{"id":53292,"date":"2026-07-30T15:41:22","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T15:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gallu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T15:41:45","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T15:41:45","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"53292\" class=\"elementor elementor-53292 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny d\u00e9mona<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Alvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9monok, h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k \u00e9s a t\u00falvil\u00e1g v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9mon \/ D\u00e9monn: Term\u00e9szetfeletti l\u00e9ny, t\u00f6bbnyire k\u00e1ros vagy ambivalens hat\u00e1ssal. Az istenek \u00e9s az emberek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00e1ll, betegs\u00e9get, k\u00eds\u00e9rt\u00e9st vagy szerencs\u00e9tlens\u00e9get okoz, \u00e9s r\u00e1olvas\u00e1ssal, apotropaikus eszk\u00f6z\u00f6kkel, valamint ritu\u00e1l\u00e9kkal h\u00e1r\u00edtj\u00e1k el.\">D\u00e9mon<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/mezopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A dokument\u00e1lt vall\u00e1s b\u00f6lcs\u0151je: Sumer, Akk\u00e1d, Babilon, Assz\u00edria (kb. Kr. e. 3500-t\u00f3l Kr. e. 330-ig).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1707\" alt=\"Gallu - D\u00e4monen aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gallu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szellemi l\u00e9ny, amelynek k\u00e1ros vagy k\u00e9tarc\u00fa hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">d\u00e9mon<\/span> a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1nyban.<\/p><p>A gall\u00fbk Mezopot\u00e1mia legr\u00e9gebben adatolt d\u00e9monfigur\u00e1i k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak. A pokolvil\u00e1ghoz \u00e9s annak \u00farn\u0151j\u00e9hez, Ere\u0161kigalhoz k\u00f6t\u0151dnek, \u00e9s m\u00edtoszokban, ritu\u00e1lis sz\u00f6vegekben egyar\u00e1nt a hal\u00e1l v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3ik\u00e9nt jelennek meg. Jellemz\u0151j\u00fck a megk\u00f6zel\u00edthetetlens\u00e9g: a sz\u00f6vegek hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, hogy sem \u00e9telt, sem italt nem fogadnak el, sem aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kot, sem \u00e9dess\u00e9get nem ismernek. Vel\u00fck nem lehet alkudni.<\/p><p>Az Inanna alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 nevezetes elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben a gall\u00fbk azok, akik az istenn\u0151 helyett cser\u00e9t k\u00f6vetelnek, \u00e9s Dumuzit az alvil\u00e1gba hurcolj\u00e1k. Ez a jelenet m\u00e1ig meghat\u00e1rozza k\u00e9p\u00fcket: a gall\u00fbk azok a h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k, akik akkor j\u00f6nnek, amikor egy ember ideje lej\u00e1rt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00f6vid profil: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gallu (akk\u00e1dul: gal-lu, \u201enagy&#8221;) az alvil\u00e1g d\u00e9moni l\u00e9nyei a mezopot\u00e1miai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban<\/span>. Jelenl\u00e9t\u00fck \u00e9k\u00edr\u00e1sos sz\u00f6vegekben Sumert\u0151l Babilonig adatolt; rendszerint Ereshkigal alvil\u00e1gi istenn\u0151 vagy Nergal hal\u00e1listen al\u00e1rendeltjeik\u00e9nt \u00edrj\u00e1k le \u0151ket. A betegs\u00e9get, a pestisj\u00e1rv\u00e1nyt \u00e9s a hirtelen hal\u00e1lt szem\u00e9lyes\u00edtik meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontextus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A sz\u00f6vegek korszaka<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gall\u00fbkra vonatkoz\u00f3 adatok a korai sumer m\u00edtoszokt\u00f3l (Kr. e. 3. \u00e9vezred) az \u00fajbabiloni \u00e9s akhaimenida korig ny\u00falnak. Egyetlen m\u00e1s d\u00e9ment\u00edpus sem dokument\u00e1lt ilyen k\u00f6vetkezetesen v\u00e9gig a mezopot\u00e1miai kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neten.<\/p><p><strong>Mitol\u00f3giai elhelyez\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A <em>Gallu<\/em>, az alvil\u00e1g egyik d\u00e9mona, <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>nak, az alvil\u00e1g kir\u00e1lyn\u0151j\u00e9nek szolg\u00e1lat\u00e1ban \u00e1ll\u00f3 l\u00e9ny. A <em>gall\u00fbk<\/em> nem felt\u00e9tlen\u00fcl gonoszak erk\u00f6lcsi \u00e9rtelemben; ink\u00e1bb <em>Ereshkigal<\/em> akarat\u00e1nak v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i, parancsainak teljes\u00edt\u0151i, lelkek foglyul ejt\u0151i \u00e9s a halottak k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151i az alvil\u00e1gba.<\/p><p>F\u00e9lelmetes voltuk abb\u00f3l ered, hogy meg\u00e9rkez\u00e9s\u00fck a hal\u00e1lt jelzi. A <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em> a betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s a hirtelen hal\u00e1l d\u00e9monaik\u00e9nt is \u00e9rtelmezhetj\u00fck, akik a fels\u0151 vil\u00e1gb\u00f3l ragadj\u00e1k el az embereket. A hal\u00e1l elker\u00fclhetetlens\u00e9g\u00e9t \u00e9s t\u00e1rgyilagoss\u00e1g\u00e1t testes\u00edtik meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elterjed\u00e9si ter\u00fclet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gall\u00fbkat els\u0151sorban babiloni \u00e9s assz\u00edr agyagt\u00e1bla-sorozatok dokument\u00e1lj\u00e1k, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1st le\u00edr\u00f3 sz\u00f6vegek (az Inanna-Ereshkigal-ciklus, amelynek r\u00e9szleges p\u00e1rhuzamai a hettita irodalomban is fennmaradtak). Az eg\u00e9sz K\u00e9tfolyam-vid\u00e9ken, Sumert\u0151l Assz\u00edri\u00e1ig f\u00e9ltek t\u0151l\u00fck, \u00e9s r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sokkal, apotropaikus r\u00edtusokkal igyekeztek elh\u00e1r\u00edtani \u0151ket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1shelyzet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gall\u00fbkra vonatkoz\u00f3 forr\u00e1shelyzet t\u00f6red\u00e9kes. Az els\u0151dleges sz\u00f6vegek \u00f3kori babiloni \u00e9k\u00edr\u00e1sos mitolog\u00e9m\u00e1k \u00e9s list\u00e1k (kb. Kr. e. 1800-1600), valamint k\u00e9s\u0151i assz\u00edr p\u00e1rhuzamos sz\u00f6vegek.<\/p><p>Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann \u00e9s Schwemer assziriol\u00f3gusok elemezt\u00e9k ezeket a hagyom\u00e1nyokat, \u00e9s elhelyezt\u00e9k \u0151ket a mezopot\u00e1miai d\u00e9monol\u00f3gia kontextus\u00e1ban. Az egyes gallu-t\u00edpusok biztos azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa ma neh\u00e9z, mivel a t\u00e1bl\u00e1k gyakran r\u00e9szben megsemmis\u00fcltek, \u00e9s n\u00e9vv\u00e1ltozatokat mutatnak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elnevez\u00e9s \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3dok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumer\u00fcl:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akk\u00e1dul: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Csoportos n\u00e9vk\u00e9nt: rendszerint a \u201eh\u00e9t gall\u00fb&#8221;, a mezopot\u00e1miai d\u00e9monol\u00f3gia tipikus teljes sz\u00e1mos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvuma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Az etimol\u00f3gia vitatott; a kutat\u00e1s a \u201ev\u00e9grehajt\u00f3&#8221; vagy \u201eer\u0151szak&#8221; jelent\u00e9s\u0171 fogalmakkal val\u00f3 kapcsolatot t\u00e1rgyalja. A sz\u00e1rmaztat\u00e1sn\u00e1l fontosabb a r\u00f6gz\u00edtett szerep: a gall\u00fbk mindig v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3 szervek, ritk\u00e1n \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 figur\u00e1k. Rendszerint csoportban jelennek meg, az alvil\u00e1g megb\u00edz\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l cselekszenek, \u00e9s n\u00e9vtelenek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Megjelen\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A sz\u00f6vegek a gall\u00fbkat ink\u00e1bb azzal jellemzik, amik <em>nem<\/em>. Nem ismernek \u00e9telt, szomj\u00fas\u00e1got, aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kot, \u00e9dess\u00e9get. Ahol k\u00e9pi \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1suk megfoghat\u00f3, ott \u00e1rnyszer\u0171ek, f\u00e9lelmetes hat\u00e1s\u00faak \u00e9s nehezen r\u00f6gz\u00edthet\u0151k. \u00cdgy ink\u00e1bb Mezopot\u00e1mia nem szeml\u00e9letes d\u00e9monaihoz sorolhat\u00f3k.<\/p><p><strong>Viselked\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A gall\u00fbk az\u00e9rt j\u00f6nnek, hogy elvigyenek. A haldokl\u00f3k lelk\u00e9t az alvil\u00e1gba k\u00eds\u00e9rik, cser\u00e9t k\u00f6vetelnek, ha a rend megbomlott, \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1g \u00edt\u00e9let\u00e9t hajtj\u00e1k v\u00e9gre. Cselekedeteik c\u00e9lir\u00e1nyosak \u00e9s nem t\u00e1rgyalhat\u00f3k; aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kok vagy r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sok csak sz\u0171k ritu\u00e1lis keretek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt hatnak.<\/p><p><strong>Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r<\/strong><\/p><p>Az \u00e9let \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e1tmenet, a hal\u00e1los \u00e1gy, az er\u0151szakos hal\u00e1l helysz\u00ednei, ritu\u00e1lis k\u00fcsz\u00f6bhelyzetek. Ott hatnak, ahol \u00e9let vagy hal\u00e1l k\u00e9rd\u00e9se d\u0151l el, vagy ahol a kozmikus rend cser\u00e9t k\u00f6vetel.<\/p><p><strong>Mitol\u00f3giai eredet<\/strong><\/p><p>A gall\u00fbk az alvil\u00e1g, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen Ere\u0161kigal szolg\u00e1i. Az &#8222;Inanna alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1sa&#8221; sz\u00f6vegben csoportk\u00e9nt l\u00e9pnek fel: \u0151k k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtik az istenn\u0151t az alvil\u00e1gba, majd Dumuzit k\u00f6vetelik cser\u00e9be. Szerep\u00fck ez\u00e1ltal szerkezetileg r\u00f6gz\u00edtett: az alvil\u00e1gnak az \u00e9l\u0151k k\u00f6r\u00e9ben kiny\u00fajtott v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3 eszk\u00f6zei.<\/p><p><strong>Megjelen\u00e9s \u00e9s szimbolika<\/strong><\/p><p>A <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em> gyakran f\u00e9lelmetes, s\u00f6t\u00e9t alakokk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k term\u00e9szetfeletti jegyekkel, esetleg \u00e1llati testekkel (oroszl\u00e1n, bika), izz\u00f3 szemekkel, karmokkal vagy k\u00f6rm\u00f6kkel. Humanoid, d\u00e9monikus von\u00e1sokkal rendelkez\u0151 l\u00e9nyekk\u00e9nt is megjelen\u00edthet\u0151k: szarvakkal, fekete arccal, rettent\u0151 arckifejez\u00e9ssel.<\/p><p>A <em>gall\u00fbk<\/em> gyakran bilincset vagy l\u00e1ncot viselnek, hiszen \u0151k a rabl\u00f3k \u00e9s megk\u00f6t\u00f6z\u0151k. Test\u00fck s\u00f6t\u00e9t, sokszor fekete vagy m\u00e9lyv\u00f6r\u00f6s sz\u00edn\u0171. Gyorsan \u00e9s v\u00e1ratlanul mozognak. Jelenl\u00e9t\u00fck hideg \u00e9s f\u00e9lelmetes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adatlap: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gall\u00fbk legfontosabb von\u00e1sai egy pillant\u00e1sra. A n\u00e9vr\u0151l, a le\u00edr\u00e1sr\u00f3l, az elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1sr\u00f3l \u00e9s a p\u00e1rhuzamokr\u00f3l r\u00e9szletes kifejt\u00e9s a 2., 3., 5. \u00e9s 6. fejezetben olvashat\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A gallu eredete<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az alvil\u00e1g, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen Ere\u0161kigal szolg\u00e1i. Rendszerint csoportk\u00e9nt, a \u201eh\u00e9t gall\u00fb&#8221;-k\u00e9nt eml\u00edtik \u0151ket. Nem egy\u00e9ni alakok, hanem kollekt\u00edv v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A gallu c\u00e9lpontjai<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Haldokl\u00f3k, ritu\u00e1lis k\u00fcsz\u00f6bhelyzetben l\u00e9v\u0151 emberek, tabut\u00f6r\u0151k, b\u0171n\u00f6s\u00f6k, m\u00e1sok helyett cser\u00e9nek kiszemelt szem\u00e9lyek (mint Dumuzi Inanna helyett).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A gallu megjelen\u00e9se<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bizonytalan, sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kosan megfoghatatlan: \u201enem esznek \u00e9telt, nem isznak vizet, nem ismernek \u00e9dess\u00e9get&#8221;. \u00c1rnyszer\u0171ek, f\u00e9lelmetes hat\u00e1s\u00faak, nem r\u00f6gz\u00edtett form\u00e1j\u00faak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hirtelen hal\u00e1l, l\u00e9lekrabl\u00e1s, gyorsan lefoly\u00f3 betegs\u00e9g, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9si rendhez tartoz\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu\u00e1lis<\/span> megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s. Elj\u00f6vetel\u00fck nem t\u00e1rgyalhat\u00f3, legfeljebb halaszthat\u00f3 vagy \u00e1tir\u00e1ny\u00edthat\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delem<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u00e1olvas\u00e1sok az alvil\u00e1gba val\u00f3 visszat\u00e9r\u00e9sre sz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1ssal, tiszt\u00edt\u00e1si r\u00edtusok, helyettes\u00edt\u0151 \u00e1ldozatok (olyan cserealakok, amelyeket az ember helyett visznek magukkal).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinn\u00fcsz\u00f6k \u00e9s K\u00e9rek (g\u00f6r\u00f6g), Thanatosz (g\u00f6r\u00f6g), Tzitzimime (azt\u00e9k), hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6k-mot\u00edvumok Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban, a kasz\u00e1s hal\u00e1l alakja a k\u00e9s\u0151i n\u00e9phitben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1s a mindennapokban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 r\u00edtusok<\/strong><\/p><p>A gall\u00fbk ellen v\u00e9gzett r\u00edtusok nem megsemmis\u00edt\u00e9s\u00fckre, hanem halaszt\u00e1sra vagy \u00e1tir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1sra ir\u00e1nyulnak. Ismert a helyettes\u00edt\u00e9s elve: egy szimbolikus cserealakot, \u00e1llatot, t\u00e9szt\u00e1b\u00f3l vagy agyagb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00edtett kis figur\u00e1t adnak \u00e1t a gall\u00fbknak az ember helyett. E <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvum<\/span> leger\u0151sebb mitol\u00f3giai kifejt\u00e9se az &#8222;Inanna alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1sa&#8221; sz\u00f6vegben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p><p><strong>R\u00e1olvas\u00e1sok<\/strong><\/p><p>A formul\u00e1k megsz\u00f3l\u00edtj\u00e1k a gall\u00fbkat, megnevezik eredet\u00fcket, \u00e9s visszak\u00fcldik \u0151ket az alvil\u00e1gba. Rendszerint egyidej\u0171leg egy isteni tekint\u00e9lyre hivatkoznak, amelynek megb\u00edz\u00e1sa lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az \u00e1tir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1st. A szerkezet minden mezopot\u00e1miai r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sban hasonl\u00f3: azonos\u00edt\u00e1s, igazol\u00e1s, visszak\u00fcld\u00e9s.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettek \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151szimb\u00f3lumok<\/strong><\/p><p>A kifejezetten gall\u00fbk elleni amulettek nem \u00e1llnak a k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontban; fontosabbak a tisztas\u00e1gi el\u0151\u00edr\u00e1sok \u00e9s a kollekt\u00edv v\u00e9d\u0151r\u00edtusok, amelyek a h\u00e1zat, a helysz\u00ednt vagy a v\u00e1rost \u00f3vj\u00e1k. A v\u00e9delem nem egy t\u00e1rgyra, hanem ritu\u00e1lis fegyelemre \u00e9s az istenekkel val\u00f3 helyes viszonyra t\u00e1maszkodik.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultusz<\/span> \u00e9s tisztelet<\/strong><\/p><p>A <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em> nem tisztelt\u00e9k \u00fagy, mint az isteneket; f\u00e9ltek t\u0151l\u00fck, \u00e9s r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sokkal, v\u00e9d\u0151var\u00e1zslatokkal h\u00e1r\u00edtott\u00e1k el \u0151ket. A <em>gall\u00fbk<\/em> elleni v\u00e9d\u0151amulettek gyakoriak voltak, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen azokban a h\u00e1zakban, ahol beteg vagy haldokl\u00f3 fek\u00fcdt.<\/p><p>M\u00e1gusok \u00e9s papok v\u00e9d\u0151r\u00edtusokat v\u00e9geztek, hogy a <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em> t\u00e1vol tarts\u00e1k. Ugyanakkor a m\u00e1gusok n\u00e9ha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Olyan gyakorlatok, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges cselekm\u00e9nyek vagy formul\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00e1nnak beavatkozni az esem\u00e9nyek menet\u00e9be.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span> c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l meg is id\u00e9zt\u00e9k a <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em>, hogy ellens\u00e9geknek \u00e1rtsanak vagy gyors eredm\u00e9nyt \u00e9rjenek el. A <em>gall\u00fbkat<\/em> f\u00e9lelemmel \u00e9s retteg\u00e9ssel, nem tisztelettel kezelt\u00e9k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, p\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>G\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai vil\u00e1g<\/strong><\/p><p>A K\u00e9rek \u00e9s az Erinn\u00fcsz\u00f6k a legnyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3bb funkcion\u00e1lis p\u00e1rhuzamok. A K\u00e9rek az elesettek lelk\u00e9t viszik el, az Erinn\u00fcsz\u00f6k a v\u00e9rb\u0171nt torolj\u00e1k meg. Thanatosz mint a hal\u00e1l megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edt\u00e9se hasonl\u00f3 h\u00edrn\u00f6k-funkci\u00f3t t\u00f6lt be, \u00e9s motivikusan tov\u00e1bb \u00e9l a r\u00f3mai \u00e9s hellenisztikus \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokban.<\/p><p><strong>K\u00f6z\u00e9p-Amerika:<\/strong> Az azt\u00e9k tzitzimim\u00e9k \u00e9jszakai d\u00e9monok, amelyek a kozmikus ciklus kritikus pillanataiban fenyegetik az emberi \u00e9letet. Szerep\u00fck mint egy fenyeget\u0151 kozmikus v\u00e9g v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i\u00e9, fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9ben \u00e9s funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban hasonl\u00edt a gall\u00fb-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumhoz<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Eur\u00f3pa (k\u00e9s\u0151i n\u00e9phagyom\u00e1ny)<\/strong><\/p><p>A kasz\u00e1s hal\u00e1l alakja az eur\u00f3pai k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban \u00e9s az \u00fajkorban \u00f6sszefogja a szem\u00e9lytelen, nem t\u00e1rgyalhat\u00f3 hal\u00e1lhoz\u00f3 figura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvum\u00e1t<\/span>. M\u00e9g ha k\u00f6zvetlen lesz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1si vonal nem is bizony\u00edthat\u00f3, az alapminta felismerhet\u0151: egy h\u00edrn\u00f6k, aki akkor j\u00f6n, amikor az id\u0151 lej\u00e1rt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A gall\u00fbk az Inanna alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A gall\u00fbk legfontosabb irodalmi szerepl\u00e9se az Inanna alvil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 sumer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtoszban<\/span> \u00e9s annak Dumuzi p\u00e1sztoristenr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 folytat\u00e1s\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A sz\u00f6veg agyagt\u00e1bl\u00e1kon maradt fenn, \u00e9s a sumer irodalom r\u00e9szletesen rekonstru\u00e1lt alkot\u00e1sai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik.<\/p><p>Inanna istenn\u0151 lesz\u00e1ll az alvil\u00e1gba, testv\u00e9r\u00e9nek, Ereskigalnak a birodalm\u00e1ba, ahol meg\u00f6lik \u00e9s egy c\u00f6vekre akasztj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Enki isten beavatkoz\u00e1sa r\u00e9v\u00e9n visszat\u00e9r az \u00e9letbe, de az alvil\u00e1g senkit sem enged el csere n\u00e9lk\u00fcl. Inann\u00e1nak helyettest kell megneveznie, aki helyette sz\u00e1ll al\u00e1. A felemelked\u00e9sekor a gall\u00fbk, az alvil\u00e1g d\u00e9monai k\u00eds\u00e9rik.<\/p><p>A sz\u00f6veg nagy er\u0151vel \u00edrja le ezeket a gall\u00fbkat. Nem ismernek \u00e9hs\u00e9get \u00e9s szomj\u00fas\u00e1got, nem esznek \u00e9telt \u00e9s nem isznak vizet, nem fogadnak el \u00e1ldozati adom\u00e1nyokat \u00e9s megveszteget\u00e9st. Nem ismernek csal\u00e1dot, gyermeket, bar\u00e1ts\u00e1got.<\/p><p>Kiszak\u00edtj\u00e1k a n\u0151t a f\u00e9rfi karj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9s a gyermeket a dajka kebel\u00e9r\u0151l. \u00cdgy \u0151k pontosan az ellent\u00e9tei egy olyan emberi vagy isteni f\u00e9lnek, akivel alkudni lehetne.<\/p><p>Inanna helyettes\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e9g\u00fcl f\u00e9rje, Dumuzi v\u00e1lik, aki nem gy\u00e1szolta meg az istenn\u0151t. A gall\u00fbk \u00fcld\u00f6z\u0151be veszik, \u0151 menek\u00fcl \u00e9s \u00e1tv\u00e1ltozik, de elfogj\u00e1k \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1gba hurcolj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Csak testv\u00e9r\u00e9nek, Gestinnann\u00e1nak az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozata<\/span> r\u00e9v\u00e9n, aki az \u00e9v egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t helyette v\u00e1llalja, enyh\u00fcl sorsa. A gall\u00fbk ebben az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben az alvil\u00e1gi rend megvesztegethetetlen v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A gall\u00fbk a r\u00e1olvas\u00e1ssz\u00f6vegekben \u00e9s a betegs\u00e9gelh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1sban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalmon k\u00edv\u00fcl a gall\u00fbk els\u0151sorban Mezopot\u00e1mia r\u00e1olvas\u00e1s- \u00e9s elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6vegeiben jelennek meg. E sz\u00f6vegek, amelyek akk\u00e1d \u00e9s sumer nyelven sz\u00e1mos t\u00e1bl\u00e1n maradtak fenn, a betegs\u00e9g, a szerencs\u00e9tlens\u00e9g \u00e9s a d\u00e9moni t\u00e1mad\u00e1s elleni v\u00e9delmet szolg\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Az akk\u00e1d form\u00e1ban a n\u00e9v <em>gallu<\/em>-k\u00e9nt vagy m\u00e1s d\u00e9monn\u00e9vvel p\u00e1ros\u00edtva fordul el\u0151. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen gyakori csoport a H\u00e9t, a gonosz szellemek band\u00e1ja, amelynek felsorol\u00e1saiban a gallu visszat\u00e9r.<\/p><p>E sz\u00f6vegek le\u00edrj\u00e1k, hogyan hatol be a d\u00e9mon az ajt\u00f3n \u00e9s a zasaron, hogyan k\u00f6vet utakat \u00e9s falakat, \u00e9s hogyan t\u00e1mad r\u00e1 az emberre, aki nem tud v\u00e9dekezni.<\/p><p>Az elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1st r\u00e1olvas\u00f3papok v\u00e9gezt\u00e9k, akiket Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00e1ban <em>asipunak<\/em> neveztek. R\u00f6gz\u00edtett formul\u00e1kat recit\u00e1ltak, a nagy isteneket h\u00edvt\u00e1k seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen E\u00e1t, annak fi\u00e1t Mardukot \u00e9s a t\u0171zistent, \u00e9s k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151 cselekedeteket hajtottak v\u00e9gre: cserealakok el\u0151mutat\u00e1s\u00e1t vagy el\u00e9get\u00e9s\u00e9t, f\u00fcst\u00f6l\u00e9st \u00e9s v\u00edzzel val\u00f3 meghint\u00e9st.<\/p><p>E gyakorlatban fontos szerepet j\u00e1tszottak v\u00e9d\u0151figur\u00e1k \u00e9s amulettek. Mezopot\u00e1miai h\u00e1zakb\u00f3l ismertek kis agyag v\u00e9d\u0151l\u00e9ny-figur\u00e1k, amelyeket a k\u00fcsz\u00f6b al\u00e1 \u00e1stak el, valamint feliratokkal ell\u00e1tott t\u00e1bl\u00e1csk\u00e1k.<\/p><p>A lelet azt mutatja, hogy a gallu az emberek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra nem elvont mitikus l\u00e9ny volt, hanem megtapasztalhat\u00f3 fenyeget\u00e9s, amellyel szemben kidolgozott ritu\u00e1lis reperto\u00e1r \u00e1llt rendelkez\u00e9sre. A sz\u00f6vegek \u00edgy d\u00e9monol\u00f3gi\u00e1t \u00e9s gy\u00f3gy\u00e1szatot egyetlen egys\u00e9gbe kapcsolnak, amelyben betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s d\u00e9moni t\u00e1mad\u00e1s gyakran ugyanazt jelenti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A sumer sz\u00f3t\u00f3l az akk\u00e1d d\u00e9monig: etimol\u00f3gia \u00e9s oszt\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gallu n\u00e9v nyelvt\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg \u00e9s vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg t\u00f6bb k\u00e9rd\u00e9st vet fel, amelyeket az assziriol\u00f3gia t\u00e1rgyal. A sz\u00f3 sumer eredet\u0171, \u00e9s a legkor\u00e1bbi adatokban alvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9mont, a halottak birodalm\u00e1nak szolg\u00e1j\u00e1t vagy hajcs\u00e1r\u00e1t jel\u00f6l. Az akk\u00e1dba j\u00f6vev\u00e9nysz\u00f3k\u00e9nt vett\u00e9k \u00e1t.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s a gall\u00fbt a mezopot\u00e1miai alacsonyabb rend\u0171 l\u00e9nyek t\u00e1gabb rendszer\u00e9be sorolja. Ez a rendszer sz\u00e1mos d\u00e9monnevet ismer, k\u00f6zt\u00fck az <a href=\"\/hu\/utukku\/\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu \u00e9s m\u00e1s neveket, amelyek r\u00e9szben \u00e9lesen elhat\u00e1rolt, r\u00e9szben \u00e1tfed\u0151 ter\u00fcleteket jel\u00f6lnek. A gallu azokhoz a l\u00e9nyekhez tartozik, amelyek az alvil\u00e1ggal \u00e9s az emberek er\u0151szakos elhurcol\u00e1s\u00e1val kapcsolatosak.<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n k\u00e9rd\u00e9s a sz\u00f3 lehets\u00e9ges ut\u00f3\u00e9lete. A k\u00e9s\u0151i ar\u00e1m \u00e9s a zsid\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyban vannak olyan d\u00e9monn\u00e9v, amelyek hangz\u00e1sukban eml\u00e9keztetnek a <em>gallu<\/em>-ra, \u00e9s felvet\u0151d\u00f6tt, vajon itt mezopot\u00e1miai \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9gb\u0151l ered\u0151 hagyom\u00e1ny-vonal \u00e1ll-e fenn.<\/p><p>Ez a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s nem lez\u00e1rt; a hangz\u00e1sbeli hasonl\u00f3s\u00e1g \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban nem bizony\u00edt\u00e9k, \u00e9s az \u00f3kori keleti d\u00e9moni rendszerek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e1tmenetek \u00f6sszetettek.<\/p><p>A meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l fontos, hogy a mezopot\u00e1miai vall\u00e1s egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tett a nagy, neves\u00edtett \u00e9s templomokban tisztelt istenek, valamint az olyan alacsonyabb rend\u0171 l\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, mint a gallu.<\/p><p>A gall\u00fbkat nem tisztelt\u00e9k; a kozmikus rend funkci\u00f3t\u00e1rgyai voltak, amelyekkel nem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusszal<\/span>, hanem elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1ssal tal\u00e1lkoztak. Ez a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9gt\u00e9tel hat\u00e1rozza meg a mezopot\u00e1miai vall\u00e1s eg\u00e9sz viszony\u00e1t a d\u00e9monikushoz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tov\u00e1bbi hivatkoz\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/hu\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu, rokon mezopot\u00e1miai halottiszellem<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, rokon mezopot\u00e1miai d\u00e9monn<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, Lamashtu \u00e9s rokon d\u00e9monok elleni apotropaikus l\u00e9ny<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, az alvil\u00e1g \u00farn\u0151je, a gall\u00fbk megb\u00edz\u00f3ja<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/nergal\/\">Nergal, alvil\u00e1gi isten, sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ges<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, rokon &#8222;leselked\u0151&#8221;-d\u00e9mon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/mezopotamia\/\">Mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny, \u00e1tfog\u00f3 kontextus<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s irodalom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szimbolikus cselekm\u00e9nyek szab\u00e1lyozott sora, vall\u00e1si vagy kultur\u00e1lis jelent\u00e9ssel.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Az itt ismertetett v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1nyok vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se. Az iWell Guard ehhez a kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1nyhoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, \u00e9s a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kort\u00e1rs form\u00e1j\u00e1t k\u00e9pviseli. <a href=\"\/hu\/az-iwell-guardrol\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Tudjon meg t\u00f6bbet az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gallu, a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny d\u00e9mona Alvil\u00e1gi d\u00e9monok, h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k \u00e9s a t\u00falvil\u00e1g v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i. D\u00e9monMezopot\u00e1mia Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Gallu A Gallu d\u00e9mon a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1nyban. A gall\u00fbk Mezopot\u00e1mia legr\u00e9gebben adatolt d\u00e9monfigur\u00e1i k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak. A pokolvil\u00e1ghoz \u00e9s annak \u00farn\u0151j\u00e9hez, Ere\u0161kigalhoz k\u00f6t\u0151dnek, \u00e9s m\u00edtoszokban, ritu\u00e1lis sz\u00f6vegekben egyar\u00e1nt a hal\u00e1l v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3ik\u00e9nt jelennek meg. Jellemz\u0151j\u00fck a megk\u00f6zel\u00edthetetlens\u00e9g: a sz\u00f6vegek hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, hogy sem \u00e9telt, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny d\u00e9mona | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A gall\u00fbk Mezopot\u00e1mia legr\u00e9gebben adatolt d\u00e9monfigur\u00e1i k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak. A pokolvil\u00e1ghoz \u00e9s annak \u00farn\u0151j\u00e9hez, Ere\u0161kigalhoz k\u00f6t\u0151dnek, \u00e9s m\u00edtoszokban, ritu\u00e1lis sz\u00f6vegekben egyar\u00e1nt a hal\u00e1l v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3ik\u00e9nt jelennek meg.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-53292","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny d\u00e9mona | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A gall\u00fbk Mezopot\u00e1mia legr\u00e9gebben adatolt d\u00e9monfigur\u00e1i k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak. 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