok r\u00e9szleteikben szinkretikusan \u00e1talakultak eur\u00f3pai n\u00e9pi gy\u00f3gy\u00e1szati hagyom\u00e1nyok hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra.<\/p><p>Egy saj\u00e1tos v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat az <em>almas-en-pena<\/em> (szenved\u0151 lelkek) \u00e9s a <em>condenados<\/em> ellen ir\u00e1nyul: aki Mindenszentek napj\u00e1n (november 1-2.) nem k\u00e9sz\u00edti el a ritu\u00e1lisan el\u0151\u00edrt \u00e9telt a halottaknak, kock\u00e1ztatja, hogy az elhunyt \u0151s\u00f6k Supayokk\u00e9nt t\u00e9rnek vissza.<\/p><p>A <em>Todos Santos<\/em>-\u00e9telk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s kidolgozott gyakorlata &#8211; k\u00fcl\u00f6n kis\u00fct\u00f6tt keny\u00e9rfigur\u00e1kkal (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), chocl\u00f3val, kukoric\u00e1s \u00e9dess\u00e9gekkel \u00e9s koka-levelekkel &#8211; egyar\u00e1nt a halottak tisztelete \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat a rosszul kezelt szellemek bossz\u00faj\u00e1val szemben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A supay\/Tio-konstell\u00e1ci\u00f3 a tudom\u00e1nyos irodalomban nagy figyelmet kapott, mert a <em>vall\u00e1sos inverzi\u00f3<\/em> jelens\u00e9g\u00e9nek paradigmatikus p\u00e9ld\u00e1j\u00e1t ny\u00fajtja: egy eredetileg rettegett alak a b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati gyakorlatban akt\u00edvan \u00e1polt kapcsolatt\u00e1 alakul, mivel a gazdas\u00e1gi t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9si helyzet a rosszal val\u00f3 instrument\u00e1lis k\u00f6zeled\u00e9st k\u00e9nyszer\u00edti ki.<\/p><p>Struktur\u00e1lisan p\u00e1rhuzamos jelens\u00e9gek tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k a mezoamerikai Tlazolteotl- \u00e9s Mictlantecuhtli-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span>, a nyugat-\u00e1zsiai Lilith-hagyom\u00e1nyban (amely egyar\u00e1nt lehet \u00e1rt\u00f3 \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151 szellem) \u00e9s az afrikai Eshu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span>. June Nash a bol\u00edviai Ti\u00f3t a <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) k\u00f6nyv\u00e9ben kifejezetten egy <em>munk\u00e1soszt\u00e1lyi teol\u00f3gia<\/em> p\u00e9ld\u00e1jak\u00e9nt \u00edrta le, amely marxista \u00e9s vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l egyar\u00e1nt olvashat\u00f3.<\/p><p>Az andoki t\u00e9rs\u00e9gre specifikus a Supay\/Tio-komplexum \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1sa a <a href=\"\/hu\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>-komplexummal. A bol\u00edviai b\u00e1ny\u00e1kban a Ti\u00f3t \u00e9s a Pachamam\u00e1t komplementer p\u00e1rk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtik: Tio a t\u00e1rna belsej\u00e9ben, Pachamama kinn a t\u00e1rna bej\u00e1rat\u00e1n\u00e1l. Ez a komplementarit\u00e1s megfelel az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos andoki <em>yanantin<\/em>-elvnek, a kett\u0151s p\u00e1rok elv\u00e9nek.<\/p><p>Fontos p\u00e1rhuzamot alkot a zsid\u00f3 <em>Lilith<\/em>-hagyom\u00e1ny, amely szint\u00e9n kett\u0151s arc\u00fa alakot k\u00e9pvisel: \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellem, de bizonyos k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt el\u00e9rhet\u0151 k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 is.<\/p><p>A jap\u00e1n <em>oni<\/em>-fogalom is rokon, mivel az oni-l\u00e9nyek erk\u00f6lcsileg szint\u00e9n nem egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en gonoszak, hanem ambivalensek. Ezek a struktur\u00e1lis p\u00e1rhuzamok azonban nem szabad, hogy tipol\u00f3giai egyenl\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9telhez vezessenek: az egyes hagyom\u00e1nyok t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti-kultur\u00e1lis saj\u00e1toss\u00e1ga meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 marad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jelenkori recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A bol\u00edviai b\u00e1ny\u00e1k Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> ma a vil\u00e1g egyik legjobban megfigyelt vall\u00e1si gyakorlat-komplexuma. June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) \u00e9s Tristan Platt francia b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati etnol\u00f3gus munk\u00e1i r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrt\u00e1k a kultusz folytonoss\u00e1gait \u00e9s v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sait a spanyol gyarmati kort\u00f3l napjainkig.<\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 a Supay kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6ggel val\u00f3 azonos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: egy kezdetben ink\u00e1bb \u00e1rny\u00e9kszer\u0171, erk\u00f6lcsileg ambivalens szellemkomplexum a spanyol misszi\u00f3s strat\u00e9gia r\u00e9v\u00e9n kiemelked\u0151 anti-istenn\u00e9 alakult, amely a b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati gyakorlatban paradox m\u00f3don ism\u00e9t egy reciprok <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozati<\/span> kapcsolat fogad\u00f3 figur\u00e1j\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p>Ez az ironikus fordulat a bennsz\u00fcl\u00f6tt kult\u00far\u00e1k koloni\u00e1lis k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti <em>vall\u00e1si kreativit\u00e1s\u00e1nak<\/em> klasszikus p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a Supay\/Tio fontos figyelmeztet\u00e9s marad azzal szemben, hogy az \u0151slakos \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemeket egyszer\u0171en a kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6ggel azonos\u00edts\u00e1k. A gyarmati provenienci\u00e1j\u00fa <em>diablo<\/em>-kateg\u00f3ria elfedi a supay-komplexum saj\u00e1tosan andoki erk\u00f6lcsi ambivalenci\u00e1j\u00e1t, \u00e9s tudom\u00e1nyos elemz\u00e9s sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra hasznavehetlenn\u00e9 teszi. Az iWell Guard-kontextus ezt a meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1st t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg t\u00e1rgyalja, hat\u00e1s\u00edg\u00e9ret n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.<\/p><p>A jelenlegi kutat\u00e1sok a Supay-komplexumot az \u0151slakos igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g-elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9sek k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9vel is \u00f6sszekapcsolj\u00e1k. Ahol a hagyom\u00e1nyos \u00e1llami igazs\u00e1gszolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1si appar\u00e1tus cs\u0151d\u00f6t mond, a supay-condenado-k\u00e9pzet a falvakban erk\u00f6lcsi kiegyenl\u00edt\u0151 mechanizmusk\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1l: aki b\u0171nt vett mag\u00e1ra, hal\u00e1l\u00e1ban v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 Supayk\u00e9nt t\u00e9r vissza, \u00e9s maga hajtja v\u00e9gre a b\u00fcntet\u00e9st.<\/p><p>A Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> ezen etikai dimenzi\u00f3j\u00e1t Allen, Bastien \u00e9s Salomon m\u0171veikben a kecsua-ajmara vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g <em>erk\u00f6lcsi \u00f6kol\u00f3gi\u00e1jak\u00e9nt<\/em> \u00edrt\u00e1k le.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az al\u00e1bbi v\u00e1logat\u00e1s a k\u00f6z\u00e9p-andoki supay\/Tio-hagyom\u00e1ny, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a bol\u00edviai b\u00e1ny\u00e1szati etnogr\u00e1fia szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 m\u0171veket sorolja fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay a prekolumbi\u00e1nus elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s \u00e9s a kereszt\u00e9ny \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>supay<\/em> kifejez\u00e9s azon szavak k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik, amelyek jelent\u00e9se a spanyol gyarmatos\u00edt\u00e1s r\u00e9v\u00e9n gy\u00f6keresen megv\u00e1ltozott.<\/p><p>A korai kecsua sz\u00f3t\u00e1rakban, \u00edgy Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s <em>Lexicon<\/em>\u00e1ban (1560) \u00e9s Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn sz\u00f3jegyz\u00e9k\u00e9ben (1608), a <em>supay<\/em> a halottak \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1g ter\u00fclet\u00e9vel \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellemre<\/span> vagy \u00e1rny\u00e9kl\u00e9nyre utal.<\/p><p>Egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171 negat\u00edv erk\u00f6lcsi \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s a prekolumbi\u00e1nus korra biztosan nem rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>A kereszt\u00e9ny misszion\u00e1riusok azonban k\u00f6vetkezetesen \u00f6rd\u00f6gnek \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szellemi l\u00e9ny, amelynek k\u00e1ros vagy k\u00e9tarc\u00fa hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9monnak<\/span> ford\u00edtott\u00e1k a <em>supay<\/em>-t. Ez\u00e1ltal egy sokjelent\u00e9s\u0171 andoki l\u00e9nyb\u0151l a kereszt\u00e9ny gonosz alakja lett. Ez az egyenl\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9tel m\u00e1r a Lim\u00e1i Harmadik Zsinat (1583-t\u00f3l) \u00e1ltal kiadott, kecsu\u00e1n \u00e9s ajmar\u00e1n terjesztett katekizmusokban is megjelenik.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s, k\u00f6zt\u00fck Sabine MacCormack \u00e9s Gerald Taylor munk\u00e1i, kimutatta, hogy a gyarmati sz\u00f6vegek ezzel egy olyan kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1t hoztak l\u00e9tre, amely kor\u00e1bban nem l\u00e9tezett ebben a form\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>A k\u00e9pet bonyol\u00edtja, hogy az andoki n\u00e9pess\u00e9g ezt az \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st r\u00e9szben elfogadta, r\u00e9szben megker\u00fclte. A f\u00f6ld alatti ter\u00fclet a k\u00e9pzetekben a gazdags\u00e1ggal \u00e9s a b\u00e1ny\u00e1kkal maradt kapcsolatban, \u00e9s \u00edgy a <em>supay<\/em> egyszersmind a b\u00e1ny\u00e1k ur\u00e1v\u00e1 is v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p>A <em>t\u00edo<\/em>, a f\u00f6ld alatti \u00far alakja, akinek a b\u00e1ny\u00e1szok Potos\u00edban \u00e9s m\u00e1s b\u00e1nyak\u00f6zpontokban mind a mai napig aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokat aj\u00e1nlanak fel, ebben a hagyom\u00e1ny-vonalban \u00e1ll.<\/p><p>Nem egyszer\u0171 kereszt\u00e9ny \u00f6rd\u00f6g, hanem egy l\u00e9ny, akivel szembe kell n\u00e9zni, mert \u0151 rendelkezik a hegy kincsei felett. Rokon ambivalenci\u00e1t mutat a <a href=\"\/hu\/pachamama\/\">Pachamam\u00e1<\/a>hoz val\u00f3 viszonyul\u00e1s, amelyet szint\u00e9n adom\u00e1nyok illetnek meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Diablada \u00e9s az \u00f6rd\u00f6g\u00f6k t\u00e1nca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supay-k\u00e9pzet egyik ma is \u00e9l\u0151 megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1si kontextusa a <em>Diablada<\/em>, az \u00f6rd\u00f6gt\u00e1nc, amely f\u0151k\u00e9nt a bol\u00edviai Oruro karnev\u00e1lj\u00e1val f\u00fcgg \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>Ezen az \u00fcnnepen, amelynek mai alapt\u00edpusa a 18. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta adatolt, t\u00e1nccsoportok vonulnak v\u00e9gig a v\u00e1roson d\u00edsz\u00edtett \u00f6rd\u00f6gmaszkokban. A maszkvisel\u0151k a <em>supay<\/em>-alakok sereg\u00e9t jelen\u00edtik meg, amelyet a v\u00e9g\u00e9n Mih\u00e1ly f\u0151angyal figur\u00e1ja szimbolikusan legy\u0151z.<\/p><p>A tudom\u00e1nyos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s a <em>Diablada<\/em>-ban k\u00e9t r\u00e9teg \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s\u00e1t l\u00e1tja. A k\u00fcls\u0151 forma a j\u00f3 gonosz feletti gy\u0151zelm\u00e9nek kereszt\u00e9ny s\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1t k\u00f6veti, ahogyan azt a spanyol misszi\u00f3s j\u00e1t\u00e9kok k\u00f6zvet\u00edtett\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Ugyanakkor a f\u00f6ld alatti vonatkoz\u00e1s megmarad: Oruro b\u00e1nyav\u00e1ros volt, \u00e9s a k\u00f6zponti zar\u00e1ndokhely, a Virgen del Socav\u00f3n &#8211; vagyis a t\u00e1rna Sz\u0171zanyja &#8211; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kis m\u00e9ret\u0171 szakr\u00e1lis \u0151rz\u0151hely vagy \u00e1h\u00edtathelysz\u00edn.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9lye<\/span> egy b\u00e1nyaj\u00e1rat bej\u00e1rat\u00e1n\u00e1l tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A t\u00e1ncot a Sz\u0171zany\u00e1nak mutatj\u00e1k be, de olyan helyen zajlik, amely a b\u00e1ny\u00e1k ur\u00e1nak ter\u00fclete.<\/p><p>Thomas Abercrombie \u00e9s m\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k r\u00e1mutattak, hogy a r\u00e9sztvev\u0151k maguk is k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151k\u00e9ppen \u00e9rtelmezik ezt a kett\u0151s jelent\u00e9st. Egyesek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a t\u00e1nc vezekl\u00e9si teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny, m\u00e1sok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9g a hegy ir\u00e1nt. Az UNESCO 2001-ben felvette az Oruro karnev\u00e1lj\u00e1t az immateri\u00e1lis kultur\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g list\u00e1j\u00e1ra, ami fokozott egys\u00e9ges\u00edt\u00e9st \u00e9s turisztikai c\u00e9l\u00fa \u00e9rt\u00e9kes\u00edt\u00e9st hozott mag\u00e1val.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s meg\u00e1llap\u00edtja, hogy a turisztikai fel\u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s r\u00e9szben r\u00e1rak\u00f3dik a ritu\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9sre, de nem sz\u00fcnteti meg azt teljesen. A <em>Diablada<\/em> \u00edgy j\u00f3l dokument\u00e1lt p\u00e9lda arra, hogyan \u00e9l tov\u00e1bb egy gyarmati korban \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmezett alak egy nyilv\u00e1nos \u00fcnnepen, \u00e9s vesz fel k\u00f6zben \u00faj jelent\u00e9seket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1si vita a fels\u0151 \u00e9s als\u00f3 vil\u00e1g kett\u0151ss\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az andinisztika egyik vitatott k\u00e9rd\u00e9se a <em>supay<\/em> viszony\u00e1t \u00e9rinti egy felt\u00e9telezett prekolumbi\u00e1nus vil\u00e1gmodellhez.<\/p><p>Egyes le\u00edr\u00e1sok az andoki kozmol\u00f3gi\u00e1t h\u00e1rom ter\u00fcletre osztj\u00e1k: egy fels\u0151 vil\u00e1gra, az \u00e9l\u0151k k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 vil\u00e1g\u00e1ra \u00e9s egy als\u00f3 vil\u00e1gra, amely a f\u00f6ld belsej\u00e9vel \u00e9s a halottakkal f\u00fcgg \u00f6ssze. Ebben a szeml\u00e9letben a <em>supay<\/em> az als\u00f3 vil\u00e1g lak\u00f3ja vagy ura.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s nem egys\u00e9ges abban, mennyire r\u00e9gi \u00e9s mennyire elterjedt volt val\u00f3j\u00e1ban ez a h\u00e1romr\u00e9teg\u0171 modell. Bruce Mannheim \u00e9s m\u00e1s kritikusok r\u00e1mutattak, hogy a forr\u00e1sok, amelyekb\u0151l rekonstru\u00e1lj\u00e1k, szinte mind gyarmati eredet\u0171ek, \u00e9s m\u00e1r tartalmazhatnak kereszt\u00e9ny elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9seket a mennyr\u0151l, a f\u00f6ldr\u0151l \u00e9s a pokolr\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Fenn\u00e1ll a vesz\u00e9lye, hogy egy kereszt\u00e9ny s\u00e9m\u00e1t vet\u00edtenek vissza a prekolumbi\u00e1nus korra, majd \u0151slakos saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gk\u00e9nt adj\u00e1k ki.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Huarochir\u00ed-k\u00e9ziratok k\u00f6r\u00e9 csoportosul\u00f3 munk\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n (ez egy kb. 1600 k\u00f6r\u00fcl kecsu\u00e1n lejegyzett helyi hagyom\u00e1nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny), m\u00e9gis l\u00e1tnak jeleket a f\u00f6ld alatti ter\u00fclet prekolumbi\u00e1nus jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9re vonatkoz\u00f3an, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy ez megfelelt volna a kereszt\u00e9ny pokol fogalm\u00e1nak. A <em>supay<\/em> teh\u00e1t eredetileg semleges vagy sokjelent\u00e9s\u0171 l\u00e9ny lehetett a halottak birodalm\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>A vita nem lez\u00e1rt, mivel ahhoz az alapvet\u0151 neh\u00e9zs\u00e9ghez kapcsol\u00f3dik, hogy a prekolumbi\u00e1nus andoki vall\u00e1st t\u00falnyom\u00f3r\u00e9szt gyarmati sz\u00f6vegekb\u0151l kell megismerni. A komoly bemutat\u00e1sb\u00f3l ebb\u0151l visszafogotts\u00e1g k\u00f6vetkezik: ami biztosnak tekinthet\u0151, az a gyarmati kori jelent\u00e9seltol\u00f3d\u00e1s, nem a pontos prekolumbi\u00e1nus lelet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (kb. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Supay az andoki vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netben <em>alvil\u00e1gi \u00fark\u00e9nt<\/em> \u00e9s egyszersmind <em>b\u00e1nyad\u00e9monk\u00e9nt<\/em> szerepel, akinek a potos\u00edi gyarmati ez\u00fcstb\u00e1ny\u00e1k b\u00e1ny\u00e1szai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> mutattak be, hogy elh\u00e1r\u00edtj\u00e1k a t\u00e1rnaoml\u00e1sokat \u00e9s a betegs\u00e9get.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, az <a href=\"\/hu\/andesi-kulturak\/\">Andok \/ Inka<\/a> \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s vil\u00e1gkult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlatra vonatkoz\u00f3 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supay, \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemek, alvil\u00e1gi \u00far \u00e9s b\u00e1nyad\u00e9mon az andoki fenns\u00edkon A Supay (kecsua supay, ajmara supaya) az andoki hagyom\u00e1nyban egyar\u00e1nt jel\u00f6l egy k\u00e1rt okoz\u00f3 szellemek oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1t \u00e9s egy konkr\u00e9t alvil\u00e1gi alakot. Bol\u00edvia b\u00e1nyavid\u00e9k\u00e9n a potos\u00ed \u00e9s orur\u00f3i ez\u00fcstb\u00e1ny\u00e1k t\u00e1rnai d\u00e9monj\u00e1v\u00e1, a Tio-v\u00e1 alakult \u00e1t. \u00c1rt\u00f3 szellemAndok \/ InkaAlvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9mon Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Besorol\u00e1s az andoki panteonban A [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay andoki \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay - Andoki alvil\u00e1gi \u00far \u00e9s \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellem","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A Supay az andoki hagyom\u00e1nyban \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemeket \u00e9s egy alvil\u00e1gi urat jel\u00f6l. 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