{"id":52954,"date":"2026-07-30T14:59:01","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:59:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yamaduta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:59:24","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:59:24","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52954\" class=\"elementor elementor-52954 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, szellem a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6kei, a karmikus \u00edt\u00e9letek v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">A yamadut\u00e1k a Naraka-rendszerben<\/h2>\n<p>A yamadut\u00e1k <strong>Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6kei<\/strong>, a vedikus, hindu \u00e9s buddhista hagyom\u00e1ny hal\u00e1listen\u00e9nek szolg\u00e1i.<\/p><p>A Garuda Puran\u00e1ban \u00e9s a Mahabharata Naraka-rendszer\u00e9ben k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a <strong>hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban<\/strong> \u00e9rkeznek a l\u00e9lek\u00e9rt. Feladataik k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik: a l\u00e9lek azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa, az \u00e9lethez k\u00f6t\u0151 sz\u00e1lak sz\u00e9tszak\u00edt\u00e1sa, k\u00eds\u00e9ret a <strong>Vaitarani-foly\u00f3n<\/strong> \u00e1t, majd \u00e1tad\u00e1s Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9k\u00e9nek <strong>Yamapuriban<\/strong>. Ott <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> \u00edrnok m\u00e9ri fel az \u00e9rdemeket \u00e9s a v\u00e9ts\u00e9geket, Yama hozza meg az \u00edt\u00e9letet.<\/p><p>A b\u00fcntet\u00e9sek a <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> valamelyik\u00e9be vezetnek (poklok): Raurava (a sikolyok pokla), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. A buddhista \u00e1tv\u00e9tel (Mahayana, Vajrayana) meg\u0151rzi ezt a s\u00e9m\u00e1t, de kieg\u00e9sz\u00edti a felszabadul\u00e1s lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9vel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szent sz\u00f3tag vagy formula, amelyet a hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban ism\u00e9telten mondanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>-recit\u00e1l\u00e1s \u00e9s k\u00f6zb\u00fcls\u0151 \u00e1llapotbeli gyakorlatok r\u00e9v\u00e9n (Bardo, Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv). Ikonogr\u00e1fiailag a yamadut\u00e1k s\u00f6t\u00e9t b\u0151r\u0171ek, hurokkal \u00e9s buzog\u00e1nnyal felfegyverkezve, v\u00edzibivalyon lovagolva jelennek meg.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Szellem: Testn\u00e9lk\u00fcli vagy f\u00e9lig testi l\u00e9ny, elhunyt szem\u00e9ly, term\u00e9szeti l\u00e9ny, h\u00e1zi szellem vagy k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u0151r. A mindennapi \u00e9letben hat, gyakran helyekhez vagy csal\u00e1dokhoz k\u00f6t\u0151dik.\">Szellem<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/buddhizmus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhista hagyom\u00e1ny b\u00f3dhiszattv\u00e1kkal, v\u00e9d\u0151istens\u00e9gekkel, \u00e9hes szellemekkel \u00e9s pokolfigyel\u0151kkel.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1697\" alt=\"Yamaduta - Geister aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A yamaduta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span> a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban.<\/p><p>A yamad\u016bt\u00e1k Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6kei az indiai-buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban, akik a hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban megjelennek, hogy a lelket Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke el\u00e9 vezess\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Ott <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban, a buddhizmusban \u00e9s a dzsainizmusban a tett-k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9ny t\u00f6rv\u00e9nye: minden cselekedet visszahat a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 l\u00e9tez\u00e9sekre.\">karm\u00e1t<\/span> m\u00e9rlegelik; Yama kimondja az \u00edt\u00e9letet; a yamad\u016bt\u00e1k v\u00e9grehajtj\u00e1k azt, ak\u00e1r az \u00e9gi vil\u00e1gokban, ak\u00e1r a Narak\u00e1kban (poklokban). Az alakja az indiai \u00e9s a buddhista halotti kultusz hagyom\u00e1nyait kapcsolja \u00f6ssze; Kelet-\u00c1zsi\u00e1ban helyi alvil\u00e1gi k\u00e9pzetekkel olvad \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>A Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eIsteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k szutt\u00e1ja&#8221;) a p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151nek elismert szent iratainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span>ban Yama el\u00e9 \u00e1ll\u00edtott elhunyt jelenet\u00e9t mes\u00e9li el: Yama megk\u00e9rdezi, hogy nem l\u00e1tta-e az \u201eisteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6ket&#8221;, az \u00f6regs\u00e9get, a betegs\u00e9get, a hal\u00e1lt, a holttesteket, amelyek megt\u00e9r\u00e9sre intethett\u00e9k volna.<\/p><p>A yamad\u016bt\u00e1k teh\u00e1t nemcsak v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3k, hanem az \u00e9let figyelmeztet\u0151i is. Ez a kett\u0151s szerep teszi az alakot teol\u00f3giailag gazdagg\u00e1.<\/p><div><p><strong>A Garuda Purana \u00e9s Yamaloka topogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja<\/strong><\/p><p>A <em>yamaduta<\/em> legr\u00e9szletesebb \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa a <em>Garuda Puran\u00e1ban<\/em> (8-10. sz\u00e1zad) tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, ahol Yama h\u00edrn\u00f6keit rangjuk \u00e9s funkci\u00f3juk szerint oszt\u00e1lyozz\u00e1k. Egyszer\u0171 \u0151r\u00f6k vagy h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k szerep\u00e9n t\u00fal esk\u00fcdtekk\u00e9nt \u00e9s a karmikus \u00edt\u00e9let dokument\u00e1l\u00f3ik\u00e9nt is m\u0171k\u00f6dnek.<\/p><p>Minden elhunytat szem\u00e9lyes yamadut\u00e1ja vezet a haldokl\u00f3k vil\u00e1g\u00e1b\u00f3l a Maharlok\u00e1ba, ahol Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ket tart. Yamaloka topogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ja, ahogyan azt k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 Puran\u00e1k le\u00edrj\u00e1k, b\u00fcrokratikus fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9st mutat: a kapu, az \u00fat, az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g csarnoka, a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 pokoli ter\u00fcletek. A yamadut\u00e1k ennek a topogr\u00e1fi\u00e1nak az igazgat\u00f3i, nem csup\u00e1n \u0151rz\u0151i.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyors \u00e1ttekint\u00e9s: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>T\u00edpus:<\/strong> Hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k, pokoli v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3k<br>Eredet: Yama, a hal\u00e1listen szolg\u00e1lata<br>Sz\u00f6vegek: Devad\u016bta Sutta, J\u00e1tak\u00e1k, Abhidharmakosha, Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv<br>Id\u0151szak: vedikus-buddhista kort\u00f3l napjainkig<br>Kelet-\u00e1zsiai forma: a k\u00ednai alvil\u00e1gi rendszerben Yanluo h\u00edrn\u00f6kek\u00e9nt<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A sz\u00f6vegek korszaka<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vedikus h\u00e1tt\u00e9r (Yama a Rigv\u00e9d\u00e1ban), buddhista kidolgoz\u00e1s a p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151nek elismert szent iratainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span>ban \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Nagy J\u00e1rm\u0171'; a buddhizmus h\u00e1rom f\u0151 hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak egyike, b\u00f3dhiszattva-eszm\u00e9n \u00e9s kidolgozott filoz\u00f3fiai reflexi\u00f3n alapul.\">Mahayana<\/span>-sz\u00fatr\u00e1kban. Az Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, 4-5. sz.) rendszerezi a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vil\u00e1g fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s rendj\u00e9r\u0151l alkotott elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s egy kult\u00far\u00e1n bel\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gi\u00e1t<\/span>. A Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A tibeti buddhizmusban a k\u00e9t l\u00e9tez\u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e1tmeneti \u00e1llapot; a Bardo Th\u00f6dol a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni szakaszt \u00edrja le.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, 8. sz. vagy k\u00e9s\u0151bb) r\u00e9szletes yamad\u016bta-jelenetekkel. K\u00ednai \u00e9s jap\u00e1n vonatkoz\u00e1sok a buddhista alvil\u00e1gi irodalomban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elterjed\u00e9si ter\u00fclet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indiai szubkontinens, Theravada-orsz\u00e1gok, Kelet-\u00c1zsia (K\u00edn\u00e1ban Yanluo h\u00edrn\u00f6keik\u00e9nt, Niu Tou \u201e\u00d6k\u00f6lfej&#8221; \u00e9s Ma Mian \u201eL\u00f3fej&#8221; alakj\u00e1ban), Tibet a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Gy\u00e9m\u00e1nt J\u00e1rm\u0171'; a Mahayana-buddhizmus tantrikus form\u00e1ja, els\u0151sorban Tibetben, Yidam-gyakorlattal \u00e9s mantra-technik\u00e1val a k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontban.\">Vajrayana<\/span>-b\u0151v\u00edtm\u00e9nnyel, Jap\u00e1n Emma-alakban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1shelyzet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya \u00e9s Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv; ritu\u00e1lis \u00fatmutat\u00f3 a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni \u00e1tmeneti \u00e1llapotokhoz.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, k\u00ednai alvil\u00e1gi elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek (<em>Di Yu<\/em>-irodalom), jap\u00e1n Jigoku-zoshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elnevez\u00e9s \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3dok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Szanszkrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201eYama h\u00edrn\u00f6ke&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eYama \u0151rz\u0151je&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eYama embere&#8221;.<br>K\u00ednai: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201e\u00d6k\u00f6lfej \u00e9s L\u00f3fej&#8221;, a n\u00e9pszer\u0171 p\u00e1ralak).<br>Jap\u00e1n: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama mint Emma.<br>Tibeti: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>A kelet-\u00e1zsiai specifik\u00e1ci\u00f3 figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3: az \u00d6k\u00f6lfej \u00e9s L\u00f3fej p\u00e1r \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 k\u00ednai fejlem\u00e9ny. Mindkett\u0151t Yanluo Wang hatalmas alvil\u00e1gi tisztvisel\u0151jek\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, \u00e9s a n\u00e9pi vall\u00e1si templomokban kiemelked\u0151 helyen szerepelnek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jellemz\u0151k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Megjelen\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>Az indiai hagyom\u00e1nyban gyakran l\u00e1ngaur\u00e1val, fegyverekkel, l\u00e1ncokkal. Lehetnek \u00e1llati vagy f\u00e9lig \u00e1llati alak\u00faak. A k\u00ednai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ban<\/span> \u00f6k\u00f6lfejk\u00e9nt \u00e9s l\u00f3fejk\u00e9nt jelennek meg, buzog\u00e1nnyal vagy vill\u00e1val felfegyverkezve. A tibeti tangk\u00e1kon haragos, t\u00e1ncol\u00f3 alakban, koponyaszimbolik\u00e1val.<\/p><p><strong>Viselked\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban jelennek meg, a lelket megk\u00f6t\u00f6zik \u00e9s Yama el\u00e9 vezetik. A Narak\u00e1kban karmikus b\u00fcntet\u00e9seket hajtanak v\u00e9gre, nem szem\u00e9lyes kegyetlens\u00e9gb\u0151l, hanem funkcion\u00e1lis k\u00f6teless\u00e9gb\u0151l. A Devad\u016bta-\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sben egy\u00fattal szimbolikusak: maga az \u00e9let figyelmeztet az \u00f6regs\u00e9g, a betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l r\u00e9v\u00e9n.<\/p><p><strong>Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r<\/strong><\/p><p>A haldokl\u00e1s k\u00f6ztes vil\u00e1ga, Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke, a Narak\u00e1k (poklok). A kelet-\u00e1zsiai hagyom\u00e1nyban konkr\u00e9t alvil\u00e1gi hivatalokba is beosztj\u00e1k \u0151ket; a t\u00edz pokol mindegyik\u00e9nek saj\u00e1t tisztvisel\u0151i vannak.<\/p><p><strong>Mitol\u00f3giai besorol\u00e1s<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama a vedikus hagyom\u00e1nyban az els\u0151 haland\u00f3, aki az alvil\u00e1gba ment, \u00e9s ezzel annak ur\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt. H\u00edrn\u00f6kei egy kozmikus rend tisztvisel\u0151i, nem \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 d\u00e9monok. A buddhista \u00e1tv\u00e9tel meg\u0151rzi ezt a funkcion\u00e1lis helyet.<\/p><div><p><strong>Testi jegyek \u00e9s riaszt\u00f3 funkci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>A Mahabharata-szakaszokban \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151i Puran\u00e1kban a yamadut\u00e1k meghat\u00e1rozott testi jegyekkel rendelkeznek: fekete b\u0151r, v\u00f6r\u00f6s szemek, k\u00edgy\u00f3hajak vagy l\u00e1ngok haj helyett, vaskos fegyverek. Ezek a jegyek funkcion\u00e1lisak, semmik\u00e9ppen sem \u00f6nk\u00e9nyesek: az \u00e9l\u0151ket sokkra k\u00e9sztetik, \u00e9s \u00f6nreflexi\u00f3ra \u00f6szt\u00f6nzik \u0151ket saj\u00e1t \u00e9let\u00fckkel kapcsolatban.<\/p><p>A megjelen\u00e9s egyszerre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bajelh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3; apotropaikus szimb\u00f3lumok (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) a k\u00e1ros m\u00e1gia \u00e9s a gonosz szem ellen v\u00e9denek.\">apotropaikus<\/span> \u00e9s meditat\u00edv. Egy yamaduta l\u00e1tv\u00e1nya az \u00e9letb\u0151l a felel\u0151ss\u00e9g fel\u00e9 val\u00f3 \u00e1tmenetet jel\u00f6li. A tantrikus komment\u00e1rokban a riaszt\u00f3 funkci\u00f3 m\u00e9g explicitebb: a yamaduta a karma-k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyek tudatos megtestes\u00edt\u0151je, nem biol\u00f3giai entit\u00e1s.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adatlap: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A yamad\u016bta legfontosabb szempontjai egy pillant\u00e1sra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eredet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, a hal\u00e1listen szolg\u00e1lat\u00e1ban. Vedikus-buddhista alapok. Kelet-\u00c1zsi\u00e1ban Yanluo\/Emma alatt fejtik ki, saj\u00e1t tisztvisel\u0151i hierarchi\u00e1val.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9rintettek<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Haldokl\u00f3k a hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban, elhunytak a k\u00f6ztes \u00e1llapotban, pokoli l\u00e9nyek a v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n. K\u00f6zvetve minden \u00e9l\u0151, mint figyelmeztet\u0151\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Megjelen\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indiai alakban l\u00e1ngaur\u00e1val \u00e9s fegyverekkel. K\u00ednai alakban \u00f6k\u00f6lk\u00e9nt \u00e9s l\u00f3fejk\u00e9nt meghat\u00e1rozva. Tibeti alakban haragos, t\u00e1ncol\u00f3, koponya\u00e9k\u00edtm\u00e9nyekkel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A yamadut\u00e1k hat\u00e1sa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elvezetik a haldokl\u00f3 lelkeket, Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke el\u00e9 k\u00eds\u00e9rik, \u00e9s v\u00e9grehajtj\u00e1k a karmikus \u00edt\u00e9leteket. Funkcion\u00e1lisak, nem szem\u00e9lyesen kegyetlenek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1si form\u00e1k<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nem elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1s, hanem helyes \u00e9let: etikus cselekv\u00e9s, mened\u00e9kv\u00e9tel a H\u00e1rom Dr\u00e1gak\u0151n\u00e9l, Ksitigarbha <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy hatalom k\u00e9r\u0151 vagy k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u0151 megsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">foh\u00e1sz<\/span> (a pokoli l\u00e9nyek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A Mahayana-buddhizmusban megvil\u00e1gosodott l\u00e9ny, aki saj\u00e1t felszabadul\u00e1s\u00e1t m\u00e1s l\u00e9nyek \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben halasztja el.\">b\u00f3dhiszattv\u00e1ja<\/span>). Tibeti hagyom\u00e1nyban: Phowa-gyakorlat (tudat\u00e1tvitel a hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamos alakok<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/dirae\/\">Dirae<\/a>, egyiptomi Amduat-k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151k, kereszt\u00e9ny hal\u00e1langyal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hal\u00e1lhoz k\u00f6t\u0151d\u0151 r\u00edtusok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hal\u00e1lra val\u00f3 felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A Theravada-hagyom\u00e1nyban: Paritta- \u00e9s Metta-szutt\u00e1k recit\u00e1l\u00e1sa haldokl\u00f3k mellett. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Nagy J\u00e1rm\u0171; a buddhizmus h\u00e1rom f\u0151 hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak egyike, b\u00f3dhiszattva-eszm\u00e9n alapul.\">Mahayana<\/span>: Amitabha-mantr\u00e1k recit\u00e1l\u00e1sa, hogy a h\u00edv\u0151 az \u0151 Tiszta F\u00f6ldj\u00e9n sz\u00fclessen \u00fajj\u00e1 Yama birodalm\u00e1val szemben. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gy\u00e9m\u00e1nt J\u00e1rm\u0171; a Mahayana-buddhizmus tantrikus form\u00e1ja, els\u0151sorban Tibetben, Yidam-gyakorlattal a k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontban.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa mint saj\u00e1tos hal\u00e1lmedit\u00e1ci\u00f3 a k\u00f6rforg\u00e1sb\u00f3l val\u00f3 kil\u00e9p\u00e9shez.<\/p><p><strong>Hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni r\u00edtusok<\/strong><\/p><p>A Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv \u00fatmutat\u00e1sokat ad az elhunytnak a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A tibeti buddhizmusban a k\u00e9t l\u00e9tez\u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e1tmeneti \u00e1llapot; a Bardo Th\u00f6dol a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni szakaszt \u00edrja le.\">Bardo<\/span> 49 napj\u00e1ra, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a yamad\u016bt\u00e1kkal val\u00f3 konkr\u00e9t tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sokra. K\u00ednai hagyom\u00e1ny: \u201eh\u00e9t h\u00e9t&#8221; gy\u00e1szszertart\u00e1s (49 nap heti szertart\u00e1sokkal). Jap\u00e1n Obon \u00e9s hasonl\u00f3 ritu\u00e1l\u00e9k a halottak \u00e1llapot\u00e1nak megk\u00f6nny\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re.<\/p><p><strong>Etikai dimenzi\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>A Devad\u016bta-tan\u00edt\u00e1s szerint maga az \u00e9let k\u00fcldi el a h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6ket: az \u00f6regs\u00e9g, a betegs\u00e9g, a holttestek l\u00e1tv\u00e1nya. Aki hallgat r\u00e1juk, Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke el\u0151tt kev\u00e9st\u0151l kell tartania. Aki figyelmen k\u00edv\u00fcl hagyja, a megfelel\u0151 \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9sekben tal\u00e1lja mag\u00e1t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok \u00e9s recepci\u00f3hist\u00f3ria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antik<\/span> \u00e9s mezopot\u00e1miai p\u00e1rhuzamok<\/strong><\/p><p>A mezopot\u00e1miai <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> az alvil\u00e1g v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3 szervek\u00e9nt, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> hal\u00e1ldem\u00e9monk\u00e9nt, az egyiptomi Amduat-k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151figur\u00e1k a nap alvil\u00e1gi \u00fatj\u00e1n.<\/p><p><strong>Kelet-\u00e1zsiai fejl\u0151d\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><p>A k\u00ednai Niu Tou Ma Mian \u00e9s a jap\u00e1n Emma-tisztvisel\u0151k a n\u00e9pi hitben konkr\u00e9t hivatali rangsorral rendelkeznek, levelez\u00e9ssel \u00e9s vizsg\u00e1latokkal. A Di Yu-rendszer (\u201eF\u00f6ldi b\u00f6rt\u00f6n&#8221;) a vil\u00e1g egyik legkidolgozottabb alvil\u00e1gi igazgat\u00e1sa.<\/p><p><strong>Modern recepci\u00f3hist\u00f3ria<\/strong><\/p><p>Bollywood-filmek Yamraj-alakokkal, jap\u00e1n anim\u00e9k Shinigami-mot\u00edvumokkal, koreai K-dr\u00e1m\u00e1k Grim Reaper-figur\u00e1kkal mind a yamad\u016bta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumot<\/span> vari\u00e1lj\u00e1k modern form\u00e1ban.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamadut\u00e1k \u00e9s az iszl\u00e1m Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/strong><\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 p\u00e1rhuzam \u00e1ll fenn a hindu yamadut\u00e1k \u00e9s az iszl\u00e1m hagyom\u00e1ny hal\u00e1langyal, a <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em> k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Mindk\u00e9t hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9gi l\u00e9nyeket \u00e1br\u00e1zol, amelyek a hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban jelennek meg. Mindkett\u0151 az elhunyt cselekedeteit vall\u00e1si vagy karmikus feljegyz\u00e9sek alapj\u00e1n \u00edt\u00e9li meg.<\/p><p>K\u00fcls\u0151 megjelen\u00e9s\u00fckben mindkett\u0151 f\u00e9lelmetes, de funkci\u00f3jukban igazs\u00e1gos. Az iszl\u00e1m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arabul 'az angyalok'; a Kor\u00e1nban az angyalok kozmol\u00f3giai oszt\u00e1lya, amelynek legfontosabb tagjai G\u00e1briel, Mik\u00e1\u00e9l \u00e9s Iszr\u00e1f\u00edl.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> azonban Isten erk\u00f6lcsi k\u00fcld\u00f6ttei, m\u00edg a yamadut\u00e1k ink\u00e1bb semleges igazgat\u00e1si er\u0151k. Ez a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teol\u00f3giai probl\u00e9ma: hogyan egyeztethet\u0151 \u00f6ssze Isten mindenhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga \u00e9s j\u00f3s\u00e1ga a vil\u00e1g gonoszs\u00e1g\u00e1nak l\u00e9tez\u00e9s\u00e9vel.\">teodicea<\/span>-beli elt\u00e9r\u00e9sre utal: a hinduizmusban a karma \u00f6nmag\u00e1t hajtja v\u00e9gre, az iszl\u00e1mban Isten kegyelme d\u00f6nt az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1gr\u00f3l.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A yamadut\u00e1k mint a hal\u00e1listen h\u00edrn\u00f6kei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>yamaduta<\/em> n\u00e9v sz\u00f3 szerint \u201eYama h\u00edrn\u00f6ke&#8221; jelent\u00e9s\u0171. Yama a halottak ura, a vedikus vall\u00e1sb\u00f3l ered\u0151 alak, aki a buddhizmuson \u00e9s a hinduizmuson \u00e1t eg\u00e9sz D\u00e9l- \u00e9s Kelet-\u00c1zsi\u00e1ban elterjedt.<\/p><p>A yamadut\u00e1k az \u0151 al\u00e1rendeltjei, akiket az\u00e9rt k\u00fcldenek ki, hogy az elhunytak lelk\u00e9t \u00f6sszegy\u0171jts\u00e9k \u00e9s a hal\u00e1listen \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke el\u00e9 vezess\u00e9k. \u00cdgy nem \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hatalmak, hanem egy kozmikus rend tisztvisel\u0151i.<\/p><p>A buddhista sz\u00f6vegekben a yamadut\u00e1k t\u00f6bb szerepben jelennek meg. Fontos hely a p\u00e1li k\u00e1non <em>Devad\u016bta Sutt\u00e1ja<\/em>, amelyben azonban az \u201eisteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k&#8221; ker\u00fclnek el\u0151t\u00e9rbe: az \u00f6regs\u00e9g, a betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l mint int\u0151 jelek, amelyeknek minden embert figyelmeztetni\u00fck kellett volna.<\/p><p>Emellett a pokoli h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k konkr\u00e9tabb le\u00edr\u00e1sai is megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, amelyek szerint ezek az elhunytat megragadj\u00e1k \u00e9s Yama el\u00e9 viszik. Yama ekkor szembes\u00edti a halottat azzal, hogy az \u00f6reged\u00e9s, a betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l int\u0151 jeleit az \u00e9letben l\u00e1tta ugyan, de nem vette sz\u00edv\u00e9re.<\/p><p>A f\u00e9lelmetes le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s az etikai int\u00e9s \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1sa jellemz\u0151 a buddhista yamad\u016bta-kezel\u00e9sre. R\u00e9malakok, de r\u00e9m\u00fclet\u00fcknek oktat\u00f3 c\u00e9lja van. A buddhista <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vil\u00e1g fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s rendj\u00e9r\u0151l alkotott elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s egy kult\u00far\u00e1n bel\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> kutat\u00e1sa hangs\u00falyozza, hogy a buddhizmus pokolle\u00edr\u00e1sai a karma t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny\u00e9nek szeml\u00e9letes megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re szolg\u00e1ltak, \u00e9s nem voltak \u00f6nc\u00e9l\u00faak.<\/p><p>A yamadut\u00e1k nem \u00f6nk\u00e9nyes b\u00fcntet\u00e9st hajtanak v\u00e9gre, hanem azt teljes\u00edtik, amit az elhunyt tettei \u00f6nmagukb\u00f3l k\u00f6vetkeztetnek. A val\u00f3di \u00edt\u00e9sz v\u00e9gs\u0151 soron a tett \u00e9s a k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9ny t\u00f6rv\u00e9nye.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamadut\u00e1k a pokol\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokon \u00e9s a templomm\u0171v\u00e9szetben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c1zsia buddhista k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szete sokszor \u00e1br\u00e1zolta a yamadut\u00e1k alakj\u00e1t, els\u0151sorban a nagy pokol\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokon, amelyek templomokban, falfestm\u00e9nyeken \u00e9s tekercsk\u00e9peken tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k. Ezek a k\u00e9pprogramok Yama halotti \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9k\u00e9t \u00e9s a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 poklok b\u00fcntet\u00e9seit sokszor drasztikus szeml\u00e9letess\u00e9ggel mutatj\u00e1k be.<\/p><p>A yamadut\u00e1k rajta \u00e1llnak ezeken v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3 \u0151r\u00f6k \u00e9s h\u00f3h\u00e9rok szerep\u00e9ben, gyakran \u00e1llati von\u00e1sokkal, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul bika- vagy l\u00f3fejjel. Ez az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/span> k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a kelet-\u00e1zsiai hagyom\u00e1nyban hangs\u00falyos.<\/p><p>Az ilyen pokol\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokon egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171 didaktikus funkci\u00f3 volt. Olyan helyeken helyezt\u00e9k el \u0151ket, ahol a laikusok is l\u00e1thatt\u00e1k, \u00e9s a k\u00e1rt\u00e9kony cselekv\u00e9s k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeit olyan m\u00f3don szeml\u00e9ltett\u00e9k, amely sz\u00f6veges ismeretek n\u00e9lk\u00fcl is \u00e9rthet\u0151 volt.<\/p><p>Thaif\u00f6ld\u00f6n, a tibeti hagyom\u00e1nyban, K\u00edn\u00e1ban, Kore\u00e1ban \u00e9s Jap\u00e1nban egyar\u00e1nt megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k e k\u00e9phagyom\u00e1ny saj\u00e1t v\u00e1ltozatai, amelyek a k\u00f6z\u00f6s alaps\u00e9m\u00e1t region\u00e1lis saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokkal t\u00f6ltik meg.<\/p><p>A kelet-\u00e1zsiai v\u00e1ltozatban az indiai \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3dik az alvil\u00e1g t\u00edz kir\u00e1ly\u00e1nak elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s\u00e9vel, \u00fagyhogy Yama ott t\u00edz b\u00edr\u00f3 egyikek\u00e9nt jelenik meg, hasonl\u00f3an a koreai <a href=\"\/hu\/yeomra\/\">Yeomr\u00e1hoz<\/a>.<\/p><p>A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l ez a k\u00e9phagyom\u00e1ny fontos forr\u00e1s, mert megmutatja, hogyan k\u00f6zvet\u00edtette a karma- \u00e9s halotti \u00edt\u00e9let tan\u00edt\u00e1st a laikusok \u00e9letvil\u00e1g\u00e1ba. A yamadut\u00e1k ezeken a k\u00e9peken szeml\u00e9letes, f\u00e9lelmetes alakokk\u00e9nt jelennek meg, nem elvont teol\u00f3giai fogalmakk\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>A m\u0171v\u00e9szett\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kutat\u00e1s a fennmaradt pokolk\u00e9peket arra is felhaszn\u00e1lja, hogy nyomon k\u00f6vesse bizonyos k\u00e9pzetek t\u00e9rbeli \u00e9s id\u0151beli terjed\u00e9s\u00e9t, mivel rajtuk leolvashat\u00f3k a buddhista <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vil\u00e1g fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s rendj\u00e9r\u0151l alkotott elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s egy kult\u00far\u00e1n bel\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> r\u00e9gi\u00f3k k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e1tad\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00fatjai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamadut\u00e1k \u00e9s Yamadut a hinduizmusban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A yamah\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k k\u00e9pzete a buddhizmuson t\u00fal a hinduizmusban is szil\u00e1rdan gy\u00f6keret vert, ahol a h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6ket gyakran <em>Yamadutnak<\/em> nevezik. Egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen ismert elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s, amelyet t\u00f6bb Purana is hagyom\u00e1nyoz, Ajamir\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Ajamila olyan ember, aki helytelen\u00fcl \u00e9lt, \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l \u00f3r\u00e1j\u00e1n a yamah\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6knek kellene magukkal vinni\u00fck. A haldokl\u00e1s pillanat\u00e1ban azonban fia nev\u00e9t ki\u00e1ltja, amely v\u00e9letlen\u00fcl Vishnu egyik neve is. Erre megjelennek Vishnu h\u00edrn\u00f6kei, a <em>Vishnudut\u00e1k<\/em>, szembe\u00e1llnak a yamah\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6kkel, \u00e9s megszabad\u00edtj\u00e1k Ajamil\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Ez az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s teol\u00f3giailag tanuls\u00e1gos. A Vishnu-tisztelet hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1ban az isteni n\u00e9v megv\u00e1lt\u00f3 erej\u00e9nek bizony\u00edt\u00e9kak\u00e9nt id\u00e9zik: m\u00e9g a n\u00e9v nem sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kos felki\u00e1lt\u00e1s\u00e1nak is \u00fcdv\u00f6s hat\u00e1sa van.<\/p><p>A yamah\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k ebben az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben a tett \u00e9s a megtorl\u00e1s szigor\u00fa logik\u00e1j\u00e1t testes\u00edtik meg, m\u00edg a Vishnu-h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k a kegyelmet, amely k\u00e9pes ezt a logik\u00e1t megt\u00f6rni. A k\u00e9t h\u00edrn\u00f6kcsoport vit\u00e1j\u00e1t a sz\u00f6vegek szab\u00e1lyos disput\u00e1ci\u00f3k\u00e9nt adj\u00e1k el\u0151 a jog \u00e9s a kegyelem t\u00e1rgy\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l ez az epiz\u00f3d megmutatja, hogy a yamadut\u00e1k India k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vall\u00e1si ir\u00e1nyzataiban a teol\u00f3giai \u00e1ll\u00e1spontt\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en elt\u00e9r\u0151en \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u0151dtek. A szorosan karma-orient\u00e1lt keretben megker\u00fclhetetlen v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3k.<\/p><p>Az odaad\u00e1st \u00e9s kegyelmet k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontba helyez\u0151 ir\u00e1nyzatokban olyan instanci\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lnak, amelyet a megv\u00e1lt\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> kegyelm\u00e9nek megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1sa fel\u00fclb\u00edr\u00e1lhat. A yamadut\u00e1k \u00edgy j\u00f3 mutat\u00f3i annak, hogyan rendel\u0151dik el \u00e9s \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u0151dik elt\u00e9r\u0151en egy k\u00f6z\u00f6s mitol\u00f3giai k\u00e9pzet a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vall\u00e1si rendszerekben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tov\u00e1bbi hivatkoz\u00e1sok<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aj\u00e1nlott bels\u0151 hivatkoz\u00e1sok:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/buddhizmus\/\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/naraka-orzok\/\">Naraka-\u0151r\u00f6k<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> (p\u00e1rhuzamok)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/yama\/\">Yama<\/a> mint hal\u00e1listen (hinduizmus)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol \u00e9s a Tibeti Halottask\u00f6nyv<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1si irodalom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>A legfontosabb forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s tanulm\u00e1nyok v\u00e1logat\u00e1sa a yamad\u016bta t\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1ban:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Tov\u00e1bbi alapm\u0171vek az <a href=\"\/hu\/irodalom\/\">irodalomjegyz\u00e9kben<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Az itt ismertetett v\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1nyok vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se. Az iWell Guard ehhez a kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1nyhoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, \u00e9s a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kort\u00e1rs form\u00e1j\u00e1t k\u00e9pviseli. <a href=\"\/hu\/az-iwell-guardrol\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Tudjon meg t\u00f6bbet az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yamaduta, szellem a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6kei, a karmikus \u00edt\u00e9letek v\u00e9grehajt\u00f3i. A yamadut\u00e1k a Naraka-rendszerben A yamadut\u00e1k Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6kei, a vedikus, hindu \u00e9s buddhista hagyom\u00e1ny hal\u00e1listen\u00e9nek szolg\u00e1i. A Garuda Puran\u00e1ban \u00e9s a Mahabharata Naraka-rendszer\u00e9ben k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban \u00e9rkeznek a l\u00e9lek\u00e9rt. Feladataik k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik: a l\u00e9lek azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa, az \u00e9lethez k\u00f6t\u0151 sz\u00e1lak sz\u00e9tszak\u00edt\u00e1sa, k\u00eds\u00e9ret a Vaitarani-foly\u00f3n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"yamaduta Yama hal\u00e1lh\u00edrn\u00f6ke","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta - szellem a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A yamad\u00fat\u00e1k Yama hal\u00e1listen k\u00fcld\u00f6ttei az indiai-buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban. A hal\u00e1l pillanat\u00e1ban megjelennek, hogy a lelket Yama \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151sz\u00e9ke el\u00e9 vezess\u00e9k.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52954","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta - szellem a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A yamad\u00fat\u00e1k Yama hal\u00e1listen k\u00fcld\u00f6ttei az indiai-buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyban. 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