{"id":53304,"date":"2026-07-30T16:28:06","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T16:28:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/lono-a-beke-es-a-termekenyseg-hawaii-istene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T16:28:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T16:28:30","slug":"lono","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/lono\/","title":{"rendered":"Lono &#8211; A b\u00e9ke \u00e9s a term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g hawaii istene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53304\" class=\"elementor elementor-53304 elementor-2602\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono - A b\u00e9ke, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s a Makahiki hawaii f\u0151istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono a hawaii vall\u00e1sban a n\u00e9gy f\u0151isten egyike, a b\u00e9ke, a term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g, az es\u0151, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s a nagy \u00e9ves Makahiki-\u00fcnnep atua-ja. Szoros p\u00e1rhuzama a maori atua <a href=\"\/hu\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a>. Ez a sz\u00f3cikk bemutatja helyzet\u00e9t a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonban<\/span>, a Makahiki-rendszert \u00e9s a James Cookkal val\u00f3 t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmileg nevezetes kapcsolatot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten a Polin\u00e9zia \/ Maori hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/polynesisch-maori\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Polin\u00e9zia \/ Maori hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Polin\u00e9zia \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A b\u00e9ke f\u0151istens\u00e9ge.\">A b\u00e9ke f\u0151istens\u00e9ge<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-lono-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2712\" alt=\"Lono - G\u00f6tter aus der Polynesisch-maori-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_lono.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elhelyez\u00e9s a hawaii panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono Hawaii n\u00e9gy f\u0151isten\u00e9nek egyike, Ku, Kane \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/kanaloa\/\">Kanaloa<\/a> mellett. A b\u00e9ke atua-ja, \u00e9s ebben a funkci\u00f3ban funkcion\u00e1lisan szemben \u00e1ll Kuval, a h\u00e1bor\u00fa isten\u00e9vel. Az \u00e9ves ritu\u00e1lis napt\u00e1rban Ku \u00e9s Lono tisztelete felv\u00e1ltva kapott hangs\u00falyt: a h\u00e1bor\u00fas id\u0151szakban Ku domin\u00e1lt, a n\u00e9gy Makahiki-h\u00f3napban Lono.<\/p><p>Valeri a <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban bemutatja, hogyan int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtette a hawaii vall\u00e1si rendszer ezt a k\u00e9t \u00e9vszakra \u00e9p\u00fcl\u0151 szerkezetet. A h\u00e1bor\u00fas \u00e9s b\u00e9k\u00e9s id\u0151szak v\u00e1ltakoz\u00e1sa nem csup\u00e1n napt\u00e1ri, hanem teol\u00f3giai \u00e9s politikai szempontb\u00f3l is alapvet\u0151.<\/p><p>B\u00e1r Lono Hawaii n\u00e9gy f\u0151isten\u00e9nek egyike, \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> szil\u00e1rdan be\u00e9p\u00fclt a ritu\u00e1lis napt\u00e1rba, az alapul szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> &#8211; mik\u00e9nt a rokon maori hagyom\u00e1ny is &#8211; nem ismer rendszeres doktr\u00edn\u00e1t \u00e9s lez\u00e1rt tan\u00edt\u00f3\u00e9p\u00edtm\u00e9nyt.<\/p><p>Amit az atua-k val\u00f3s\u00e1gk\u00e9nt hordoznak, azt a cselekv\u00e9s teljess\u00e9g\u00e9ben nyerik el: a karakia-ban, a marae-n tartott gy\u0171l\u00e9seken, a whakapapa-rezit\u00e1ci\u00f3kban. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l ezt a gyakorlaton alapul\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span> \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sk\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9kelik a diszcipl\u00edna sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra; Mary Ann Boord \u00e9s Edward Tregear polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1setnogr\u00e1fiai vizsg\u00e1lataiban szisztematikusan kidolgozt\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Aki Lon\u00f3t kutatja, a polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos kutat\u00e1s egy alapvet\u0151 neh\u00e9zs\u00e9g\u00e9be \u00fctk\u00f6zik: sz\u00e1mos forr\u00e1s a gyarmati 19. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik, \u00e9s a misszion\u00e1riusok \u00e9s etnol\u00f3gusok szeml\u00e9let\u00e9n kereszt\u00fcl sz\u0171r\u0151dik.<\/p><p>Ez k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Lono-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszn\u00e1l<\/span> \u00e9rz\u00e9kelhet\u0151, amelyet szorosan \u00f6sszekapcsoltak a Cook-epiz\u00f3ddal. Az \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1s ez\u00e9rt folyamatosan dolgozik e forr\u00e1sanyag dekoloniz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1n, a polin\u00e9ziai hangok el\u0151t\u00e9rbe helyez\u00e9s\u00e9vel \u00e9s a nyugati kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1k kritikus fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1lat\u00e1val.<\/p><p>Ha a polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1st \u00d3ce\u00e1nia, Ausztr\u00e1lia \u00e9s D\u00e9lkelet-\u00c1zsia m\u00e1s \u0151shonos vall\u00e1sai mell\u00e9 helyezz\u00fck, kett\u0151s tulajdons\u00e1g rajzol\u00f3dik ki: alapmot\u00edvumaiban figyelemrem\u00e9lt\u00f3an \u00e1lland\u00f3 marad, mik\u00f6zben lok\u00e1lisan alkalmazkodik. Hogy Lono megfelel a maori Rong\u00f3nak, m\u00e9gis saj\u00e1tos hawaii form\u00e1t \u00f6lt\u00f6tt, erre j\u00f3 p\u00e9lda.<\/p><p>Ez az egyetemess\u00e9g \u00e9s lokalit\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tti fesz\u00fclts\u00e9g a csendes-\u00f3ce\u00e1ni vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3gia egyik fontos vizsg\u00e1lati t\u00e1rgy\u00e1t k\u00e9pezi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Lono n\u00e9v etimol\u00f3giailag megfelel a maori <a href=\"\/hu\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a> n\u00e9vnek. A proto-polin\u00e9ziai *Rongo t\u0151 jelent\u00e9se &#8216;hang&#8217;, &#8216;h\u00edr&#8217;, &#8216;h\u00edresztel\u00e9s&#8217;. Hawaiin az r-b\u0151l l hangv\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s ment v\u00e9gbe. A &#8216;h\u00edr&#8217; \u00e9s a &#8216;b\u00e9ke&#8217; szemantikai kapcsolata Hawaiin \u00e9pp\u00fagy felismerhet\u0151, mint a maorikt\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Lono mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vform\u00e1i: Lono-i-ka-makahiki (&#8216;a Makahiki Lon\u00f3ja&#8217;), Lono-nui-akea (&#8216;a nagy, t\u00e1gas Lono&#8217;), Lono-makua (&#8216;Lono atya&#8217;). Ez a sokf\u00e9les\u00e9g a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 funkcion\u00e1lis hangs\u00falyokat t\u00fckr\u00f6zi.<\/p><p>Hogy Lon\u00f3t t\u00f6bb mell\u00e9knev\u00e9n sz\u00f3l\u00edtj\u00e1k, nyelvt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti h\u00e1tt\u00e9rrel rendelkezik: az ilyen n\u00e9vgazdags\u00e1g olyan sz\u00f3beli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyr\u00f3l<\/span> tan\u00faskodik, amely region\u00e1lisan gazdagon differenci\u00e1l\u00f3dott.<\/p><p>A maori \u00e9s hawaii theonim\u00e1k nyelv\u00e9szeti m\u00e9lys\u00e9g\u00e9t Bruce Biggs \u00e9s Hugh Clarke sz\u00f3t\u00e1ri munk\u00e1i dokument\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Aki a polin\u00e9ziai nyelvek rokons\u00e1g\u00e1t meg k\u00edv\u00e1nja \u00e9rteni, nem ker\u00fclheti el ezt a kutat\u00e1st.<\/p><p>Lono mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vform\u00e1i sok esetben t\u00f6bb puszta \u00e9kes\u00edt\u00e9sn\u00e9l. Meghat\u00e1rozott ritu\u00e1lis funkci\u00f3kat k\u00f3dolnak, \u00e9s a karakia-formul\u00e1kban r\u00f6gz\u00fcltek. A tohunga-k, a ritu\u00e1lis szak\u00e9rt\u0151k, pontosan tudt\u00e1k, melyik mell\u00e9knev\u00e9t kell adott helyzetben h\u00edvni. Ezt a pontosan szab\u00e1lyozott liturgikus gyakorlatot Charles Royal \u00e9s Pou Temara vizsg\u00e1lta.<\/p><p>Hogy mi az egyes mell\u00e9knevekben rejl\u0151 eredeti jelent\u00e9s, sokszor vitatott. Nem egyszer egym\u00e1s mellett \u00e9lnek verseng\u0151 etimol\u00f3giai javaslatok, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy biztos forr\u00e1sok d\u00f6nt\u00e9st tenn\u00e9nek lehet\u0151v\u00e9. A modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> ezt a sokf\u00e9les\u00e9get gazdags\u00e1gk\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9keli, nem hi\u00e1nyk\u00e9nt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono k\u00f6zponti ikonogr\u00e1fiai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3luma<\/span> a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3: egy hossz\u00fa falap keresztr\u00faddal \u00e9s feh\u00e9r tapa-sz\u00f6vettekkel, amelyet tollk\u00f6tegekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtettek. Ezt a z\u00e1szl\u00f3t a Makahiki-\u00fcnnep alatt szigetr\u0151l szigetre vitt\u00e9k k\u00f6rbe. Keresztmetszetben keresztre eml\u00e9keztet, ami 1779-ben egy h\u00edrhedtt\u00e9 v\u00e1lt f\u00e9lre\u00e9rt\u00e9shez vezetett.<\/p><p>Sert\u00e9sek, kalebasszok \u00e9s bizonyos n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek is kapcsol\u00f3dnak Lon\u00f3hoz. Beckwith \u00e9s Valeri r\u00e9szletesen dokument\u00e1lja az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t<\/span>. Ma a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3 a hawaii kultur\u00e1lis \u00f6n\u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00edt\u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3luma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Az elm\u00falt \u00f6t \u00e9vtizedben a maori \u00e9s hawaii fafarag\u00f3-m\u0171v\u00e9szet leny\u0171g\u00f6z\u0151 renesz\u00e1nsz\u00e1t \u00e9lte meg. Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman \u00e9s Sam Ka&#8217;ai azok a m\u0171v\u00e9szek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak, akik hagyom\u00e1nyos form\u00e1kat \u00e9s modern feldolgoz\u00e1sokat egyar\u00e1nt fejlesztettek ki.<\/p><p>Az atua-k, k\u00f6zt\u00fck Lono, sokr\u00e9t\u0171en jelennek meg m\u0171veikben; ikonogr\u00e1fiai jelenl\u00e9t\u00fck eg\u00e9szen a mai k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szetig ny\u00falik.<\/p><p>A polin\u00e9ziai m\u0171v\u00e9szet nem v\u00e1laszthat\u00f3 el kozmol\u00f3giai jelent\u00e9s\u00e9t\u0151l. Minden spir\u00e1l (koru), minden d\u00edsz\u00edt\u00e9s \u00e9s minden vonal vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giai \u00e9rtelemmel b\u00edr &#8211; a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3 keresztr\u00fadj\u00e1val \u00e9s tollk\u00f6teg\u00e9vel egy\u00fctt. Roger Neich, Damian Skinner \u00e9s m\u00e1s m\u0171v\u00e9szett\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szek ezeket a jelent\u00e9sr\u00e9tegeket szisztematikusan felt\u00e1rt\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Makahiki-\u00fcnnep<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Makahiki a hawaii vall\u00e1s legfontosabb \u00e9ves \u00fcnnepe volt. K\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl n\u00e9gy h\u00f3napig tartott, novembert\u0151l febru\u00e1rig (a hawaii holdnapt\u00e1r szerint). Ezen id\u0151 alatt a h\u00e1bor\u00fat megtiltott\u00e1k, a Ku-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> sz\u00fcnetelt, Lono domin\u00e1lt. A szigeteken k\u00f6rbehordt\u00e1k a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3t, minden ahupua&#8217;a (f\u00f6ldter\u00fclet-k\u00f6rzet) aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokat hozott, sportversenyeket \u00e9s t\u00e1ncel\u0151ad\u00e1sokat rendeztek.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a Makahiki klasszikus arat\u00e1si h\u00e1la\u00fcnnep, \u00f6sszevethet\u0151 a r\u00f3mai Saturnali\u00e1val vagy a mezopot\u00e1miai Akituval. Valerio Valeri a szerkezetet &#8216;ritu\u00e1lis inverzi\u00f3k\u00e9nt&#8217; elemzi: az \u00fcnnep alatt a szok\u00e1sos t\u00e1rsadalmi hierarchi\u00e1kat r\u00e9szben megford\u00edtj\u00e1k, a b\u00e9ke domin\u00e1l, a n\u00e9p adom\u00e1nyokban r\u00e9szes\u00fcl.<\/p><p>A Makahiki-\u00fcnnep k\u00f6r\u00fcli elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sanyag tudom\u00e1nyosan egy olyan elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sh\u00e1l\u00f3k\u00e9nt olvashat\u00f3, amelynek elemei egym\u00e1st magyar\u00e1zz\u00e1k, \u00e9s az egyes t\u00f6rzsi hagyom\u00e1nyokban elt\u00e9r\u0151en hangs\u00falyozottak. Lez\u00e1rt, egys\u00e9ges elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s \u00e9ppen nem \u00e1ll fenn.<\/p><p>Ez a rizomatikus, h\u00e1l\u00f3zatos szerkezet m\u00f3dszertanilag feladatok el\u00e9 \u00e1ll\u00edtja a kutat\u00e1st, de hermeneutikai m\u00e9lys\u00e9get is nyit sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az egym\u00e1st\u00f3l elt\u00e9r\u0151 v\u00e1ltozatok egyenrang\u00fa region\u00e1lis megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1soknak sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak, semmik\u00e9ppen sem &#8216;t\u00e9vesnek&#8217; vagy &#8216;meghamis\u00edtottnak&#8217;.<\/p><p>A Makahiki k\u00f6r\u00e9 sz\u0151tt hagyom\u00e1nyokat nem csup\u00e1n eml\u00e9kezik, hanem akt\u00edvan tov\u00e1bbadj\u00e1k &#8211; karakia-ban, a marae-n tartott sz\u00f3noklatokban \u00e9s az oktat\u00e1sban. Ezek teh\u00e1t \u00e9l\u0151 gyakorlat \u00e9s nem befagyasztott arch\u00edvum. A Te Reo Maori \u00e9s az Olelo Hawai&#8217;i nyelvprogramok az elm\u00falt h\u00e1rom \u00e9vtizedben jelent\u0151sen er\u0151s\u00edtett\u00e9k ezt az \u00e9l\u0151 jelleget.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lono \u00e9s James Cook<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>1779 janu\u00e1rj\u00e1ban James Cook haj\u00f3ival a Kealakekua-\u00f6b\u00f6lben horgonyzott le Hawaiin. Ez v\u00e9letlen\u00fcl \u00e9ppen a Makahiki cs\u00facspontj\u00e1ra esett. Haj\u00f3j\u00e1nak t\u00e9glalap alak\u00fa \u00e1rboc-keresztr\u00fad-v\u00e1szon-szerkezetei eml\u00e9keztettek a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3ra. Sz\u00e1mos hawaii forr\u00e1s \u00e9s nyugati megfigyel\u0151 arr\u00f3l sz\u00e1mol be, hogy Cookot val\u00f3ban Lono megtestes\u00fcl\u0151jek\u00e9nt vagy legal\u00e1bbis Lono-vonatkoz\u00e1sk\u00e9nt fogadt\u00e1k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9si rendhez tartoz\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lisan<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ez a t\u00f6rt\u00e9net egy h\u00edress\u00e9 v\u00e1lt vita t\u00e1rgya Marshall Sahlins (<em>Islands of History<\/em>, 1985) \u00e9s Gananath Obeyesekere (<em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em>, 1992) k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Sahlins v\u00e9di a ritu\u00e1lis azonos\u00edt\u00e1s t\u00e9zis\u00e9t; Obeyesekere azt \u00e9rvel, hogy az gyarmati konstrukci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 marad l\u00e9nyeges: Cookot 1779. febru\u00e1r 14-\u00e9n egy \u00f6sszet\u0171z\u00e9sben meg\u00f6lt\u00e9k &#8211; val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg azut\u00e1n, hogy a Makahiki v\u00e9get \u00e9rt, \u00e9s szokatlan visszat\u00e9r\u00e9se teol\u00f3giailag nem volt besorolhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>A James Cook k\u00f6r\u00fcli epiz\u00f3d, amelynek sor\u00e1n \u00e9rkez\u00e9sekor Lon\u00f3val hozt\u00e1k \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe, csak akkor \u00e9rthet\u0151 meg, ha ismerj\u00fck a maori \u00e9s hawaii vall\u00e1s egyik alapvon\u00e1s\u00e1t: a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekm\u00e9nyek szab\u00e1lyozott sora, vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00edtus<\/span> \u00e9s a h\u00e9tk\u00f6znapi tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dik.<\/p><p>M\u00edg m\u00e1s vall\u00e1si rendszerek \u00e9lesen elv\u00e1lasztj\u00e1k a szentet a prof\u00e1nt\u00f3l, itt az atua-kra val\u00f3 utal\u00e1sok \u00e1tsz\u00f6vik az eg\u00e9sz \u00e9letet. Ezt az \u00e9letvil\u00e1gba \u00e1gyazott vall\u00e1soss\u00e1got Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa \u00e9s a mai gener\u00e1ci\u00f3 tov\u00e1bbi polin\u00e9ziai tud\u00f3sainak vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giai tanulm\u00e1nyai vizsg\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Hogy milyen szorosan fon\u00f3dik \u00f6ssze a ritu\u00e1lis gyakorlat \u00e9s a mindennapok, a nyelv is mutatja: a mana, tapu, aroha vagy hauora fogalmak ma m\u00e1r Aotearoa \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos angol sz\u00f3kincs\u00e9nek r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezik, \u00e9s vall\u00e1si \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9seken k\u00edv\u00fcl is haszn\u00e1latosak. Hogy a maori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> ilyen m\u00e9lyen be\u00edrta mag\u00e1t a nyelvhaszn\u00e1latba, kultur\u00e1lis m\u00e9lys\u00e9ghat\u00e1s\u00e1nak dokumentuma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s r\u00edtusok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lon\u00f3t saj\u00e1t Heiau-kban tisztelt\u00e9k, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a Lana&#8217;i-i Halulu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00edtm\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomban<\/span>. Egyes Heiau-k \u201eb\u00e9ke-Heiau&#8221;-k voltak (Lono-Heiau), m\u00e1sok \u201eh\u00e1bor\u00fa-Heiau&#8221;-k (Ku-Heiau). Ez a megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l tanuls\u00e1gos: az \u00e9letter\u00fcletek szisztematikus ritu\u00e1lis elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t mutatja.<\/p><p>A Makahiki-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekv\u00e9sek szab\u00e1lyozott sorozata vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l\u00e9<\/span> k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban egy saj\u00e1tos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1si k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g istentisztelet\u00e9nek meghat\u00e1rozott rendje.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> \u00e1llt, amelyet Pukui \u00e9s Beckwith dokument\u00e1lt. Im\u00e1kat, t\u00e1ncot, adom\u00e1nyokat \u00e9s a Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes vall\u00e1si k\u00f6rmenet.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00f6rmenet\u00e9t<\/span> foglalja mag\u00e1ban. A parasztok term\u00e9s\u00fckb\u0151l hoztak adom\u00e1nyokat a z\u00e1szl\u00f3nak, a nemess\u00e9g aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokat osztott sz\u00e9t.<\/p><p>A polin\u00e9z vall\u00e1s mindenekel\u0151tt a Marae-kon \u00e9s a Heiau-kon \u00e9l tov\u00e1bb, azokon a helyeken, amelyek egyszerre gy\u00fclekez\u00e9si \u00e9s kultikus helysz\u00ednek, \u00e9s \u00e9ppen a Makahiki-h\u00f3napok alatt Lono a Heiau-szertart\u00e1sokhoz volt k\u00f6tve. Minden Marae-nak \u00e9s minden Heiau-nak megvan a maga Whakapap\u00e1ja, a maga hagyom\u00e1nyai \u00e9s a maga Atua-vonatkoz\u00e1sai.<\/p><p>Egy Marae-l\u00e1togat\u00e1s a Powhiri-val kezd\u0151dik, azzal a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekv\u00e9sek szab\u00e1lyozott sorozata vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1l\u00e9val<\/span>, amelyben a Tangata Whenua \u00fcnnep\u00e9lyesen fogadja vend\u00e9geit. Ez nem szertart\u00e1sos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hagyom\u00e1nyos n\u00e9pi kult\u00fara szok\u00e1sokkal, elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekkel \u00e9s dalokkal.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3r<\/span>, hanem meg\u00e9lt vall\u00e1si gyakorlat, \u00e9s tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a legjobban dokument\u00e1lt polin\u00e9z \u00fcdv\u00f6zl\u00e9si ritu\u00e1l\u00e9k k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik.<\/p><p>A 20. \u00e9s 21. sz\u00e1zadban a kultuszgyakorlat jelent\u0151sen megv\u00e1ltozott. Ahol kor\u00e1bban a Tohunga t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt be k\u00f6zponti szerepet, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott, visszat\u00e9r\u0151 vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00edtust<\/span> ma nagyr\u00e9szt a Kaumatua, vagyis az \u00f6regek, valamint a Marae-bizotts\u00e1gok viszik. Vall\u00e1sszociol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l ez az eltol\u00f3d\u00e1s tanuls\u00e1gos; Manuka Henare \u00e9s Mason Durie kutat\u00e1saikban t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k ezt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lon\u00f3t v\u00e9delmi \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sekben els\u0151sorban a b\u00e9ke \u00e9s a term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g h\u00edv\u00e1s\u00e1val tisztelik. A j\u00f3 term\u00e9s\u00e9rt im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 gazd\u00e1k Lon\u00f3hoz fordulnak. B\u00e9ket\u00e1rgyal\u00e1sokban is Lono volt a viszony\u00edt\u00e1si pont. Ez a gyakorlat ma r\u00e9szben fel\u00e9ledt kultur\u00e1lis-politikai kezdem\u00e9nyez\u00e9sek keret\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>Az \u00e9ves Makahik\u00e9t egyes hawaii iskol\u00e1kban, kultur\u00e1lis k\u00f6zpontokban \u00e9s szuverenit\u00e1smozgalmakban ma \u00fajra meg\u00fcnneplik, sokszor a gyarmatos\u00edt\u00e1s el\u0151tti rend szimbolikus eml\u00e9kezetek\u00e9nt. Ez a gyakorlat kultur\u00e1lis-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9si rendhez tartoz\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lis<\/span> term\u00e9szet\u0171, nem m\u00e1gikus.<\/p><p>A v\u00e9delem t\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1n\u00e1l tudom\u00e1nyosan \u00e9rdemes k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tenni: a nyugati szeml\u00e9let a hat\u00e1sos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Viselt t\u00e1rgy, amelynek v\u00e9d\u0151, bajelh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulettb\u0151l<\/span> indul ki, a polin\u00e9ziai a gondozott kapcsolatb\u00f3l. A v\u00e9delem itt rel\u00e1ci\u00f3s \u00e9s ritualiz\u00e1lt alapokon nyugszik; m\u00e1gikus-kauz\u00e1lis hat\u00e1s \u00e9ppen nem az alapja.<\/p><p>Aki kapcsolatban \u00e1ll egy atua-val, mint Lon\u00f3val, \u00e9s ezt a kapcsolatot \u00e1polja, &#8216;v\u00e9dettnek&#8217; sz\u00e1m\u00edt. A v\u00e9delmet nem egy t\u00e1rgy hat\u00e1sa hordozza, hanem egy fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 rel\u00e1ci\u00f3 kozmol\u00f3giai k\u00f6telez\u0151 ereje. A vall\u00e1santropol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban ezt a gondolatot a &#8216;relational ontology&#8217; fogalma alatt t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>A v\u00e9delmi gyakorlat egy\u00fattal olyan ter\u00fclet, ahol hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9s moderns\u00e9g tal\u00e1lkozik. Karakia-val m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 okostelefon-alkalmaz\u00e1sok, v\u00e9delmi ritu\u00e1l\u00e9khoz k\u00e9sz\u00fclt online \u00fatmutat\u00f3k \u00e9s virtu\u00e1lis marae-l\u00e1togat\u00e1sok mutatj\u00e1k, hogy a polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1s \u00faj m\u00e9di\u00e1kat is bevon a gyakorlat\u00e1ba. Ez a moderniz\u00e1ci\u00f3 alkalmazkod\u00f3k\u00e9pes tov\u00e1bbfejleszt\u00e9sk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtend\u0151, sek\u00e9lyesed\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3 sincs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono Polin\u00e9zi\u00e1n bel\u00fcl megfelel a maori <a href=\"\/hu\/rongo\/\">Rong\u00f3nak<\/a>, a tahiti Ro&#8217;o-nak, \u00e9s \u00f6sszevethet\u0151 D\u00e9m\u00e9t\u00e9rrel, Ceresszel vagy Saturnusszal (agr\u00e1ri funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban). Mik\u00e9nt ezek, Lono is a termesztett n\u00f6v\u00e9nyt \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsadalmi b\u00e9k\u00e9t testes\u00edti meg.<\/p><p>Fontos a Makahiki saj\u00e1toss\u00e1ga: az int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes\u00edtett, \u00e9vi n\u00e9gy h\u00f3napos b\u00e9kef\u00e1zis t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg figyelemrem\u00e9lt\u00f3, \u00e9s csak kev\u00e9s m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1ban dokument\u00e1lt hasonl\u00f3 er\u0151vel. Valeri \u00e9s Sahlins e saj\u00e1toss\u00e1got r\u00e9szletesen t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Az ilyen egyetemes vall\u00e1si \u00e9lm\u00e9nystrukt\u00far\u00e1kat Joseph Campbell \u00e9s Mircea Eliade szisztematikusan vizsg\u00e1lta. B\u00e1r munk\u00e1ik alapvet\u0151ek, a konkr\u00e9t polin\u00e9ziai \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sek kapcs\u00e1n \u00fajra kell gondolni azokat, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy pan-globaliz\u00e1l\u00f3 leegyszer\u0171s\u00edt\u00e9sbe esn\u00e9nk. Az \u00fajabb polin\u00e9ziai kutat\u00e1s nagy hangs\u00falyt helyez erre a kontextus\u00e9rz\u00e9keny \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sre.<\/p><p>A nemzetk\u00f6zi Indigenous Studies keret\u00e9ben az 1990-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta szisztematikusan t\u00e1rj\u00e1k fel a p\u00e1rhuzamokat a polin\u00e9ziai hitvil\u00e1g \u00e9s m\u00e1s \u0151shonos hagyom\u00e1nyok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ezt a kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 m\u00f3don form\u00e1lta a maori tud\u00f3s, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, 1999-ben megjelent alapmunk\u00e1j\u00e1val, a <em>Decolonizing Methodologies<\/em> kiadv\u00e1ny\u00e1val, amelynek m\u00f3dszertani vonal\u00e1t vil\u00e1gszerte \u00e1tvett\u00e9k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lono jelen van a hawaii renesz\u00e1nszban. A Makahiki \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9leszt\u00e9s\u00e9nek mozgalmai, a hawaii holdnapt\u00e1r \u00e1pol\u00e1sa \u00e9s a Lono-heiau-k gondoz\u00e1sa akt\u00edv form\u00e1ban folyik. Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa \u00e9s m\u00e1s hawaii tud\u00f3sok dolgoznak azon, hogy Lon\u00f3t visszahozz\u00e1k a k\u00f6ztudatba.<\/p><p>A Cook-Lono-vita a nemzetk\u00f6zi vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giai oktat\u00e1s t\u00e1rgya. A <a href=\"\/hu\/polynesisch-maori\/\">polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1scsal\u00e1dba<\/a> val\u00f3 elm\u00e9ly\u00edt\u0151 besorol\u00e1s r\u00e1vil\u00e1g\u00edt Lono \u00e9s Rongo szoros rokons\u00e1g\u00e1ra \u00e9s a saj\u00e1tosan hawaii form\u00e1ra.<\/p><p>Egy olyan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span>, mint Lono, a b\u00e9ke eszm\u00e9j\u00e9hez, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1ghoz \u00e9s a Makahiki-\u00fcnnephez k\u00f6tve, olyan vall\u00e1si rendszerhez tartozik, amelynek \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1t a nemzetk\u00f6zi diskurzus egyre ink\u00e1bb elismeri, \u00e9s amelyet t\u00f6bb\u00e9 nem le\u00e9rt\u00e9kelt &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3giak\u00e9nt<\/span>&#8216; vagy &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hagyom\u00e1nyos n\u00e9pi kult\u00fara szok\u00e1sokkal, elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekkel \u00e9s dalokkal.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3rk\u00e9nt<\/span>&#8216; kezelnek.<\/p><p>Az olyan fogalmak, mint a &#8216;mana&#8217;, &#8216;tapu&#8217;, &#8216;mauri&#8217; \u00e9s &#8216;whakapapa&#8217;, m\u00e1ra a tudom\u00e1nyos szaknyelv r\u00e9sz\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1ltak, ami ezt az elismer\u00e9st dokument\u00e1lja. Haszn\u00e1latuk azonban kontextu\u00e1lis \u00e9rz\u00e9kenys\u00e9get k\u00edv\u00e1n, amely nem mag\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9rtet\u0151d\u0151.<\/p><p>Az, hogy a polin\u00e9ziai vall\u00e1sokat hogyan veszi \u00e1t a popul\u00e1ris kult\u00fara &#8211; Disney-produkci\u00f3kban, a turizmusban, az ezoterikus irodalomban -, kritikus vit\u00e1k t\u00e1rgya. Hol t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik m\u00e9lt\u00e1nyos k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9s, hol sek\u00e9lyesedik el vagy torzul el? Ezeket a k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket Aotearo\u00e1ban \u00e9s Hawaiin nyilv\u00e1nosan \u00e9s hat\u00e1rozottan vitatj\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1s \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fontos hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sokat Lon\u00f3hoz Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, David Malo, Valerio Valeri, Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere \u00e9s Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa munk\u00e1i tartalmaznak. Sahlins <em>Islands of History<\/em> \u00e9s Obeyesekere <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> a Cook-Lono-vita alapsz\u00f6vegei. Valeri <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> a hawaii vall\u00e1si rendszer szerkezet\u00e9nek alapm\u0171ve.<\/p><p>Lono a gyarmatos\u00edt\u00e1s el\u0151tti hawaii vall\u00e1s \u00e9s Eur\u00f3p\u00e1val val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9ben megker\u00fclhetetlen referencia marad.<\/p><p>A polin\u00e9ziai bels\u0151 tud\u00e1shagyom\u00e1nyok \u00e9s az akad\u00e9miai kutat\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tti p\u00e1rbesz\u00e9det ma sz\u00e1mos int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny tartja fenn: a Royal Society of New Zealand &#8211; Te Aparangi, az Auckland University Maori Studies Tansz\u00e9ke, a University of Hawai&#8217;i at Manoa \u00e9s a Te Punga Tipu alap\u00edtv\u00e1ny.<\/p><p>Ez az int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyes alap biztos\u00edtja, hogy a polin\u00e9ziai kutat\u00e1s Polin\u00e9zi\u00e1n bel\u00fclr\u0151l is induljon ki, \u00e9s t\u00fall\u00e9pjen a Polin\u00e9zi\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 puszta diskurzuson.<\/p><p>Hidat ver a glob\u00e1lis <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyhoz<\/span> sz\u00e1mos tanulm\u00e1ny, amelyek a polin\u00e9ziai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span> egy nem nyugati vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g p\u00e9ld\u00e1jak\u00e9nt alkalmazz\u00e1k. B\u00e1rmily ig\u00e9nyes is ez az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 munka m\u00f3dszertanilag, \u00faj perspekt\u00edv\u00e1kat nyit a vall\u00e1s mint kultur\u00e1lis jelens\u00e9g meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9hez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d3003bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d3003bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29fa8a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29fa8a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Sahlins-Obeyesekere-vita: Lono \u00e9s az etnogr\u00e1fiai \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s hat\u00e1rai<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2643cac5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2643cac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22515bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22515bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A hawaii vall\u00e1s egyetlen alakja sem kapcsol\u00f3dik annyira szorosan tudom\u00e1nyos vit\u00e1hoz, mint <em>Lono<\/em>. A vita k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban az a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s \u00e1ll, milyen szerepet j\u00e1tszott Lono James Cook brit tenger\u00e9sz \u00e9rkez\u00e9sekor, aki 1779 elej\u00e9n a nagy arat\u00e1si b\u00e9ke, a <em>Makahiki<\/em> idej\u00e9n \u00e9rkezett Hawaiira, \u00e9s n\u00e9h\u00e1ny h\u00e9ttel k\u00e9s\u0151bb ott meg\u00f6lt\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Marshall Sahlins amerikai antropol\u00f3gus az 1980-as \u00e9vek t\u00f6bb munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban azt a t\u00e9zist k\u00e9pviselte, hogy Cookot a hawaiiak beillesztett\u00e9k Lono mitikus s\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1ba.<\/p><p>Meg\u00e9rkez\u00e9se a Lono-\u00fcnnep idej\u00e9n, \u00fatja \u00e9s viselked\u00e9se kultur\u00e1lisan adott elv\u00e1r\u00e1soknak felelt meg, \u00fagyhogy a hawaiiak Lono megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1sak\u00e9nt vagy visszat\u00e9r\u00e9sek\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezhett\u00e9k az atua-t. Sahlins az esetet nagyobb \u00e9rv\u00e9hez haszn\u00e1lta fel, miszerint a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem \u00e9s a kultur\u00e1lis szerkezet k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e1thatja egym\u00e1st.<\/p><p>A Sr\u00ed Lanka-i sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u0171 Gananath Obeyesekere 1992-ben \u00e9lesen ellentmondott. A Sahlins-\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st azzal v\u00e1dolta, hogy gyarmati <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtoszt<\/span> ism\u00e9tel meg, vagyis azt a h\u00edzelg\u0151 eur\u00f3pai elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9st, hogy a feh\u00e9r j\u00f6vev\u00e9nyt istennek n\u00e9zt\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Obeyesekere amellett \u00e9rvelt, hogy a hawaiiak Cookot hatalmas f\u0151n\u00f6kk\u00e9nt \u00e9s idegenk\u00e9nt kezelt\u00e9k, nem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9gk\u00e9nt<\/span>, \u00e9s az isten\u00edt\u00e9s ut\u00f3lagos eur\u00f3pai konstrukci\u00f3. Sahlins 1995-ben terjedelmes v\u00e1laszirattal reag\u00e1lt, amelyben \u00fajra \u00e1tvizsg\u00e1lta a hawaii \u00e9s a korai forr\u00e1sokat.<\/p><p>A vita a mai napig nem d\u0151lt el v\u00e9glegesen, \u00e9s \u00e9ppen ez teszi tanuls\u00e1goss\u00e1 Lono bemutat\u00e1sa szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l. Megmutatja egyr\u00e9szt, milyen sz\u0171k \u00e9s eur\u00f3pai sz\u0171r\u0151n \u00e1tp\u00e1rolt a forr\u00e1sb\u00e1zis.<\/p><p>Szinte az \u00f6sszes korai besz\u00e1mol\u00f3 a haj\u00f3k leg\u00e9nys\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l sz\u00e1rmazik, a hawaii \u00edr\u00e1sos tan\u00fas\u00e1gok csak \u00e9vtizedekkel k\u00e9s\u0151bb kezd\u0151dnek, \u00e9s maguk is a misszi\u00f3 \u00e9s a t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00edr\u00e1s hat\u00e1s\u00e1t\u00f3l nem mentesek. Megmutatja m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt, hogy annak k\u00e9rd\u00e9se, miben hittek val\u00f3j\u00e1ban a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szerepl\u0151k, m\u00f3dszertanilag sokkal nehezebben megv\u00e1laszolhat\u00f3, mint a n\u00e9pszer\u0171 bemutat\u00e1sok sugallj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Lono komoly kezel\u00e9se sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra ez azt jelenti, hogy a Cook-epiz\u00f3dot vit\u00e1s esetk\u00e9nt kell bemutatni, amelyen az etnogr\u00e1fia m\u00f3dszertani hat\u00e1rai megmutatkoznak, ahelyett hogy gesicherte vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti t\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt adn\u00e1k el\u0151. A tudom\u00e1nyosan megalapozott mag Lono es\u0151, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g \u00e9s a Makahiki-napt\u00e1r k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kapcsolata marad, a Cook-k\u00e9rd\u00e9st\u0151l f\u00fcggetlen\u00fcl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Marshall Sahlins: <em>Islands of History<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Gananath Obeyesekere: <em>The Apotheosis of Captain Cook<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa: <em>Native Land and Foreign Desires<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>David Malo: <em>Hawaiian Antiquities<\/em> (1898)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-lono-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-lono-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A b\u00e9ke, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s az \u00e9ves Makahiki-\u00fcnnepid\u0151 <strong>f\u0151istenek\u00e9nt<\/strong> Lono k\u00f6zponti helyet foglal el a hawaii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonban<\/span>, \u00e9s a harcias Ku ellenp\u00f3lus\u00e1t alkotja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Lono Hawaii Makahiki James Cook Lono-z\u00e1szl\u00f3 Rongo-rokons\u00e1g b\u00e9keis\u00e9g.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-lono\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, a <a href=\"\/hu\/polynesisch-maori\/\">Polin\u00e9zia \/ Maori<\/a> hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s kult\u00fara nyom\u00e1n. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" 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data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-lono-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-lono-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlatra vonatkoz\u00f3 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lono &#8211; A b\u00e9ke, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s a Makahiki hawaii f\u0151istene Lono a hawaii vall\u00e1sban a n\u00e9gy f\u0151isten egyike, a b\u00e9ke, a term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g, az es\u0151, a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s a nagy \u00e9ves Makahiki-\u00fcnnep atua-ja. Szoros p\u00e1rhuzama a maori atua Rongo. Ez a sz\u00f3cikk bemutatja helyzet\u00e9t a panteonban, a Makahiki-rendszert \u00e9s a James Cookkal val\u00f3 t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmileg nevezetes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2712,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lono Hawaii Makahiki","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lono - Hawaiiai b\u00e9keis\u00e9g, m\u00edtosz","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Lono a hawaii vall\u00e1s egyik f\u0151istene, a b\u00e9ke patr\u00f3nusa \u00e9s a Makahiki-\u00fcnnep ura. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos elemz\u00e9s forr\u00e1sokkal.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"polynesisch-maori","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-53304","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lono - Hawaiiai b\u00e9keis\u00e9g, m\u00edtosz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lono a hawaii vall\u00e1s egyik f\u0151istene, a b\u00e9ke patr\u00f3nusa \u00e9s a Makahiki-\u00fcnnep ura. 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