{"id":53328,"date":"2026-07-30T16:31:32","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T16:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tengri-a-tengrianistak-egi-istene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T16:31:58","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T16:31:58","slug":"tengri","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/tengri\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri &#8211; a tengrianist\u00e1k \u00e9gi istene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53328\" class=\"elementor elementor-53328 elementor-2634\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, a t\u00fcrk\u00f6k, mongolok \u00e9s szib\u00e9riai sztyeppei n\u00e9pek \u00e9gi istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri az eur\u00e1zsiai sztyeppei tengrianizmus k\u00f6zponti f\u0151istens\u00e9ge. Az \u00f6r\u00f6k k\u00e9k \u00e9gk\u00e9nt (mongolul <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>) egyszerre testes\u00edti meg a rendet, a jogot \u00e9s a hatalmat, \u00e9s azt a h\u00e1tteret alkotja, amelyre hivatkozva s\u00e1m\u00e1nok, k\u00e1nok \u00e9s t\u00f6rzsi v\u00e9nek politikailag \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9si rendhez tartoz\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lisan<\/span> legitim\u00e1lj\u00e1k magukat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrianizmus hagyom\u00e1ny teremt\u0151je.\">Teremt\u0151<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/sziberiai-samanizmus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrianizmus hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrianizmus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u0151istens\u00e9g.\">F\u0151istens\u00e9g<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2857\" alt=\"Tengri - G\u00f6tter aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s \u00e9s r\u00f6vid profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri egy kiterjedt vall\u00e1si komplexum legmagasabb rang\u00fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9ge<\/span>, amely a Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3li\u00e1t\u00f3l a k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai sztyepp\u00e9ken \u00e1t D\u00e9l-Szib\u00e9ri\u00e1ig terjed, \u00e9s amelyet a kutat\u00e1sban <strong>tengrianizmusnak<\/strong> neveznek.<\/p><p>A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi fogalom viszonylag \u00fajkelet\u0171, a 19-20. sz\u00e1zadi tudom\u00e1nyos konstrukci\u00f3, \u00e1m az alapjelens\u00e9g, egy szem\u00e9lytelen, m\u00e9rhetetlen \u00e9gbolt legf\u0151bb hatalomk\u00e9nt val\u00f3 tisztelete, a t\u00fcrk\u00f6kn\u00e9l (k\u00f6kt\u00fcrk\u00f6kn\u00e9l), a hsziungnukn\u00e1l, Dzsingisz k\u00e1n mongolain\u00e1l \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos szib\u00e9riai n\u00e9pn\u00e9l, \u00edgy a jakutokn\u00e1l, burj\u00e1tokn\u00e1l \u00e9s alt\u00e1jiakn\u00e1l, folyamatosan adatolhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>Tengri nem antropomorf isten, \u00e9s nem szesz\u00e9lyes id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s-csin\u00e1l\u00f3; ink\u00e1bb egybeesik a l\u00e1that\u00f3 \u00e9s l\u00e1thatatlan \u00e9ggel.<\/p><p>Az \u00fajabb etnogr\u00e1fiai forr\u00e1sokban egy t\u00f6bbr\u00e9teg\u0171 panteon egyik elemek\u00e9nt t\u0171nik fel, amelyben <a href=\"\/hu\/ulgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> mint fels\u0151 \u00e9gi lak\u00f3 \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/erlik-khan\/\">Erlik k\u00e1n<\/a> mint az alvil\u00e1g ura is megjelenik. Az eg\u00e9sz komplexum annak r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezi, amit a kutat\u00e1s <a href=\"\/hu\/sziberiai-samanizmus\/\">szib\u00e9riai-tengri\u00e1nus vall\u00e1sk\u00e9nt<\/a> foglal \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>A Tengri n\u00e9v a hsziungnukr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 legkor\u00e1bbi k\u00ednai tud\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sok \u00f3ta adatolhat\u00f3 (Kr. e. 3. sz.), ahol a sz\u00f3t <em>cheng-li<\/em> alakban adj\u00e1k vissza.<\/p><p>Ez a korai adatol\u00e1s Tengrit Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsia egyik legr\u00e9gebben vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg megfoghat\u00f3 f\u0151istens\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9 teszi, \u00e9s a kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletnek egy t\u00f6bb mint k\u00e9tezer \u00e9ves folyamatos adatol\u00e1ssal rendelkez\u0151 ritka szil\u00e1rd pontot ny\u00fajt. A vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netben ritk\u00e1n fordul el\u0151, hogy egy fogalom ilyen hossz\u00fa id\u0151szakon \u00e1t megszak\u00edt\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl nyomon k\u00f6vethet\u0151.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>Tengri<\/em> n\u00e9v szinte valamennyi altaji nyelv\u0171 r\u00e9tegben fennmaradt: \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00fcl <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongolul <em>tngri<\/em>, ill. <em>tenger<\/em>, jakutul <em>tangara<\/em>, csuvasul <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. Az etimol\u00f3gia vitatott; a turkol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban elterjedt egyik levezet\u00e9s a sz\u00f3t egy \u201emagas, t\u00e1g, ragyog\u00f3&#8221; jelent\u00e9s\u0171 altajiz\u00e1lt gy\u00f6kkel hozza \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson az <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9ben azt a t\u00e9zist \u00e1ll\u00edtja fel, hogy a sz\u00f3 eredetileg \u201et\u00e1g, m\u00e9rhetetlen t\u00e9r&#8221; jelent\u00e9s\u0171 volt, \u00e9s csak a vall\u00e1si haszn\u00e1latban s\u0171r\u0171s\u00f6d\u00f6tt f\u0151istens\u00e9g-jel\u00f6l\u00e9ss\u00e9.<\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, hogy a sz\u00f3 sok nyelvben kett\u0151s jelent\u00e9st hordoz: <em>\u00e9g<\/em> \u00e9s <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span><\/em>, ami a nyelvileg \u00f6sszeolvadt numinozit\u00e1s klasszikus esete, amelyet a vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3gia a <em>dyaus<\/em> (v\u00e9dikus) vagy a <em>Zeusz<\/em> kapcs\u00e1n is le\u00edr.<\/p><p>Ezt az \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1st Gerardus van der Leeuw \u201ea numinozit\u00e1s kvintesszenci\u00e1jak\u00e9nt&#8221; fogja fel, \u00e9s sok indoeur\u00f3pai, ill. altaji f\u0151istens\u00e9g jellemz\u0151je. Tengrit alapvet\u0151en megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi szem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett istenekt\u0151l, mint pl. <a href=\"\/hu\/khormusta\/\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>A k\u00f6kt\u00fcrk orchoni \u00e9s jenyiszeji feliratok (8. sz.) a <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengri<\/em>, vagyis \u201ea k\u00f6kt\u00fcrk \u00e9gi&#8221; kifejez\u00e9ssel \u00e9lnek, \u00e9s a <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u201eaz \u00e9g parancsa&#8221; formul\u00e1t alkalmazz\u00e1k. Mongolul k\u00e9s\u0151bb a <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u201e\u00f6r\u00f6k k\u00e9k \u00e9g&#8221; nevezetes fordulata jelenik meg a nagykh\u00e1nok okleveleiben.<\/p><p>A 19. sz\u00e1zadi c\u00e1ri etnogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ban Wilhelm Radloff \u00e9s m\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k \u201ea t\u00fcrk\u00f6k f\u0151istenek\u00e9nt&#8221; honos\u00edtj\u00e1k meg Tengrit a tudom\u00e1nyos irodalomban; Jean-Paul Roux \u00e9s m\u00e1sok a fogalom bels\u0151 differenci\u00e1it dolgozt\u00e1k ki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri sohasem fejlesztett ki \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t. A Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsia szem\u00e9lyesen felfogott istens\u00e9geit\u0151l (pl. buddhista Mahakala-alakokt\u00f3l) elt\u00e9r\u0151en Tengri k\u00e9ptelen maradt.<\/p><p>Ahol m\u00e9gis \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a kazahszt\u00e1ni \u00e9s kirgiziszt\u00e1ni modern \u201ere-tengrianiz\u00e1ci\u00f3s&#8221; k\u00eds\u00e9rletekben, nap-, sas- \u00e9s farkasmot\u00edvumokhoz ny\u00falnak, amelyek azonban nem folytatnak iszl\u00e1m el\u0151tti k\u00e9pi hagyom\u00e1nyt. Ez a \u201ek\u00e9ptelens\u00e9g&#8221; vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l jelent\u0151s: Tengrit tipol\u00f3giailag m\u00e1s l\u00e1thatatlan f\u0151istens\u00e9gekkel rokon\u00edtja, mint az \u00f3testamentumi JHWH vagy a k\u00ednai Tian.<\/p><p>\u201eHelye&#8221; az \u00e9gbolt; hangjele a mennyd\u00f6rg\u00e9s, jele a k\u00e9k nappali f\u00e9ny. Az alt\u00e1ji \u00e9s jakut s\u00e1m\u00e1n\u00e9nekekben <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> vagy <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u201eFeh\u00e9r Magasztos \u00dar&#8221;) n\u00e9vvel sz\u00f3l\u00edtj\u00e1k meg.<\/p><p>A s\u00e1m\u00e1ndob fest\u00e9se sok t\u00f6rzsn\u00e9l h\u00e1romr\u00e9teg\u0171 vil\u00e1gk\u00e9pet mutat; Tengrit mindig a legfels\u0151 szinthez rendelik. Mag\u00e1t a dobfel\u00fcletet sok kutat\u00f3 (\u00edgy Mircea Eliade a <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951 c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben) szimbolikus l\u00f3nak tekinti, amely a s\u00e1m\u00e1nt a fels\u0151 vil\u00e1gba, \u201eTengrihez&#8221; viszi.<\/p><p>Tengri-kontextusban megjelen\u0151 m\u00e1sodlagos szimb\u00f3lumok: a feh\u00e9r sas (az \u00e9g h\u00edrn\u00f6ke), a feh\u00e9r l\u00f3 (a s\u00e1m\u00e1n h\u00e1tas \u00e1llata), a kilences l\u00e9pcs\u0151 forma (kilenc \u00e9g), az arany c\u00f6vek (sarkcsillag, \u201e\u00e9gnagel&#8221;).<\/p><p>A modern kazah \u00e1llami c\u00edmerben a sarkcsillagot tudatosan tengri\u00e1nus utal\u00e1sk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezik, ami j\u00f3l szeml\u00e9lteti a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi vall\u00e1s \u00e9s az identit\u00e1spolitikai konstrukci\u00f3 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti fesz\u00fclts\u00e9get. Ezt a megfigyel\u00e9st Marlene Laruelle (2007) a neo-tengrianizmus jellegzetes von\u00e1sak\u00e9nt tartja sz\u00e1mon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri ritk\u00e1n jelenik meg cselekv\u0151 szerepl\u0151k\u00e9nt egy narrat\u00edv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyozott istenelbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span>. M\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9se ink\u00e1bb h\u00e1tt\u00e9rben megh\u00faz\u00f3d\u00f3 rend, mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9net. Ahol az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek m\u00e9gis szerepeltetik, az teremt\u00e9s- \u00e9s legitim\u00e1ci\u00f3s m\u00edtoszokban t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik.<\/p><p>A mongol Titkos T\u00f6rt\u00e9netben (1240) Dzsingisz k\u00e1nt Tengri \u00e1ltal kiv\u00e1lasztottk\u00e9nt legitim\u00e1lj\u00e1k; felemelked\u00e9s\u00e9t ism\u00e9telten a <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u201eaz \u00f6r\u00f6k \u00e9g erej\u00e9vel&#8221; formul\u00e1val indokolj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz monument\u00e1lis Brill-kiad\u00e1s\u00e1ban (2004) kidolgozta e formula pontos nyelvhaszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t \u00e9s teol\u00f3giai s\u00faly\u00e1t: nemcsak sikert, hanem politikai felel\u0151ss\u00e9get is \u00e1truh\u00e1z. Ha a k\u00e1n elbukik, Tengri elfordult t\u0151le.<\/p><p>Egy alt\u00e1ji teremt\u00e9selbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben, amelyet Wilhelm Radloff r\u00f6gz\u00edtett a 19. sz\u00e1zadban, Tengri (itt <a href=\"\/hu\/ulgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> hasadt alakj\u00e1ban) <a href=\"\/hu\/erlik-khan\/\">Erlik k\u00e1nnal<\/a> egy\u00fctt emeli ki a f\u00f6ldet az \u0151stengb\u0151l, mire Erlik g\u0151gj\u00e9ben megzavarja a rendet, \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1gba sz\u00e1m\u0171zetik.<\/p><p>Ez az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sforma, a mer\u00fcl\u00e9s-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyozott elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span>, a k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyozott istenelbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span> kiterjedt paleoszszib\u00e9riai \u00e9s \u00e9szak-amerikai hagyom\u00e1nyokkal k\u00f6ti \u00f6ssze, amit Mircea Eliade egy circumpol\u00e1ris \u0151sr\u00e9teg bizony\u00edt\u00e9kak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezett.<\/p><p>A k\u00f6kt\u00fcrk kor (Bilge kag\u00e1n-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba bev\u00e9sett vagy beillesztett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">felirat<\/span>) jenyiszei sz\u00f6vegeiben hallhat\u00f3 a panasz: \u201eA t\u00fcrk\u00f6k egys\u00e9ges n\u00e9p voltak, amikor Tengri fent \u00e9s a szent f\u00f6ld lent birodalmat adott nekik.&#8221;, egy alap\u00edt\u00e1si toposz, amely a politikai legitimit\u00e1st k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl az \u00e9gb\u0151l eredezteti.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin standard kiad\u00e1s\u00e1ban (1968) nyelvileg felt\u00e1rta ezt a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba bev\u00e9sett vagy beillesztett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">feliratot<\/span>, \u00e9s r\u00e1mutatott formulanyelv\u00e9nek teol\u00f3giai jelleg\u00e9re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s tisztelet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tengrihez k\u00f6t\u0151d\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg <strong>\u00e1llami kultusz<\/strong> volt, nem templomi kultusz. Sz\u0171kebb \u00e9rtelemben vett szenthelyek nem l\u00e9teztek; a tisztelet szabad \u00e9g alatt zajlott, gyakran h\u00e1g\u00f3kon, <em>obo<\/em>-k\u0151halmokn\u00e1l vagy \u00e9g\u0151 l\u00f3- \u00e9s birka\u00e1ldozatok f\u00f6l\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>A k\u00e1n k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt l\u00e9pett fel, hasonl\u00f3an a k\u00ednai <em>tianzi<\/em>, vagyis \u201eaz \u00e9g fia&#8221; funkci\u00f3j\u00e1hoz. Erre a p\u00e1rhuzamra Caroline Humphrey nyomat\u00e9kosan felh\u00edvja a figyelmet a <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996) c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>A n\u00e9pi szinten a Tengri-hit sz\u00e9les seg\u00e9dszellem-vall\u00e1ssal keveredett, amelynek k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban a <em>kam<\/em> (t\u00fcrk.) vagy <em>b\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mong.) \u00e1llt: a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span>. A s\u00e1m\u00e1nok nem fordultak k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl Tengrihez, mert az t\u00fal t\u00e1volinak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott, hanem seg\u00edt\u0151 istens\u00e9gekhez, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul <a href=\"\/hu\/umai\/\">Umajhoz<\/a>, \u0151s\u00f6kh\u00f6z vagy er\u0151\u00e1llat-szellemekhez folyamodtak.<\/p><p>Tengri a vil\u00e1grend l\u00e1thatatlan garanci\u00e1ja maradt. A f\u0151istens\u00e9g e \u201et\u00e1vols\u00e1g\u00e1t&#8221; vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giailag <em>deus otiosus<\/em>-k\u00e9nt jel\u00f6lik, ezt a fogalmat Mircea Eliade \u00e9s nyom\u00e1ban Raffaele Pettazzoni dolgozta ki r\u00e9szletesen.<\/p><p>A t\u00fcrk vil\u00e1g 10. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l kezd\u0151d\u0151 iszlamiz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1val a <em>Tengri<\/em> sz\u00f3t r\u00e9szben Allah\u0440\u0430 vitt\u00e9k \u00e1t (v\u00f6. tat\u00e1r <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), r\u00e9szben pog\u00e1ny maradv\u00e1nyk\u00e9nt szor\u00edtott\u00e1k h\u00e1tt\u00e9rbe.<\/p><p>A szib\u00e9riai perif\u00e9ri\u00e1kon \u00e9s a mongolokn\u00e1l a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> tov\u00e1bb \u00e9lt; a 17. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l buddhista befoly\u00e1s al\u00e1 ker\u00fcl\u0151 Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban Tengrit fokozatosan szem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett buddhista f\u0151istens\u00e9gek fedt\u00e9k el, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy teljesen elt\u0171nt volna. Walther Heissig ezt a r\u00e9tegzetts\u00e9get a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi gyakorlat \u00e9s apotropaikus elemek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tudom\u00e1nyos le\u00edr\u00e1s szerint a Tengri-komplexumban a v\u00e9delmi gyakorlat kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 volt gy\u00f3gyul\u00e1s\u00e9rt mondott k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u00e9s, ink\u00e1bb a vil\u00e1grend meger\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9nek aktusa: aki tisztelte Tengrit, a renden bel\u00fcl maradt, aki megs\u00e9rtette, kiesett bel\u0151le. Az apotropaikus cselekm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozott a szent hegyek (Bogdo-hegyek) \u201etisztas\u00e1g\u00e1nak&#8221; meg\u0151rz\u00e9se, a v\u00edz \u00e9s a t\u0171z beszennyez\u00e9s\u00e9nek ker\u00fcl\u00e9se, valamint az \u00fcdv\u00f6zl\u0151 ritu\u00e1lis formul\u00e1k elmond\u00e1sa a nap \u00e9s az \u00e9g fel\u00e9.<\/p><p>A h\u00e1ztart\u00e1s szintj\u00e9n <a href=\"\/hu\/umai\/\">Umai<\/a> mint anya- \u00e9s gyermekistenn\u0151 vette \u00e1t a konkr\u00e9tan oltalmaz\u00f3 funkci\u00f3kat, amelyeket m\u00e1s vall\u00e1sokban mag\u00e1nak a f\u0151istens\u00e9gnek tulajdon\u00edtanak. Tengri a t\u00e1voli h\u00e1tt\u00e9r maradt, amelyen mindezek a kisebb v\u00e9d\u0151 cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00e9rtelm\u00fcket nyert\u00e9k. Ezt a funkcion\u00e1lis megoszt\u00e1st Vladimir Basilov a <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984) c. m\u0171ben vall\u00e1sszociol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l rendszeresen le\u00edrta.<\/p><p>A Tengri-tisztelet egy k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges, apotropaikus jelleg\u0171 form\u00e1ja az <em>ovoo<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekm\u00e9nyek szab\u00e1lyozott sora, vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l\u00e9<\/span>: h\u00e1g\u00f3kon k\u0151halmokat raknak fel, k\u00e9k szalagokkal (<em>khadag<\/em>) d\u00edsz\u00edtik \u0151ket, \u00e9s lovon h\u00e1romszor megker\u00fclik.<\/p><p>A hagyom\u00e1nyon bel\u00fcl ezt a cselekv\u00e9st Tengri \u00e9s a helyhez k\u00f6t\u00f6tt szellemek oltalm\u00e1\u00e9rt mondott k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u00e9sk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezik; tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l ez egy le\u00edrhat\u00f3 gyakorlat, nem bizony\u00edtott hat\u00e1s. A megfigyel\u00e9s a mongolisztika klasszikus le\u00edr\u00f3 teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9hez tartozik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l Tengri az \u00fagynevezett \u201elegf\u0151bb l\u00e9nyek&#8221; spektrum\u00e1ba illeszkedik, amelyet Wilhelm Schmidt tizenk\u00e9t k\u00f6tetes <em>Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban rendszeresen felt\u00e1rt.<\/p><p>Struktur\u00e1lisan \u00f6sszevethet\u0151: a v\u00e9dikus <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em>, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Zeusz-Pater-koncepci\u00f3, az \u00e9szak-germ\u00e1n Tyr-szubsztr\u00e1tum, a k\u00ednai <em>Tian<\/em> \u00e9s Szib\u00e9ri\u00e1ban maga a jakut <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> mint a f\u0151istens\u00e9g specializ\u00e1lt alakja. Az ugor Num \u00e9s a finn Ukko is tipol\u00f3giai hasonl\u00f3s\u00e1gokat mutat.<\/p><p>A s\u00e9mi teremt\u0151istent\u0151l elt\u00e9r\u0151en Tengri azonban <strong>nem<\/strong> mes\u00e9ltethet\u0151 el szem\u00e9lyk\u00e9nt; ink\u00e1bb az, amit Eliade <em>deus otiosus<\/em>-nak nevez: \u201et\u00e9tlen isten&#8221;, akit\u0151l a konkr\u00e9t beavatkoz\u00e1s t\u00e1volabb \u00e1ll, mint maga a l\u00e9tez\u00e9s.<\/p><p>A <em>deus otiosus<\/em> vit\u00e1ja v\u00e9gigvonul az eg\u00e9sz vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3gi\u00e1n, \u00e9s Raffaele Pettazzoni az <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban v\u00e9delmezte Wilhelm Schmidttel szemben.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen szoros a kapcsolat a k\u00ednai Tiannal: mindk\u00e9t fogalom \u00f6sszeolvasztja az eget \u00e9s az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9get<\/span>, mindkett\u0151 legitim\u00e1lja az uralmat (\u201eaz \u00e9g fia&#8221; vs. \u201eTengri kiv\u00e1lasztottja&#8221;), mindkett\u0151 k\u00e9ptelen maradt. Hogy volt-e t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kapcsolat a k\u00e9t ir\u00e1nyzat k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, \u00e9s ha igen, melyik hatott a m\u00e1sikra, a sinol\u00f3gia \u00e9s a turkol\u00f3gia folyamatban l\u00e9v\u0151 vit\u00e1j\u00e1nak t\u00e1rgya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az 1990-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta a tengrianizmus renesz\u00e1nsz\u00e1t \u00e9li, els\u0151sorban Kazahszt\u00e1nban, Kirgiziszt\u00e1nban \u00e9s Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>Olyan szerz\u0151k, mint Olzhas Szuleimenov \u00e9s Nurmagambet Ajupov, az iszl\u00e1m \u00e9s a kereszt\u00e9nys\u00e9g \u201espiritu\u00e1lis alternat\u00edv\u00e1jak\u00e9nt&#8221; pozicion\u00e1lt\u00e1k; Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban ny\u00edlt egym\u00e1s mellett \u00e9l\u00e9sben \u00e1ll a tibeti buddhizmussal. Ezt a renesz\u00e1nszt Marlene Laruelle (2007) \u00e9s m\u00e1s vall\u00e1stud\u00f3sok kritikusan dokument\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Az akad\u00e9miai tengrianizmus-kutat\u00e1s ma interdiszciplin\u00e1ris. Klasszikus nevek: Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski, a mongolokn\u00e1l Igor de Rachewiltz a Titkos t\u00f6rt\u00e9net komment\u00e1lt kiad\u00e1s\u00e1val.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si rendszer, amelyben szak\u00e9rt\u0151k \u00e9rintkeznek a szellemvil\u00e1ggal.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1nizmus<\/span>-m\u0171v\u00e9ben Tengrit olyan legf\u0151bb l\u00e9ny p\u00e9ld\u00e1jak\u00e9nt r\u00f6gz\u00edtette, amelyb\u0151l hi\u00e1nyzik az akt\u00edv s\u00e1m\u00e1ntev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g; Roberte Hamayon ezt a n\u00e9z\u0151pontot k\u00e9s\u0151bb a <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban kritikusan fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1lta.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l meg kell jegyezni, hogy a kort\u00e1rs neo-tengrianizmus modern \u00fajraform\u00e1l\u00e1s, \u00e9s nem azonos\u00edthat\u00f3 a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti sztyeppei tengrianizmussal. A kutat\u00e1s \u00f3v a naiv azonos\u00edt\u00e1st\u00f3l, \u00e9s a forr\u00e1sok gondos r\u00e9tegz\u00e9s\u00e9t szorgalmazza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1si vit\u00e1k \u00e9s nyitott k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00f6bb kutat\u00e1si vita hat\u00e1rozza meg a Tengri-tanulm\u00e1nyokat mind a mai napig. El\u0151sz\u00f6r: Tengri eredetileg egyetlen f\u0151istens\u00e9g volt-e, vagy egy eg\u00e9sz \u00e9gr\u00e9teget jel\u00f6l\u0151 gy\u0171jt\u0151fogalom? A \u201e99 Tengri&#8221; mongol k\u00e9pzete (33 nyugati feh\u00e9r, 44 keleti fekete, plusz 22 k\u00f6zb\u00fcls\u0151) egy t\u00f6bbes sz\u00e1m\u00fa fogalomra utal, m\u00edg az \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k feliratok ink\u00e1bb egyes sz\u00e1mot sejtetnek.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig ezt a vit\u00e1t a <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) c. munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban r\u00e9szletesen t\u00e1rgyalja.<\/p><p>M\u00e1sodszor: hogyan \u00e9rtelmezend\u0151 a Tengri \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si rendszer, amelyben szak\u00e9rt\u0151k \u00e9rintkeznek a szellemvil\u00e1ggal.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1nizmus<\/span> viszonya? Roberte Hamayon Eliade t\u00e9zis\u00e9vel szemben azt \u00e9rvelte, hogy a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si rendszer, amelyben szak\u00e9rt\u0151k \u00e9rintkeznek a szellemvil\u00e1ggal.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1nizmus<\/span> nem \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 \u201earchaikus ekszt\u00e1zistechnika&#8221;, hanem egy sz\u00e9les vad\u00e1sz- \u00e9s rokons\u00e1gi gazdas\u00e1g r\u00e9sze; ebben a modellben Tengri kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 c\u00e9l, mint ink\u00e1bb h\u00e1tt\u00e9rrend.<\/p><p>Harmadszor: milyen szerepet j\u00e1tszanak az ir\u00e1ni hat\u00e1sok? A hot\u00e1ni \u00e9s szogd k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9s olyan fogalmakat olvasztott \u00f6ssze Tengrivel, mint Ahura Mazda, ami a k\u00e9s\u0151i <a href=\"\/hu\/khormusta\/\">Khormusta<\/a>-komplexumban v\u00e1lik l\u00e1that\u00f3v\u00e1. Ez megmutatja, mennyire neh\u00e9z elv\u00e1lasztani az \u201eautochton&#8221; \u00e9s a \u201eszinkretisztikus&#8221; Tengrit, ez egy m\u00f3dszertani k\u00e9rd\u00e9s, amely v\u00e9gs\u0151 soron eg\u00e9sz Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsia vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9re \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az \u00e9g mint politikai legitimit\u00e1s forr\u00e1sa: Tengri az \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k feliratokban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tengrir\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 legr\u00e9gebbi \u00e9s legmegb\u00edzhat\u00f3bb \u00edrott bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok a mai Mong\u00f3lia ter\u00fclet\u00e9n l\u00e9v\u0151 Orchon-v\u00f6lgy \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k r\u00fanafelirataib\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaznak, amelyeket a 8. sz\u00e1zadra dat\u00e1lnak. A legismertebbek K\u00fcl tegin herceg \u00e9s Bilge kag\u00e1n tisztelet\u00e9re k\u00e9sz\u00edtett feliratok.<\/p><p>Ezeket egy saj\u00e1t \u00edr\u00e1ssal v\u00e9st\u00e9k, amelyet a 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n Vilhelm Thomsen d\u00e1n nyelv\u00e9sz fejtett meg, amivel az \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem el\u0151sz\u00f6r v\u00e1lt hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 saj\u00e1t forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l.<\/p><p>E feliratokban Tengri els\u0151sorban az uralom megalap\u00edt\u00f3jak\u00e9nt \u00e9s garanci\u00e1jak\u00e9nt jelenik meg. Egy visszat\u00e9r\u0151 formula szellem\u00e9ben az \u00e9g \u00fcltette be a kag\u00e1nt, \u00e9s az uralkod\u00f3 az \u00e9g erej\u00e9b\u0151l korm\u00e1nyoz.<\/p><p>Tengri itt kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 kidolgozott <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span> t\u00e1rgya, mint ink\u00e1bb rendez\u0151 hatalom, amely politikai tekint\u00e9lyt adom\u00e1nyoz \u00e9s vonhat meg. Ha a n\u00e9p let\u00e9r a helyes \u00fatr\u00f3l, t\u00f6bb passzus tan\u00fas\u00e1ga szerint az \u00e9g megvonja t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Az \u00e9gi isten \u00e9s a hatalmi legitim\u00e1ci\u00f3 e kapcsolata jellemz\u0151 a tengrianizmusra, ahogyan a legr\u00e9gebbi forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l megismerhet\u0151. Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hat\u00e1st fejtett ki: hasonl\u00f3 mennyei mand\u00e1tum-k\u00e9pzetek jelennek meg k\u00e9s\u0151bb a mongolokn\u00e1l, \u00e9s Dzsingisz k\u00e1n, valamint ut\u00f3dai hat\u00e1rozottan az \u00f6r\u00f6k \u00e9g akarat\u00e1ra alapozt\u00e1k uralmi ig\u00e9ny\u00fcket.<\/p><p>Az Orchon-feliratok teh\u00e1t nemcsak nyelv\u00e9szeti, hanem vall\u00e1s- \u00e9s uralomt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szempontb\u00f3l is nagy \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171ek, mert Tengrit \u00e1llami funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban mutatj\u00e1k, miel\u0151tt a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi forr\u00e1sok idegen hat\u00e1sok r\u00e9v\u00e9n \u00e1tform\u00e1lt\u00e1k volna a k\u00e9pet. Rokon \u00e9gkoncepci\u00f3kkal m\u00e1s <a href=\"\/hu\/sziberiai-samanizmus\/\">bels\u0151-\u00e1zsiai kult\u00far\u00e1k<\/a> is rendelkeznek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri a monoteista \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s \u00e9s a s\u00e1m\u00e1nikus sokistenhit k\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kutat\u00e1s egyik k\u00f6zponti vit\u00e1ja azt \u00e9rinti, hogy a tengrianizmus egyetlen \u00e9gi istennel rendelkez\u0151 monoteista vall\u00e1sk\u00e9nt vagy sz\u00e1mos szellemet \u00e9s istens\u00e9get mag\u00e1ban foglal\u00f3, sokr\u00e9t\u0171 rendszerk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezend\u0151. Mindk\u00e9t n\u00e9z\u0151pontnak vannak k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i, \u00e9s a v\u00e1lasz nagym\u00e9rt\u00e9kben f\u00fcgg att\u00f3l, mely forr\u00e1sokat \u00e9s a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem mely szakasz\u00e1t vessz\u00fck alapul.<\/p><p>Az ink\u00e1bb monoteista \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s melletti \u00e9rv, hogy Tengri az \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k feliratokban kiemelked\u0151, egyed\u00fcl\u00e1ll\u00f3 hatalomk\u00e9nt jelenik meg, amelyhez az uralom \u00e9s a vil\u00e1grend igazodik.<\/p><p>Egyes szerz\u0151k, r\u00e9szben a t\u00fcrk \u00e9s mongol nyelv\u0171 orsz\u00e1gok modern nemzeti mozgalmainak k\u00f6r\u00e9b\u0151l, ezt a szempontot hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, \u00e9s a tengrianizmust eredeti magasabb vall\u00e1sk\u00e9nt mutatj\u00e1k be. Ez az \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s azonban nem ritk\u00e1n jelenkori identit\u00e1spolitikai \u00e9rdekekt\u0151l is befoly\u00e1solt, \u00e9s kritikusan kell olvasni.<\/p><p>Ezzel szemben a szib\u00e9riai \u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai n\u00e9pek etnogr\u00e1fiailag dokument\u00e1lt vall\u00e1sai gazdag szellemvil\u00e1got mutatnak: a f\u00f6ld, a hegyek \u00e9s a vizek istens\u00e9gei, \u0151s- \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151szellemek \u00e1llnak az \u00e9g mellett. Ebben a k\u00e9pben Tengri egy, ha kiemelked\u0151 is, hatalom a t\u00f6bbi k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, \u00e9s maga az \u00e9g t\u00f6bb r\u00e9tegre tagol\u00f3dhat.<\/p><p>A mai kutat\u00e1s t\u00f6bbs\u00e9ge arra a n\u00e9zetre hajlik, hogy nem volt egys\u00e9ges, \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadokon \u00e1t v\u00e1ltozatlan tengrianizmus, hanem rokon k\u00e9pzetek egy csal\u00e1dja l\u00e9tezett, amelyet id\u0151, ter\u00fclet \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalmi kontextus szerint k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151k\u00e9ppen hangs\u00falyoztak. Tengri ebben \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151, de nem mereven meghat\u00e1rozott elem volt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A forr\u00e1shelyzet: idegen le\u00edr\u00e1sok, etnogr\u00e1fia \u00e9s a rekonstrukci\u00f3 probl\u00e9m\u00e1ja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri kutat\u00e1sa alapvet\u0151 forr\u00e1sszabads\u00e1ggal k\u00fczd. A legr\u00e9gebbi saj\u00e1t bizony\u00edt\u00e9kok, az Orchon-feliratok, sz\u0171kszav\u00faak \u00e9s az uralmi kontextusra korl\u00e1toz\u00f3dnak. Az azt megel\u0151z\u0151 id\u0151szakra \u00e9s a legt\u00f6bb r\u00e9gi\u00f3ra vonatkoz\u00f3an saj\u00e1t \u00edrott forr\u00e1s egy\u00e1ltal\u00e1n nincs, mert az \u00e9rintett n\u00e9pek nem fejlesztettek ki saj\u00e1t \u00edr\u00e1sbelis\u00e9get, vagy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyoz\u00e1suk<\/span> sz\u00f3beli volt.<\/p><p>Tud\u00e1sunk nagy r\u00e9sze ez\u00e9rt idegen le\u00edr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik. K\u00ednai kr\u00f3nik\u00e1k sz\u00e1molnak be a sztyeppei n\u00e9pek vall\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l, k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori utaz\u00f3k, mint Rubruk Vilmos \u00e9s Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, eur\u00f3pai n\u00e9z\u0151pontb\u00f3l \u00edrt\u00e1k le a mongolok vall\u00e1s\u00e1t, perzsa \u00e9s arab szerz\u0151k tov\u00e1bbi megfigyel\u00e9seket r\u00f6gz\u00edtettek.<\/p><p>Ezek a forr\u00e1sok \u00e9rt\u00e9kesek, de a megfigyel\u0151k szeml\u00e9letm\u00f3dj\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9s fogalmait\u00f3l sz\u00ednezettek. Ehhez j\u00e1rul a szib\u00e9riai \u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai n\u00e9pekr\u0151l a 18-20. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l fennmaradt kiterjedt etnogr\u00e1fiai anyag, amely azonban m\u00e1r er\u0151sen \u00e1talakult vall\u00e1soss\u00e1got dokument\u00e1l, amelyet buddhizmus, iszl\u00e1m \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb a szovjet vall\u00e1sellenes nyom\u00e1s fedett el.<\/p><p>A t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti tengrianizmus rekonstrukci\u00f3ja e k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 forr\u00e1sokat kell hogy \u00f6sszekapcsolja, \u00e9s ez jelent\u0151s kock\u00e1zatokat rejt. K\u00eds\u00e9rt\u00e9s mutatkozik arra, hogy k\u00e9s\u0151i etnogr\u00e1fiai megfigyel\u00e9sekb\u0151l egys\u00e9ges \u0151si \u00e1llapotra k\u00f6vetkeztessenek vissza, vagy a sz\u0171kszav\u00fa feliratokat a sztyeppei etnogr\u00e1fia anyag\u00e1val t\u00f6lts\u00e9k fel.<\/p><p>A m\u00f3dszertanilag \u00f3vatos kutat\u00e1s ez\u00e9rt gondosan k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tesz ak\u00f6z\u00f6tt, ami egy adott korra \u00e9s r\u00e9gi\u00f3ra val\u00f3ban adatolhat\u00f3, \u00e9s ak\u00f6z\u00f6tt, ami rekonstrukci\u00f3 \u00e9s hipot\u00e9zis. Tengri eset\u00e9ben ez azt jelenti: a legf\u0151bb \u00e9gi hatalom alapfunkci\u00f3ja j\u00f3l bizony\u00edtott, a sok \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s kidolgozott r\u00e9szletei viszont fenntart\u00e1ssal kezelend\u0151k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Tengri, M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri, k\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Orchon, Bilge kag\u00e1n, deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, <a href=\"\/hu\/sziberiai-samanizmus\/\">Szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrianizmus<\/a> \u00e9s sok m\u00e1s kult\u00fara nyom\u00e1n szerte a vil\u00e1gon. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" 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.jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st ny\u00fajtanak, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1st.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tengri, a t\u00fcrk\u00f6k, mongolok \u00e9s szib\u00e9riai sztyeppei n\u00e9pek \u00e9gi istene Tengri az eur\u00e1zsiai sztyeppei tengrianizmus k\u00f6zponti f\u0151istens\u00e9ge. Az \u00f6r\u00f6k k\u00e9k \u00e9gk\u00e9nt (mongolul M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri) egyszerre testes\u00edti meg a rendet, a jogot \u00e9s a hatalmat, \u00e9s azt a h\u00e1tteret alkotja, amelyre hivatkozva s\u00e1m\u00e1nok, k\u00e1nok \u00e9s t\u00f6rzsi v\u00e9nek politikailag \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lisan legitim\u00e1lj\u00e1k magukat. Teremt\u0151Szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrianizmusF\u0151istens\u00e9g [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2857,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengri \u00e9gi isten tengrianizmus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengri - a sztyeppei n\u00e9pek \u00e9gi istene, m\u00edtosz \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengri a t\u00fcrk-mongol \u00e9s szib\u00e9riai tengrianist\u00e1k \u00f6r\u00f6k \u00e9gi istene. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos besorol\u00e1s m\u00edtosszal, kultusszal \u00e9s forr\u00e1sokkal.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-53328","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tengri - a sztyeppei n\u00e9pek \u00e9gi istene, m\u00edtosz \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tengri a t\u00fcrk-mongol \u00e9s szib\u00e9riai tengrianist\u00e1k \u00f6r\u00f6k \u00e9gi istene. 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