{"id":53513,"date":"2026-07-30T18:22:47","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T18:22:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/kachina-a-hopi-es-pueblo-nepek-szellemi-segitoi\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T18:23:14","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T18:23:14","slug":"kachina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/kachina\/","title":{"rendered":"Kachina &#8211; a hopi \u00e9s pueblo-n\u00e9pek szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151i"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53513\" class=\"elementor elementor-53513 elementor-2590\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kachina, szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151k, \u0151s-szellemek \u00e9s es\u0151hoz\u00f3k a pueblo-vall\u00e1sban<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina (hopi <em>katsina<\/em>, zuni <em>koko<\/em>, m\u00e1s pueblo-nyelveken saj\u00e1t neveken) a d\u00e9lnyugati \u00c9szak-Amerika pueblo-n\u00e9peinek szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151it jel\u00f6l\u0151 fogalom. A kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny mintegy 400 k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 egyedi l\u00e9nyt foglal mag\u00e1ban, amelyek mindegyik\u00e9nek saj\u00e1t feladata, ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis funkci\u00f3ja van.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Native American hagyom\u00e1ny szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151i.\">Szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/indian-istenek\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Native American hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Szelleml\u00e9ny-oszt\u00e1ly.\">Szelleml\u00e9ny-oszt\u00e1ly<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-kachina-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2700\" alt=\"Kachina - Geister aus der Native-american-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_native-american_kachina.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-kachina elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-kachina elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-kachina\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina mint <strong>\u0151s-szellemek<\/strong> \u00e9s <strong>es\u0151hoz\u00f3k<\/strong> k\u00f6zponti szerepet t\u00f6lt be a pueblo-vall\u00e1sban, \u00e9s az \u00e9l\u0151k szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151ik\u00e9nt jelennek meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-kachina elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-kachina elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-kachina\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pueblo-vall\u00e1sban a kachina alapvet\u0151 <strong>hopi szelleml\u00e9nynek<\/strong> sz\u00e1m\u00edt, amely az emberek, az \u0151s\u00f6k \u00e9s a kozmikus hatalmak k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kapcsolatot testes\u00edti meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s a pueblo-vall\u00e1sban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina a pueblo-vall\u00e1s egyik k\u00f6zponti l\u00e9nykateg\u00f3ri\u00e1ja. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a hopikn\u00e1l (Arizona) \u00e9s a zunikn\u00e1l (\u00daj-Mexik\u00f3) \u00e9l\u0151, magas szinten kidolgozott ritu\u00e1lis hagyom\u00e1nyban tisztelik \u0151ket; a t\u00f6bbi pueblo-n\u00e9p (Acoma, Laguna, tewa-puebl\u00f3k) saj\u00e1t, r\u00e9szben elt\u00e9r\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-l\u00e9nykateg\u00f3ri\u00e1kkal rendelkezik.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a kachina a <em>szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151k<\/em> t\u00e1gabb kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1j\u00e1ba tartozik: olyan l\u00e9nyek ezek, amelyek a legf\u0151bb teremt\u0151 elvek (l\u00e1sd <a href=\"\/hu\/spider-grandmother\/\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>) \u00e9s az emberek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00f6zvet\u00edtenek. Struktur\u00e1lisan hasonl\u00f3 jelens\u00e9g a jap\u00e1n <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A jap\u00e1n sint\u00f3ban tisztelt szellemi l\u00e9nyek \u00e9s isteni hatalmak.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span><\/em>, a tibeti-buddhista <em>yidam<\/em>, a katolikus szentek \u00e9s az afro-brazil orix\u00e1k int\u00e9zm\u00e9nye.<\/p><p>A kachina nem istenek a szigor\u00faan monoteista \u00e9rtelemben, hanem ink\u00e1bb numin\u00f3zus k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 l\u00e9nyek, amelyek a maszkos szertart\u00e1st\u00e1ncok idej\u00e9n ritu\u00e1lisan val\u00f3ban jelen vannak.<\/p><p>A kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny teol\u00f3giai l\u00e9nyege a <em>megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1s<\/em>-tan: amikor egy hopi f\u00e9rfi felveszi a kachina-maszkot \u00e9s a ritu\u00e1lis kontextusban t\u00e1ncol, nem <em>egy kachina szerep\u00e9t j\u00e1tssza<\/em>, hanem maga <em>a kachina<\/em> v\u00e1lik benne jelenval\u00f3v\u00e1.<\/p><p>Ezt a jelenl\u00e9t-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span> Emory Sekaquaptewa hopi teol\u00f3gus \u00e9s Barbara Tedlock hopi-kutat\u00f3 rendszeresen le\u00edrta m\u0171veiben.<\/p><p>Fontos teol\u00f3giai megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s a kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny szigor\u00fa nemi elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edt\u00e9se: a f\u00e9rfi hopi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1s<\/span> mag\u00e1ban foglalja a kachina-titkok ismeret\u00e9t (tudniillik hogy a maszkokat f\u00e9rfiak viselik); a n\u0151i hopi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1s<\/span> m\u00e1s, ugyanolyan titkos komplexumokat \u00e9rint (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a <a href=\"\/hu\/spider-grandmother\/\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>-hoz \u00e9s a n\u0151i titkos t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gokhoz f\u0171z\u0151d\u0151 kapcsolatot).<\/p><p>Ezt a nemileg tagolt vall\u00e1st a spanyol misszi\u00f3 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen nehezen tudta \u00e9rtelmezni, mivel a katolikus hagyom\u00e1nyban semmi hasonl\u00f3 strukt\u00fara nem l\u00e9tezett. A 17. sz\u00e1zadi spanyol misszion\u00e1riusok a pueblo-vall\u00e1st r\u00e9szben <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szellemi l\u00e9ny, amelynek k\u00e1ros vagy k\u00e9tarc\u00fa hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span>-im\u00e1datk\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9kelt\u00e9k, \u00e9s belecs\u00f6ppentek az 1680-as nagy pueblo-felkel\u00e9sbe, amelyet r\u00e9szben a kachina-vall\u00e1s spanyol \u00fcld\u00f6z\u00e9se v\u00e1ltott ki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A hopi <em>katsina<\/em> kifejez\u00e9s sz\u00f3 szerint <em>tiszteletteljes-szellemi-jelenl\u00e9t<\/em> vagy <em>szent tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s<\/em> jelent\u00e9ssel b\u00edr. Nyelvt\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg nem magyar\u00e1zhat\u00f3 egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en; egy val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171 etimol\u00f3gia a <em>ka-<\/em> t\u0151vel (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az istenihez tartoz\u00f3, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal a mindennapi haszn\u00e1latb\u00f3l kivont.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent<\/span>) \u00e9s a <em>tsina<\/em> sz\u00f3val (hely, jelenl\u00e9t) hozza \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe.<\/p><p>A n\u00e9pszer\u0171 angol <em>Kachina<\/em> \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3d, amely a 19. sz\u00e1zadban terjedt el a kachina-bab\u00e1k (a kachina kis fafigura-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sai) amerikai angolsz\u00e1sz gy\u0171jt\u0151i k\u00f6r\u00f6kben val\u00f3 n\u00e9pszer\u0171s\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9vel, a helyes hopi <em>katsina<\/em> \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3d egyszer\u0171s\u00edtett form\u00e1ja.<\/p><p>A Hopi T\u00f6rzsi Tan\u00e1cs az 1980-as \u00e9vek \u00f3ta t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is k\u00f6vetelte a helyes \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3dhoz val\u00f3 visszat\u00e9r\u00e9st; az akad\u00e9miai diskurzusban a <em>katsina<\/em> ma m\u00e1r az elfogadott standard \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3d.<\/p><p>A zunikn\u00e1l a megfelel\u0151 l\u00e9nykateg\u00f3ria neve <em>koko<\/em> vagy <em>kokko<\/em>; a zuni maszkos hagyom\u00e1ny szerkezetileg rokon a hopi hagyom\u00e1nnyal, de r\u00e9szleteiben \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3. A keresan puebl\u00f3kban a maszkos l\u00e9nyeket <em>shiwanna<\/em> n\u00e9vvel illetik, ami sz\u00f3 szerint <em>felh\u0151l\u00e9nyek<\/em> jelent\u00e9ssel b\u00edr, \u00e9s kiemeli a l\u00e9nykateg\u00f3ria saj\u00e1tos es\u0151hoz\u00f3 funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A kachina-oszt\u00e1lyok \u00e9s f\u0151bb alakok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A hopi hagyom\u00e1ny 250 \u00e9s 400 k\u00f6z\u00e9 teszi a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 kachina sz\u00e1m\u00e1t, a sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00e1st\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en. Ezeket t\u00f6bb f\u0151 oszt\u00e1lyba sorolj\u00e1k. A <em>Chief Kachina<\/em> a legfontosabb f\u0151alakok csoportja, k\u00f6zt\u00fck <em>Eototo<\/em> (a kachin\u00e1k vez\u00e9re, egyfajta legf\u0151bb kachina), <em>Aholi<\/em> (k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je), <em>Sotuknang<\/em> (teremt\u0151-kachina) \u00e9s <em>Massaw<\/em> (f\u00f6ld-\u00e9s-halottak kachina, aki a hopikat a Negyedik Vil\u00e1gba val\u00f3 bel\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00fckkor fogadta).<\/p><p>A m\u00e1sodik oszt\u00e1ly a <em>Mong Kachina<\/em>, m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1gteljes, id\u0151s k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151-l\u00e9nyek, amelyek a f\u0151szertart\u00e1sokon ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00e9s tan\u00edt\u00f3k\u00e9nt jelennek meg. A harmadik oszt\u00e1ly a <em>Wuya Kachina<\/em>, kl\u00e1n-specifikus kachina, amelyeket csak egy adott hopi kl\u00e1n tisztel.<\/p><p>A negyedik oszt\u00e1ly a <em>Whipper Kachina<\/em>, a b\u00fcntet\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-l\u00e9nyek (Hu, Wuwuyom, Tungwup), amelyek jukka-ostorral fegyelmezik a figyeletlen vagy tiszteletlen hopi gyerekeket.<\/p><p>Az \u00f6t\u00f6dik oszt\u00e1ly a <em>Clown Kachina<\/em>, a komikus, szatirikus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-l\u00e9nyek (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a <em>Koshare<\/em> \u00e9s a <em>Koyemshi<\/em>), amelyek a f\u0151szertart\u00e1sok sz\u00fcneteiben l\u00e9pnek fel, \u00e9s szatirikus aktusaikkal korrig\u00e1lj\u00e1k a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g t\u00e1rsadalmi viselked\u00e9s\u00e9t. Ezeknek a boh\u00f3coknak fontos pedag\u00f3giai-t\u00e1rsadalmi funkci\u00f3juk van, \u00e9s az etnol\u00f3giai irodalomban behat\u00f3 figyelmet kaptak.<\/p><p>Egy fontos kachina-oszt\u00e1ly, amely nem illeszkedik a f\u0151 rendszerez\u00e9sbe, a <em>Mudhead<\/em>-kachina (Koyemshi). \u0150k a jellegzetes g\u00f6mb fej\u0171 agyagmaszkot visel\u0151 \u00e9s felt\u0171n\u0151en aszimmetrikus viselet\u0171 boh\u00f3c-l\u00e9nyek. A Mudheadek a hopi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span> a hopi teremt\u00e9s kozmol\u00f3giai Els\u0151 Vil\u00e1g\u00e1t k\u00e9pviselik, \u00e9s kozmol\u00f3giai felel\u0151ss\u00e9get viselnek a vil\u00e1g fennmarad\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt.<\/p><p>Egyszerre komikusak \u00e9s komolyak, egy olyan paradoxon, amely teol\u00f3giai jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00fck l\u00e9nyege. Frank Cushing zuni munk\u00e1iban r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrta a Mudhead-hagyom\u00e1nyt, \u00e9s kiemelte paradox komoly-komikus m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina ritu\u00e1lis jelenl\u00e9te saj\u00e1tos maszkjukr\u00f3l \u00e9s viselet\u00fckr\u0151l ismerhet\u0151 fel. Minden kachin\u00e1nak saj\u00e1t, nagyon specifikus maszkja van, f\u00e1b\u00f3l, b\u0151rb\u0151l vagy sz\u00f6vetb\u0151l form\u00e1zva, tollakkal, hajjal, kagyl\u00f3d\u00edsz\u00edt\u00e9ssel \u00e9s sz\u00ednes fest\u00e9ssel. A maszk a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-jelenl\u00e9t megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1s\u00e1t szolg\u00e1lja, \u00e9ppen nem elrejt\u00e9st: aki felveszi a kachina-maszkot, kachin\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lik.<\/p><p>A maszkhoz teljes jelmez tartozik: viselet, b\u0151rd\u00edsz\u00edt\u00e9s, \u00e9kszer \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k. A hopi jelmezhagyom\u00e1ny er\u0151sen szabv\u00e1nyos\u00edtott: minden kachin\u00e1nak megvan a maga specifikus viselete, amelyet gener\u00e1ci\u00f3kon \u00e1t adnak tov\u00e1bb. A maszk \u00e9s a jelmez hopi \u00e9rtelemben nem \u00f6lt\u00f6zet, hanem a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-l\u00e9ny-identit\u00e1s anyagi megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1sa.<\/p><p>A <em>tihu<\/em>, a kachina-bab\u00e1k, kis faragott fafigur\u00e1k, amelyek az egyes kachina megjelen\u00e9s\u00e9t pontosan visszaadj\u00e1k, hagyom\u00e1nyosan a hopi l\u00e1nyoknak adt\u00e1k vall\u00e1si-pedag\u00f3giai taneszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt. Arra szolg\u00e1ltak, hogy az egyes kachin\u00e1t saj\u00e1tos tulajdons\u00e1gaikkal megismerj\u00e9k \u00e9s azonos\u00edts\u00e1k.<\/p><p>A 19. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta a tihu-bab\u00e1k n\u00e9pszer\u0171 gy\u0171jt\u0151i t\u00e1rggy\u00e1 v\u00e1ltak az amerikai m\u0171piacon, ami olyan kereskedelmi termel\u00e9shez vezetett, amely r\u00e9szben a hagyom\u00e1nyos vall\u00e1si kontextusokon k\u00edv\u00fcl zajlik. A Hopi Tribal Council az 1990-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta szigor\u00fa szab\u00e1lyokat fektetett le arra vonatkoz\u00f3an, hogy mely tihu-bab\u00e1k \u00e9rt\u00e9kes\u00edthet\u0151k, \u00e9s melyek tekintend\u0151k vall\u00e1sos-ritu\u00e1lis t\u00e1rgyaknak, amelyek nem adhat\u00f3k el.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai \u00e9s kozmol\u00f3giai funkci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachin\u00e1nak a hopi teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban saj\u00e1tos kozmol\u00f3giai funkci\u00f3ja van. Csak febru\u00e1r \u00e9s j\u00falius k\u00f6z\u00f6tt tart\u00f3zkodnak a Negyedik Vil\u00e1gban, vagyis abban a vil\u00e1gban, amelyben a hopik jelenleg \u00e9lnek. Az \u00e9v t\u00f6bbi r\u00e9sz\u00e9t a szent hegyeken t\u00f6ltik, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az Arizona \u00e1llambeli Flagstaff melletti San Francisco Peaks-hegys\u00e9gben. Ott tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 a szent Nuvatukyaovi-cs\u00facs (a H\u00f3f\u00f6dte Legmagasabb Hely).<\/p><p>Febru\u00e1rban a kachina visszat\u00e9r a hopi falvakba; ezt a <em>Soyalangwuul<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> jelzi a t\u00e9li napfordul\u00f3 idej\u00e9n, amely visszat\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00fck kezdet\u00e9t jel\u00f6li.<\/p><p>Az ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151 hat h\u00f3napban k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 ritu\u00e1lis t\u00e1ncokat tartanak a hopi falvakban a mes\u00e1kon (Walpi, Sichomovi, Hano, Shongopovi, Bacavi, Hotevilla, Oraibi, Mishongnovi), amelyek mindegyike egy-egy saj\u00e1tos funkci\u00f3nak van szentelve: es\u0151hoz\u00e1s, term\u00e9sbizos\u00edt\u00e1s, betegs\u00e9g\u0171z\u00e9s, gyermek-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1s<\/span>.<\/p><p>A kachina-\u00e9v cs\u00facspontja a <em>Niman Kachina<\/em>, a hazat\u00e9r\u00e9si t\u00e1nc-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> j\u00faliusban, amelyen a kachina elhagyja a hopi falvakat \u00e9s visszat\u00e9r a hegyekbe. Ezt a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1st<\/span> b\u0151s\u00e9ges aj\u00e1nd\u00e9koz\u00e1s k\u00eds\u00e9ri: a visszat\u00e9r\u0151 kachin\u00e1k tihu-bab\u00e1kat, friss kukoricacs\u00f6veket, g\u00f6r\u00f6gdinny\u00e9ket \u00e9s kisebb aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokat osztanak sz\u00e9t a hopi gyerekek \u00e9s n\u0151k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, miel\u0151tt v\u00e9glegesen elmennek.<\/p><p>A Niman-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> nem hopiaknak csak a legritk\u00e1bb esetben hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151; a Hopi Tribal Council az 1990-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta er\u0151sen korl\u00e1tozta a hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9st a kultur\u00e1lis hiteless\u00e9g meg\u00f3v\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>Egy m\u00e1sik fontos kachina-esem\u00e9ny a febru\u00e1ri <em>Powamuya<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span>, amelyet <em>Bean Dance<\/em>-nek is neveznek. Ez a t\u00e9l k\u00f6zepi f\u0151\u00fcnnepet jel\u00f6li, \u00e9s tizenhat napos ritu\u00e1lis sorozatot foglal mag\u00e1ban sz\u00e1mos kachina-megjelen\u00e9ssel.<\/p><p>A kiv\u00e1kban (f\u00f6ldalatti szertart\u00e1si kamr\u00e1kban) a hopi f\u00e9rfiak e <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> alatt szimbolikus babvet\u00e9seket cs\u00edr\u00e1ztatnak a ny\u00e1ri meleget szimul\u00e1l\u00f3 k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt; a n\u00f6vekv\u0151 babn\u00f6v\u00e9nyeket az utols\u00f3 napon processzion\u00e1lis form\u00e1ban hozz\u00e1k ki a kiv\u00e1kb\u00f3l, \u00e9s a hopi gyerekek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt osztj\u00e1k sz\u00e9t a val\u00f3di ny\u00e1r el\u0151jelek\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Ezt a szimbolikus ny\u00e1r-szimul\u00e1ci\u00f3t Jesse Walter Fewkes klasszikus hopi-tanulm\u00e1nyaiban rendszeresen le\u00edrta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat \u00e9s apotropaikus hat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachin\u00e1nak a hopi hagyom\u00e1nyban sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 v\u00e9d\u0151 funkci\u00f3ja van. Megv\u00e9dik a falvakat a \u00e1rt\u00f3 szellemekt\u0151l, biztos\u00edtj\u00e1k a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gi termel\u00e9st (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az es\u0151hoz\u00e1s r\u00e9v\u00e9n), \u00e9s k\u00f6zvet\u00edtenek a hopi \u0151s\u00f6k \u00e9s az \u00e9l\u0151k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>Konkr\u00e9t v\u00e9delmi gyakorlatok k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik tihu-bab\u00e1k fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa az ajt\u00f3szem\u00f6ld\u00f6k f\u00f6l\u00e9 vagy a gyermek\u00e1gyakba, egyes kachina-maszkok kis fa-replik\u00e1inak lak\u00f3szob\u00e1kban val\u00f3 elhelyez\u00e9se, valamint meghat\u00e1rozott kachina ritu\u00e1lis megsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1sa saj\u00e1tos sz\u00fcks\u00e9ghelyzetekben (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Eototo asz\u00e1ly idej\u00e9n, Massaw csal\u00e1dban bek\u00f6vetkez\u0151 hal\u00e1l eset\u00e9n, Hu gyermeki v\u00e9ts\u00e9gek eset\u00e9n).<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fontos v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlatot alkot a hopi gyermekek serd\u00fcl\u0151kori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1sa<\/span>. K\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl nyolc\u00e9ves korukban a gyerekeket el\u0151sz\u00f6r avatj\u00e1k be a kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny m\u00e9lyebb ismereteibe.<\/p><p>Enn\u00e9l a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1sn\u00e1l<\/span>, amelyhez ritu\u00e1lis jukka-ostoroz\u00e1si hierarchia kapcsol\u00f3dik, amelyben a Whipper-kachina szimbolikusan vezeti a gyerekeket a t\u00e1rsadalmi tanul\u00e1s folyamat\u00e1n, a gyerekek megtudj\u00e1k, hogy a kachina-maszkj\u00e1t\u00e9kot emberi f\u00e9rfiak viselik, de egy\u00fattal azt is, hogy a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-jelenl\u00e9t val\u00f3s\u00e1gos.<\/p><p>Ez a paradox k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9s, a f\u00e9rfiass\u00e1g \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-jelenl\u00e9t egyidej\u0171s\u00e9ge, a hopi vall\u00e1s alaptitka, amelyet az etnol\u00f3giai diskurzusban a magasan kifinomult vall\u00e1sb\u00f6lcseleti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> p\u00e9ld\u00e1jak\u00e9nt emelnek ki.<\/p><p>Saj\u00e1tos v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlatot alkot a <em>tihu-eltemet\u00e9s<\/em>. Ha egy tihu-bab\u00e1t vall\u00e1sos-ritu\u00e1lis t\u00e1rgyk\u00e9nt haszn\u00e1ltak, \u00e9s m\u00e1r nem veszik akt\u00edvan ig\u00e9nybe, nem dobj\u00e1k el \u00e9s nem adj\u00e1k el. Ehelyett egy kis, \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 temet\u00e9si <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> keret\u00e9ben egy sziklahasad\u00e9kba vagy hegyreped\u00e9sbe helyezik el.<\/p><p>Ez a gyakorlat azt a teol\u00f3giai felfog\u00e1st t\u00fckr\u00f6zi, hogy a tihu-baba maga is tartalmaz egy kis numin\u00f3zus jelenl\u00e9tet, amelyet tisztelettel kell kezelni. Ritu\u00e1lis t\u00e1rgyak hasonl\u00f3 eltemet\u00e9si gyakorlata sok pueblo-hagyom\u00e1nyban elterjedt, \u00e9s alapvet\u0151en k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik a vall\u00e1si tartalm\u00fa t\u00e1rgyak prof\u00e1n kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t\u0151l a nyugati-szekul\u00e1ris kult\u00far\u00e1ban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina-maszkos hagyom\u00e1ny az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyban<\/span> nagy figyelmet kapott. Struktur\u00e1lisan hasonl\u00f3 jelens\u00e9g a jap\u00e1n <em>noh<\/em>&#8211; \u00e9s <em>kagura<\/em>-maszksz\u00ednh\u00e1z, az afrikai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ritu\u00e1lis \u00e1tmenet, amelynek r\u00e9v\u00e9n valaki \u00faj st\u00e1tusba ker\u00fcl vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gbe fogadj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">beavat\u00e1si<\/span> maszkos hagyom\u00e1nyok (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen Nyugat- \u00e9s K\u00f6z\u00e9p-Afrik\u00e1ban), a maja \u00e9s azt\u00e9k maszkos hagyom\u00e1ny, valamint a tibeti-buddhista <em>Cham<\/em>-t\u00e1nchagyom\u00e1ny.<\/p><p>Mindezekben az esetekben egy saj\u00e1tos teol\u00f3giai konstrukci\u00f3r\u00f3l van sz\u00f3: a maszk megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1s, nem elrejt\u00e9s; a maskhordoz\u00f3 maga a megnyilv\u00e1nult l\u00e9ny, nem sz\u00edn\u00e9sz. Ez a megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> vall\u00e1sfiloz\u00f3fiailag \u00f6sszetett, \u00e9s az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 kutat\u00e1sban <em>incarnational <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekm\u00e9nyek szab\u00e1lyozott sora, vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span><\/em>-jelens\u00e9gk\u00e9nt \u00edrj\u00e1k le.<\/p><p>Az \u00e9szak-amerikai indi\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1nyokon bel\u00fcl a kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny szoros p\u00e1rhuzamot mutat az \u00e9szaknyugati-parti maszkost\u00e1nc-hagyom\u00e1nyokkal (kwakwaka&#8217;wakw, tlingit, tsimshian), valamint a navah\u00f3k pueblo-rokon Yei-bi-chai-hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1val. A pueblo-kachina \u00e9s a navah\u00f3 Yei vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giailag nem azonosak, de struktur\u00e1lisan rokonok; a navah\u00f3k Yei-hagyom\u00e1nyukat val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a 16-17. sz\u00e1zadi pueblo-kapcsolatokb\u00f3l vett\u00e9k \u00e1t \u00e9s fejlesztett\u00e9k tov\u00e1bb.<\/p><p>Tov\u00e1bbi relev\u00e1ns p\u00e1rhuzamot mutat az \u00f3g\u00f6r\u00f6g eleusziszi miszt\u00e9rium-hagyom\u00e1ny, amelyben szint\u00e9n maszkos megjelen\u00e9sek \u00e9s D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9r\/Perszephon\u00e9 istenn\u0151 misztainiti\u00e1ltak \u00e1ltali megtestes\u00edt\u00e9se volt a k\u00f6zponti teol\u00f3giai elem.<\/p><p>A hopi kachina-r\u00edtusok \u00e9s az eleusziszi miszt\u00e9riumok struktur\u00e1lis egyez\u00e9seit az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyban<\/span> Walter Burkert \u00f3ta t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r megfigyelt\u00e9k, azonban t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kapcsolat felt\u00e9telez\u00e9se n\u00e9lk\u00fcl: konvergens fejlem\u00e9nyekr\u0151l van sz\u00f3, amelyek hasonl\u00f3 szociokultur\u00e1lis felt\u00e9telek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, agr\u00e1r-kalend\u00e1ris alap\u00fa vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g keret\u00e9ben j\u00f6ttek l\u00e9tre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny ma az amerikai indi\u00e1nok egyik legel\u0151bb \u00e9s legt\u00f6retlen vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1nya. A hopi vall\u00e1st a Hopi-mes\u00e1kon \u00e9s a zuni vall\u00e1st a Zuni-puebl\u00f3ban olyan form\u00e1ban gyakorolj\u00e1k, amelyet a spanyol misszi\u00f3 (16-17. sz\u00e1zad) \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi amerikai gyarmatos\u00edt\u00e1s csak perif\u00e9ri\u00e1lisan befoly\u00e1solt.<\/p><p>Az akad\u00e9miai kutat\u00e1sban Jesse Walter Fewkes, Frank Cushing, Elsie Clews Parsons, Alfonso Ortiz, Emory Sekaquaptewa hopi teol\u00f3gus \u00e9s a kort\u00e1rs hopi-kutat\u00f3 Wendy Rose rendszeresen le\u00edrta a kachina-hagyom\u00e1nyt. Harold Colton klasszikus kachina-list\u00e1ja (<em>Hopi Kachina Dolls<\/em>, 1959) fontos azonos\u00edt\u00e1si referencia marad, de a hopi oldalr\u00f3l nem teljesen pontosk\u00e9nt b\u00edr\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny paradigmatikus p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja egy tagolt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonnal<\/span>, kifinomult <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1val<\/span> \u00e9s folyamatos ritu\u00e1lis jelenl\u00e9ttel rendelkez\u0151 magas szint\u0171 \u0151shonos vall\u00e1snak.<\/p><p>Az a t\u00e9ny, hogy egy mintegy 400 k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-l\u00e9nyt tartalmaz\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadokon \u00e1t \u00edr\u00e1sbelis\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl, kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag sz\u00f3beli hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis jelenl\u00e9t r\u00e9v\u00e9n volt tov\u00e1bb\u00edthat\u00f3, a vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3gia egyik legimpoz\u00e1nsabb lelete. Az iWell Guard pueblo-hagyom\u00e1nyhoz val\u00f3 kapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1sa ezeket a leleteket vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg \u00edrja le, hat\u00e1s\u00edg\u00e9ret vagy spiritu\u00e1lis aj\u00e1nl\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.<\/p><p>Fontos \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet alkot a tihu-bab\u00e1k hiteless\u00e9g\u00e9nek k\u00e9rd\u00e9se. Mivel a tihu-bab\u00e1k a 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9ge \u00f3ta \u00e9rt\u00e9kes gy\u0171jt\u0151i t\u00e1rggy\u00e1 fejl\u0151dtek, egyre n\u00f6vekv\u0151 ipar termeli a nem hopiakt\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 tihu-ut\u00e1nzatokat, amelyeket Arizona \u00e9s \u00daj-Mexik\u00f3 turisztikai boltjaiban \u00e1rulnak.<\/p><p>A Hopi Tribal Council 1992-ben l\u00e9trehozta a <em>Hopi Cultural Preservation Office<\/em>-t, amelynek feladata t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a tihu-bab\u00e1k nem megfelel\u0151 reprodukci\u00f3ja ellen fell\u00e9pni \u00e9s a hopi k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szet kultur\u00e1lis hiteless\u00e9g\u00e9t meg\u00f3vni. Ezek az er\u0151fesz\u00edt\u00e9sek az \u0151shonos kultur\u00e1lis jogokr\u00f3l \u00e9s az \u0151shonos k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gek szellemi tulajdon\u00e1r\u00f3l folytatott t\u00e1gabb vit\u00e1ba \u00e1gyaz\u00f3dnak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az al\u00e1bbi v\u00e1logat\u00e1s a pueblo-vall\u00e1s \u00e9s a kachina-kutat\u00e1s alapvet\u0151 m\u0171veit sorolja fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e01066a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e01066a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d32287a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d32287a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A kachina ciklusa a hopik \u00e9ves menetrendj\u00e9ben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22046723 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22046723\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a86932a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2a86932a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az \u00e9szak-amerikai d\u00e9lnyugat hopijai \u00e9s zunijai k\u00f6r\u00e9ben a <em>katsina<\/em> n\u00e9vvel jel\u00f6lt l\u00e9nyek, az angol nyelv\u0171 irodalomban t\u00f6bbnyire Kachina \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3ddal, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett \u00e9ves ciklushoz k\u00f6t\u00f6ttek.<\/p><p>A hagyom\u00e1nyos felfog\u00e1s szerint a <em>katsina<\/em> az \u00e9v egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t az emberek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt t\u00f6ltik, a t\u00f6bbit pedig egy t\u00e1voli helyen, amelyet a hopikn\u00e1l a San Francisco Peaks-szel azonos\u00edtanak. \u00c9rkez\u00e9s\u00fck \u00e9s t\u00e1voz\u00e1suk tagolja a szertart\u00e1si \u00e9vet.<\/p><p>Jelenl\u00e9t\u00fck idej\u00e9n a <em>katsina<\/em> nyilv\u00e1nos szertart\u00e1sokon l\u00e9p fel, amelyeken a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g f\u00e9rfiai megfelel\u0151 viseletben \u00e9s maszkban jelen\u00edtik meg \u0151ket.<\/p><p>Ezeket a fell\u00e9p\u00e9seket nem puszta \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1snak tekintik; a hopi felfog\u00e1s szerint a viselet hordoz\u00f3ja a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1s<\/span> alatt saj\u00e1tos m\u00f3don kapcsol\u00f3dik a l\u00e9nyhez. A <em>katsina<\/em> es\u0151vel, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9ggel \u00e9s a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g j\u00f3l\u00e9t\u00e9vel hozhat\u00f3 \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe, ami a d\u00e9lnyugat sz\u00e1raz fenns\u00edkj\u00e1n egzisztenci\u00e1lis jelent\u0151s\u00e9ggel b\u00edr.<\/p><p>Az etnogr\u00e1fiai dokument\u00e1ci\u00f3 kiterjedt, de a hopi k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g kritikusan tekint r\u00e1. Jesse Walter Fewkes 1900 k\u00f6r\u00fcl sz\u00e1mos le\u00edr\u00e1st \u00e9s \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1st k\u00e9sz\u00edtett, \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb m\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k is dokument\u00e1lt\u00e1k a komplexumot.<\/p><p>A hopi t\u00f6rzsvezet\u00e9s t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is tiltakozott a szertart\u00e1sok k\u00e9peinek \u00e9s r\u00e9szleteinek k\u00f6zz\u00e9t\u00e9tele ellen, \u00e9s ezeknek a tud\u00e1snak jelent\u0151s r\u00e9sz\u00e9t nem a nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1gnak sz\u00e1nja. A seri\u00f3zus bemutat\u00e1s tiszteletben tartja ezt az \u00e1ll\u00e1spontot, \u00e9s az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nosan ismert keretekre korl\u00e1toz\u00f3dik, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy ritu\u00e1lis r\u00e9szleteket t\u00e1rna fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e72b70c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2e72b70c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22328f2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22328f2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A tihu, a kachina-figur\u00e1k: taneszk\u00f6z \u00e9s m\u0171piac k\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b7d8f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b7d8f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ed1cf92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ed1cf92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>katsina<\/em>-val szorosan \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3dnak a faragott figur\u00e1k, amelyeket a hopiban <em>tihu<\/em>-nak neveznek. Ezek az egyes <em>katsina<\/em> megjelen\u00edt\u00e9sei, \u00e9s hagyom\u00e1nyosan els\u0151sorban gyermekeknek, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen l\u00e1nyoknak adt\u00e1k \u0151ket.<\/p><p>Funkci\u00f3juk az volt, hogy megismertess\u00e9k a sokf\u00e9le l\u00e9nyt; ink\u00e1bb taneszk\u00f6z\u00f6k teh\u00e1t, mint j\u00e1t\u00e9kok, a vall\u00e1si nevel\u00e9s r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>A 20. sz\u00e1zad folyam\u00e1n ezekb\u0151l a figur\u00e1kb\u00f3l jelent\u0151s m\u0171piac alakult ki. M\u00e1r a 20. sz\u00e1zad eleji gy\u0171jt\u0151k is szereztek <em>tihu<\/em>-t, \u00e9s a k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 \u00e9vtizedekt\u0151l egyre t\u00f6bb olyan figur\u00e1t faragtak, amelyeket kifejezetten elad\u00e1sra sz\u00e1ntak.<\/p><p>Ezek a piaci darabok anyagukban, kidolgozotts\u00e1gukban \u00e9s p\u00f3zukban gyakran k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6znek a r\u00e9gebbi, k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gi haszn\u00e1latra sz\u00e1nt figur\u00e1kt\u00f3l. A kutat\u00e1s fesz\u00fclts\u00e9get r\u00f6gz\u00edt a figur\u00e1k vall\u00e1si eredete \u00e9s gy\u0171jt\u0151t\u00e1rgy-szerep\u00fck k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>A hopi k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g maga is k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tesz a szertart\u00e1sokhoz kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 figur\u00e1k \u00e9s az elad\u00e1sra k\u00e9sz\u00edtett darabok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Az el\u0151bbiek nem tekinthet\u0151k forgalomk\u00e9pesnek. A m\u00faltban vit\u00e1k kerekedtek olyan \u00e1rver\u00e9sek k\u00f6r\u00fcl, amelyeken a hopik \u00e1ltal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9ny r\u00e9v\u00e9n a szentnek \u00e1tadott, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal a h\u00e9tk\u00f6znapib\u00f3l kiemelked\u0151.\" tabindex=\"0\">szentnek<\/span> \u00e9s eladhatatlannak tartott t\u00e1rgyakat k\u00edn\u00e1ltak fel, k\u00f6zt\u00fck m\u00e1s ritu\u00e1lis eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket is.<\/p><p>Ezek a konfliktusok alapvet\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket \u00e9rintenek a kultur\u00e1lis javak v\u00e9delm\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s az \u0151shonos vall\u00e1si tulajdon kezel\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l. A <em>katsina<\/em> bemutat\u00e1sa szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l az a fontos, hogy ezek a l\u00e9nyek az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sen \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szab\u00e1lyok szerint lezajl\u00f3 cselekm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">szertart\u00e1son<\/span> t\u00fal anyagi \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9gben is megragadhat\u00f3k, amelynek st\u00e1tusa mind a mai napig vitatott.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jesse Walter Fewkes: <em>Hopi Katcinas<\/em> (1903)<\/li><li>Harold Colton: <em>Hopi Kachina Dolls<\/em> (1959)<\/li><li>Elsie Clews Parsons: <em>Pueblo Indian Religion<\/em> (1939)<\/li><li>Frank Cushing: <em>Zuni Folk Tales<\/em> (1901)<\/li><li>Emory Sekaquaptewa: <em>Hopi Voices<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Barbara Tedlock: <em>The Beautiful and the Dangerous<\/em> (1992)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-kachina e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-kachina\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-kachina-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-kachina-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A pueblo-vall\u00e1s kachin\u00e1i saj\u00e1tos m\u00f3don kapcsolj\u00e1k \u00f6ssze az \u00e9l\u0151k \u00e9s az <em>\u0151s\u00f6k<\/em> szf\u00e9r\u00e1j\u00e1t: az elhunytaknak olyan szellemalakjaik\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon \u0151ket, amelyek felh\u0151kk\u00e9nt, es\u0151hoz\u00f3kk\u00e9nt \u00e9s seg\u00edt\u0151kk\u00e9nt t\u00e9rnek vissza a falvakba. A hopi \u00e9s zuni szertart\u00e1sokon maszkos t\u00e1ncosok r\u00e9v\u00e9n jelennek meg, mik\u00f6zben a faragott tihu-figur\u00e1k szeml\u00e9ltetik l\u00e9nyeg\u00fcket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Kachina Katsina Koko Hopi Zuni Pueblo Soyalangwuul Niman Tihu Eototo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-kachina\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, a <a href=\"\/hu\/indian-istenek\/\">Native American<\/a> \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s vil\u00e1gi kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-kachina-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-kachina-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kachina, szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151k, \u0151s-szellemek \u00e9s es\u0151hoz\u00f3k a pueblo-vall\u00e1sban A kachina (hopi katsina, zuni koko, m\u00e1s pueblo-nyelveken saj\u00e1t neveken) a d\u00e9lnyugati \u00c9szak-Amerika pueblo-n\u00e9peinek szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151it jel\u00f6l\u0151 fogalom. A kachina-hagyom\u00e1ny mintegy 400 k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 egyedi l\u00e9nyt foglal mag\u00e1ban, amelyek mindegyik\u00e9nek saj\u00e1t feladata, ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis funkci\u00f3ja van. Szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151Native AmericanSzelleml\u00e9ny-oszt\u00e1ly Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k A kachina mint \u0151s-szellemek \u00e9s es\u0151hoz\u00f3k k\u00f6zponti [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2700,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kachina Hopi Pueblo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kachina - Hopi szelleml\u00e9nyek \u00e9s pueblo-vall\u00e1s","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A kachina, a hopi \u00e9s pueblo-n\u00e9pek szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151i, mintegy 400 k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 l\u00e9nyb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 panteont alkotnak. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos besorol\u00e1s.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"native-american","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-53513","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kachina - Hopi szelleml\u00e9nyek \u00e9s pueblo-vall\u00e1s<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A kachina, a hopi \u00e9s pueblo-n\u00e9pek szellemi seg\u00edt\u0151i, mintegy 400 k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 l\u00e9nyb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 panteont alkotnak. 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