{"id":52777,"date":"2026-07-30T14:46:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/enma-o-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:46:56","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:46:56","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52777\" class=\"elementor elementor-52777 elementor-2006\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, a jap\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1ny istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O a jap\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1ny istene.<\/p><p><strong>A k\u00e1rhozottak b\u00edr\u00e1ja, a buddhista pokol ura.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten \/ Istenn\u0151: Egy kult\u00fara panteonj\u00e1nak megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett legf\u0151bb hatalma, j\u00f3l meghat\u00e1rozott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel: term\u00e9szeti er\u0151k, sors, h\u00e1bor\u00fa, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g. Kultuszok, \u00e1ldozatok \u00e9s templomi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek r\u00e9v\u00e9n tisztelik.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/japan\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jap\u00e1n sint\u00f3-kami \u00e9s buddhista-j\u00f3kai vil\u00e1gok.\">Jap\u00e1n<\/a><a href=\"\/hu\/totengottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az alvil\u00e1g \u00e9s a hal\u00e1l istenei, a t\u00falvil\u00e1g urai, halottb\u00edr\u00f3k, l\u00e9lekvezet\u0151k.\">Hal\u00e1listens\u00e9g<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1732\" alt=\"Enma O - G\u00f6tter aus der Japan-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egy pillant\u00e1sra: Enma-O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d a kelet-\u00e1zsiai buddhizmus indiai Yam\u00e1j\u00e1b\u00f3l ered\u0151 alak, amely a k\u00ednai Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ngon \u00e1t a Tendai-iskol\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl \u00e9rkezett Jap\u00e1nba. A kelet-\u00e1zsiai buddhizmusban k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl a 8. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l adatolhat\u00f3; k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Tendai- \u00e9s Shingon-iskol\u00e1k terjesztett\u00e9k el. A t\u00edz pokolb\u00edr\u00f3 (Dzs\u00fa\u00f3) eln\u00f6kek\u00e9nt a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni hetedik napon d\u00f6nt a l\u00e9lek sors\u00e1r\u00f3l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A sz\u00f6vegek korszaka<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az Enma-\u014dra vonatkoz\u00f3 legr\u00e9gebbi fennmaradt jap\u00e1n forr\u00e1sok a 8. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s a 9. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaznak, \u00e9s a buddhista pokol-kozmol\u00f3gi\u00e1k K\u00edn\u00e1b\u00f3l val\u00f3 \u00e1tv\u00e9tel\u00e9be \u00e1gyaz\u00f3dnak. A <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (kb. 822) korai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9seket tartalmaz, amelyekben Enma-\u014d kihallgatja az elhunytakat.<\/p><p>A 12. sz\u00e1zadban megszil\u00e1rdul a t\u00edz pokolb\u00edr\u00f3 rendszere, Enma-\u014dval az \u00e9l\u00e9n; az ikonogr\u00e1fiai alapreperto\u00e1r (korona, s\u00f6t\u00e9t b\u0151r, t\u00fck\u00f6r, \u00edr\u00f3t\u00e1bla) a Kamakura-korban alakul ki.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elterjed\u00e9si ter\u00fclet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d tisztelete az eg\u00e9sz kelet-\u00e1zsiai buddhista vil\u00e1gban elterjedt volt, Kj\u00f3to \u00e9s Nara nagy templomv\u00e1rosait\u00f3l a vid\u00e9ki zar\u00e1ndokhelyekig.<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 volt k\u00e9pm\u00e1sa a buddhista templomcsarnokokban, ahol a pokol b\u00edr\u00e1j\u00e1nak szobrai az \u00e9l\u0151ket erk\u00f6lcsi \u00f6nvizsg\u00e1latra intett\u00e9k. A n\u00e9pi sz\u00ednh\u00e1z a 14. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l felkarolta a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumot<\/span>; Enma-\u014d a N\u00f3- \u00e9s Kabuki-darabokban rendszeresen megjelenik a megvesztegethetetlen \u00edt\u00e9let alakjak\u00e9nt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1shelyzet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az Enma-\u014dra vonatkoz\u00f3 vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kutat\u00e1s sz\u00e9les forr\u00e1sb\u00e1zisra t\u00e1maszkodik: k\u00ednai ford\u00edt\u00e1sban fennmaradt kanonikus buddhista sz\u00fatr\u00e1kra, Tendai-buddhista szecsuvagy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyekre, ikonogr\u00e1fiai k\u00e9pt\u00e1bl\u00e1kra (Dzs\u00fa\u00f3-zu) \u00e9s n\u00e9pi otogi-z\u00f3si-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekre. A meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 alapm\u0171vek a region\u00e1lis vall\u00e1sn\u00e9prajz \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi buddhizmus-kutat\u00e1s ter\u00fclet\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaznak; az egyes l\u00e9nyekhez tartoz\u00f3 v\u00e1logatott bibliogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t a lexikon folyamatosan b\u0151v\u00edti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elnevez\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014dt hatalmas, izmos alakk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, m\u00e9lyv\u00f6r\u00f6s vagy k\u00e9kesfeket\u00e9s b\u0151rrel. Hajzata l\u00e1ngokban \u00e1ll, szemei izz\u00f3 par\u00e1zsk\u00e9nt \u00e9gnek. Brok\u00e1td\u00edszes k\u00f6nt\u00f6st visel, \u00e9s emelt tr\u00f3non \u00fcl.<\/p><p>Kez\u00e9ben b\u00edr\u00f3i kardot (<em>kensaku<\/em>) tart, \u00e9s gyakran egy nagy anyak\u00f6nyvet vagy tekercset, amelybe minden l\u00e9lek karmasz\u00e1mad\u00e1sa be van jegyezve. Jelk\u00e9pei a pokol \u0151rei (<em>oni<\/em>), a k\u00e1rhozottak foly\u00f3ja \u00e9s a birodalm\u00e1ban l\u00e9v\u0151 k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le pokolszintek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jellemvon\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d minden lelket a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1n azonnal fogad. A halottas\u00edt\u00e9leten vil\u00e1gi papok vagy a saj\u00e1t rossz cselekedetek t\u00f6ltik be a v\u00e1dl\u00f3 szerep\u00e9t, az anyak\u00f6nyv pedig nem hazudik. Enma-\u014d nem t\u00e1rgyal, hanem v\u00e9grehajt. D\u00f6nt\u00e9se hat\u00e1rozza meg a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9st a hat \u00e9letk\u00f6r (<em>Rokud\u00f3<\/em>) valamelyik\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>Birodalma nem egyszer\u0171 b\u00fcntet\u00e9s, hanem karmikus kiegyenl\u00edt\u00e9s: k\u00f6ves \u00f6sv\u00e9ny, forr\u00e1sban l\u00e9v\u0151 olaj, vagy visszat\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e9hez\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellemk\u00e9nt<\/span>. A Tendai-iskol\u00e1ban helyi templomokban kis szent\u00e9lyeket tartanak fenn Enma-\u014d tisztelet\u00e9re, amelyek mellett rendszerint <em>Dzsiz\u00f3<\/em>-szobrok \u00e1llnak, amelyek a k\u00e1rhozott gyermekek megseg\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t jelk\u00e9pezik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adatlap: Enma-O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O a jap\u00e1n buddhizmusban a holtak b\u00edr\u00e1ja, aki az elhunytak felett cselekedeteik alapj\u00e1n \u00edt\u00e9lkezik. Rendszerint haragos m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1gk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, k\u00ednai hivatalnoki k\u00f6nt\u00f6sben, b\u00edr\u00f3i fejfed\u0151vel \u00e9s hivatali t\u00e1bl\u00e1val. Alakja az indiai, a k\u00ednai \u00e9s a jap\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1nyr\u00e9teget \u00f6tv\u00f6zi egyedi n\u00e9phitbeli \u00e9s templomm\u0171v\u00e9szeti figur\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eredet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O a k\u00ednai Yanluo jap\u00e1n-buddhista \u00e1tv\u00e9tele, amelynek gy\u00f6kere az indiai <em>Yam\u00e1ban<\/em> keresend\u0151, a vedikus halottasisten \u00e9s az els\u0151 haland\u00f3 (Rigv\u00e9da 10.14). A mah\u00e1j\u00e1na-buddhizmus K\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00c1zsi\u00e1n \u00e1t val\u00f3 terjed\u00e9s\u00e9vel Yama k\u00e9pzete a 6-8. sz\u00e1zadban \u00e9rkezett K\u00edn\u00e1ba, ahol Yanluo Wangg\u00e1, a t\u00edz pokol kir\u00e1ly\u00e1v\u00e1 fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>A 9-10. sz\u00e1zadban a jap\u00e1n buddhizmus \u00e1tvette ezt a rendszert a <em>Dzs\u00fa\u00f3val<\/em> (t\u00edz kir\u00e1llyal) egy\u00fctt. Enma-O ebben a sorban a legf\u0151bb helyet foglalja el. Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg az indiai karma-tan, a k\u00ednai hivatalnoki b\u00fcrokratiakoncepci\u00f3 \u00e9s a jap\u00e1n halottakr\u00f3l alkotott k\u00e9pzetek olvadtak egybe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O c\u00e9lk\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-Oval Jap\u00e1nban f\u0151k\u00e9nt azok foglalkoztak, akik az elhunytak sors\u00e1\u00e9rt agg\u00f3dtak, \u00e9s halotti szertart\u00e1sokkal, gy\u00e1szszertart\u00e1sokkal igyekeztek kedvez\u0151 \u00edt\u00e9letet kieszk\u00f6z\u00f6lni. Alakja emellett erk\u00f6lcsi nevel\u00e9si c\u00e9lt is szolg\u00e1lt: sz\u00fcl\u0151k \u00e9s templomok a szigor\u00fa b\u00edr\u00f3t \u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k a gyermekek el\u00e9, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul azzal az ismert fenyeget\u00e9ssel, hogy Enma kit\u00e9pi a hazugok nyelv\u00e9t. Az Enma-szobrokat \u0151rz\u0151 templomok, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Kiot\u00f3ban \u00e9s Toki\u00f3ban, ma is l\u00e1togatott helysz\u00ednek az elhunytak\u00e9rt mondott k\u00f6zbenj\u00e1r\u00f3 im\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Megjelen\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-Ot ikonogr\u00e1fiailag f\u00e9lelmetes, hossz\u00fa fekete szak\u00e1ll\u00fa, s\u00f6t\u00e9t b\u0151r\u0171, l\u00e1ngol\u00f3 szem\u0171 \u00f6regemberk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k. A Tang-dinasztia k\u00ednai hivatalnok\u00e1nak k\u00f6nt\u00f6s\u00e9t viseli, cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ri koron\u00e1val (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>Kez\u00e9ben az Arany \u00c9let-K\u00f6nyv (<em>dzs\u00f3fuzu<\/em>), amelybe minden karmacselekedet be van jegyezve, valamint egy jogar vagy \u00edr\u00f3p\u00e1lca. T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9ke el\u0151tt \u00e1llnak a h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6k, <em>Ni\u00fa-T\u00f3<\/em> (\u00d6k\u00f6rfej) \u00e9s <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (L\u00f3fej), valamint az \u00edrnoktitk. Az Edo-kori templomfestm\u00e9nyek (<em>dzsigoku-z\u00f3si<\/em>) pokoljelenetekkel k\u00f6r\u00fclv\u00e9ve \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r:<\/strong> Enma-O minden elhunyt egyetemes b\u00edr\u00e1ja; a 49 hal\u00e1los nap hetedik\u00e9n, azaz a hal\u00e1lt k\u00f6vet\u0151 49. napon ker\u00fcl sor t\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9ke el\u0151tt a k\u00f6zponti karmasz\u00e1mad\u00e1sra. \u0150 d\u00f6nt az \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9sr\u0151l a hat vil\u00e1g egyik\u00e9ben (istenek, f\u00e9listen, emberek, \u00e1llatok, \u00e9hez\u0151 szellemek, poklok).<\/p><p>\u00cdt\u00e9lete nem \u00f6nk\u00e9nyes, hanem szigor\u00faan karmikus (<em>dharmatikus<\/em>). Az \u00e9l\u0151k az elhunytak karm\u00e1j\u00e1nak enyh\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt is tisztelik. Jap\u00e1n paraszti vid\u00e9keken a v\u00e1ratlan hal\u00e1lt\u00f3l oltalmaz\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151istennek \u00e9s neh\u00e9z sz\u00fcl\u00e9sek seg\u00edt\u0151j\u00e9nek tartj\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delem<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Szimb\u00f3lumok: Arany \u00c9let-K\u00f6nyv (<em>dzs\u00f3fuzu<\/em>), \u00edr\u00f3p\u00e1lca, kard, az igazs\u00e1g t\u00fckre (<em>dzs\u00f3hari no kagami<\/em>), amely el\u0151tt minden \u00e9letbeli cselekedet k\u00e9pk\u00e9nt v\u00e1lik l\u00e1that\u00f3v\u00e1. Apotropaikus eledele: konjak-\u00e9teleket ny\u00fajtanak be neki kedvelt fog\u00e1sk\u00e9nt (Edo-kori hagyom\u00e1ny); v\u00f6r\u00f6s selyembe foglalt Enma-omamori v\u00e9d a v\u00e1ratlan hal\u00e1lt\u00f3l \u00e9s a karma-betegs\u00e9gekt\u0151l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O p\u00e1rhuzamai<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kutat\u00e1s Enma-Ot egy b\u00edr\u00f3alak jap\u00e1n megjelen\u00e9sek\u00e9nt \u00edrja le, amely Indi\u00e1n \u00e9s K\u00edn\u00e1n \u00e1t v\u00e1ndorolt ide. A v\u00e9dikus sz\u00f6vegekben Yama az els\u0151 haland\u00f3 \u00e9s a halottak birodalm\u00e1nak ura; a k\u00ednai buddhizmusban ebb\u0151l a t\u00edz pokol kir\u00e1ly \u00f6t\u00f6dike lesz. Jap\u00e1n ezt a b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi modellt \u00e1tvette, m\u00e9gpedig azzal a k\u00e9pzettel egy\u00fctt, hogy a hal\u00e1l ut\u00e1ni k\u00f6ztes \u00e1llapotokban a hozz\u00e1tartoz\u00f3k eml\u00e9kez\u00e9si szertart\u00e1sokkal k\u00f6zbenj\u00e1rhatnak az elhunytak\u00e9rt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9d\u0151gyakorlat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotropaikus \u00e9s dev\u00f3ci\u00f3s r\u00edtusok<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (jap\u00e1nul: \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) a k\u00ednai Yanluo \u00e9s az indiai Yama jap\u00e1n-buddhista \u00e1tv\u00e9tele. Jap\u00e1n sz\u00e1mos Enma-templom\u00e1ban tisztelik (Genkaku-ji Toki\u00f3, Inn-ji Kiot\u00f3, Enn\u00f3-ji Kamakura). A f\u0151 kultusznapja az 1. \u00e9s a 7. h\u00f3nap 16. napja (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), amely a pokol kapujak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezett nap.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szem\u00e9ly, aki vall\u00e1si ind\u00edttat\u00e1sb\u00f3l utaz\u00e1st tesz egy szent helyre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Zar\u00e1ndokok<\/span> konjak-\u00e9teleket (Enma kedvenc \u00e9tele az Edo-kori hagyom\u00e1ny szerint), elhunyt hozz\u00e1tartoz\u00f3k\u00e9rt mondott im\u00e1kat \u00e9s karmam\u00e9rs\u00e9kl\u00e9s\u00e9rt sz\u00f3l\u00f3 k\u00e9r\u00e9seket hoznak (v\u00f6. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sz\u00fatr\u00e1k \u00e9s anrufungen<\/strong><\/p><p>A <em>Dzs\u00fa\u00f3-kj\u00f3<\/em> (a t\u00edz kir\u00e1ly <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatr\u00e1ja<\/span>) a f\u0151 liturgia. Buddhista szerzetesek a Sz\u00edv-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatr\u00e1t<\/span> k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges Enma-meghajl\u00e1sokkal recit\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Az Edo-korban (17-19. sz.) az Enma-tisztelet a n\u00e9pi buddhizmusban k\u00e9pesk\u00f6nyvek (<em>dzsigoku-z\u00f3si<\/em>, pokoltekercsek) r\u00e9v\u00e9n v\u00e1lt n\u00e9pszer\u0171v\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>Amulettek \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151szimb\u00f3lumok<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (Enma-k\u00e9pes v\u00e9d\u0151amulettek) az Enma-templomokb\u00f3l, rendszerint v\u00f6r\u00f6s sz\u00f6vetb\u0151l aranyh\u00edmz\u00e9ssel. A Go\u00f3h\u00f3in (a Yakushi-Buddha gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t jel\u00f6l\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3lum<\/span>) karma-betegs\u00e9gek ellen viselt t\u00e1rgy. A t\u00edz pokol kir\u00e1ly ikonogr\u00e1fiai t\u00e1bl\u00e1ja (<em>Dzs\u00fa\u00f3-zu<\/em>) buddhista h\u00e1ziolt\u00e1rokon a hal\u00e1lra val\u00f3 felk\u00e9sz\u00fcl\u00e9s jegy\u00e9ben ker\u00fcl kiakaszt\u00e1sra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O p\u00e1rhuzamai m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O az indiai halottasisten, Yama alakj\u00e1ra vezethet\u0151 vissza, aki a buddhizmussal K\u00edn\u00e1ba \u00e9rkezett, \u00e9s ott Yanluo Wang nev\u00e9n a T\u00edz Pokol Kir\u00e1ly rendszer\u00e9be illeszkedett. Ez a k\u00ednai forma a buddhista iskol\u00e1kkal jutott el Jap\u00e1nba, ahol Enma-\u00d3v\u00e1 alakult. Hasonl\u00f3 t\u00falvil\u00e1gi b\u00edr\u00f3alakokat m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1k is ismernek: p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az egyiptomi Ozirisz a halottas\u00edt\u00e9letben, vagy a koreai Yeomra, aki ugyanebb\u0151l a buddhista hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l ered.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egy indiai istens\u00e9g \u00fatja Jap\u00e1nba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o, a jap\u00e1n buddhizmus alvil\u00e1g\u00e1nak ura \u00e9s halottb\u00edr\u00e1ja egy hossz\u00fa v\u00e1ndorl\u00e1s v\u00e9gs\u0151 \u00e1llom\u00e1sa. Eredete a vedikus Indi\u00e1ban gy\u00f6kerezik, ahol <em>Yam\u00e1t<\/em> az els\u0151 haland\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt a holtak kir\u00e1lyak\u00e9nt tisztelt\u00e9k.<\/p><p>A buddhizmus r\u00e9v\u00e9n az alak K\u00edn\u00e1ba jutott, ahol <em>Yanlu\u00f3k\u00e9nt<\/em> az alvil\u00e1gi t\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9kek rendszer\u00e9be illeszkedett, \u00e9s onnan Kore\u00e1n \u00e1t Jap\u00e1nba \u00e9rkezett. A jap\u00e1n <em>Enma<\/em> n\u00e9v a szanszkrit <em>Yama<\/em> hangtani \u00e1tv\u00e9tele, az <em>o<\/em> toldal\u00e9k jelent\u00e9se: kir\u00e1ly.<\/p><p>Az alak minden \u00e1llom\u00e1son v\u00e1ltozott. Az indiai Yama kezdetben ink\u00e1bb egy halottasbirodalom ura volt, mintsem szigor\u00fa b\u00edr\u00f3.<\/p><p>K\u00edn\u00e1ban \u00f6sszeolvadt a t\u00falvil\u00e1gi k\u00f6zigazgat\u00e1s b\u00fcrokratikus k\u00e9pzet\u00e9vel, amely minden elhunyt \u00e9let\u00e9t megvizsg\u00e1lja, elsz\u00e1molja, \u00e9s d\u00f6nt az \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9sr\u0151l. Ezt a k\u00ednai mint\u00e1t, amely a t\u00falvil\u00e1got akt\u00e1kkal, \u00edr\u00e1stud\u00f3kkal \u00e9s b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi termekkel oper\u00e1l\u00f3 hivatali appar\u00e1tusk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolja, a jap\u00e1n buddhizmus nagyr\u00e9szt \u00e1tvette.<\/p><p>Jap\u00e1nban Enma-o szorosan be\u00e9p\u00fclt a n\u00e9pi buddhista <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy ember meg\u00e9lt vall\u00e1si magatart\u00e1sa \u00e9s gyakorlata.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1soss\u00e1gba<\/span>. Pr\u00e9dik\u00e1ci\u00f3kban, templomfest\u00e9szetben \u00e9s tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6vegekben jelenik meg mint az a hat\u00f3s\u00e1g, amely el\u0151tt minden embernek hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n sz\u00e1mot kell adnia. Az elvont karma-megtorl\u00e1s fogalm\u00e1val ellent\u00e9tben \u0151 arcot adott ennek a tan\u00edt\u00e1snak, egy konkr\u00e9t, megsz\u00f3l\u00edthat\u00f3 \u00e9s f\u00e9lelmetes alakot.<\/p><p>Ennek a v\u00e1ndorl\u00e1snak tudom\u00e1nyos jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge abban \u00e1ll, hogy Enma-on j\u00f3l leolvashat\u00f3, hogyan sz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3dik \u00e1t egy vall\u00e1si k\u00e9pzet nyelvi \u00e9s kultur\u00e1lis hat\u00e1rokon, \u00e9s k\u00f6zben mik\u00e9nt fest\u0151dik \u00e1t. A jap\u00e1n halottb\u00edr\u00f3 h\u00e1rom kult\u00fara r\u00e9tegeit hordozza mag\u00e1ban: az indiai eredetet, a k\u00ednai b\u00fcrokratiz\u00e1l\u00f3d\u00e1st \u00e9s a jap\u00e1n n\u00e9pi vall\u00e1soss\u00e1gi ki\u00e9p\u00fcl\u00e9st.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az alvil\u00e1g t\u00edz kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s a t\u00falvil\u00e1gi t\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Jap\u00e1nba \u00e9rkezett k\u00ednai ihlet\u00e9s\u0171 buddhizmusban Enma-o nem az egyetlen t\u00falvil\u00e1gi uralkod\u00f3, hanem egy test\u00fclet tagja.<\/p><p>A k\u00ednai k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban kidolgozott \u00e9s k\u00e9ptekercseken, sz\u00f6vegeken \u00e1t Jap\u00e1nba \u00e9rkezett t\u00edz alvil\u00e1gi kir\u00e1ly rendszere minden kir\u00e1lyhoz egy b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1got \u00e9s egy, a hal\u00e1lt k\u00f6vet\u0151 meghat\u00e1rozott id\u0151pontot rendel. Az elhunyt ezeket a b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gokat meghat\u00e1rozott id\u0151rend szerint j\u00e1rja v\u00e9gig, a hal\u00e1lt k\u00f6vet\u0151 bizonyos napokon \u00e9s \u00e9vfordul\u00f3kon.<\/p><p>Enma-o kiemelked\u0151 helyet foglal el ebben a rendszerben. Rendszerint a t\u00edz kir\u00e1ly k\u00f6z\u00fcl az \u00f6t\u00f6dik, b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1ga a hal\u00e1lt k\u00f6vet\u0151 harminc\u00f6t\u00f6dik napon ker\u00fcl sorra, \u00e9s a legtekint\u00e9lyesebb \u00e9s leghat\u00e9konyabb k\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fck. T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9ke el\u0151tt k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen alapos vizsg\u00e1lat al\u00e1 ker\u00fclnek az elhunyt cselekedetei.<\/p><p>T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k\u00e9nek ikonogr\u00e1fiai elemei r\u00f6gz\u00edtettek. Enma-o nyilv\u00e1ntart\u00e1sokat vezet, amelyekbe minden j\u00f3 \u00e9s rossz cselekedet be van jegyezve. Oldala mellett seg\u00e9dek \u00e1llnak; a jap\u00e1n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny<\/span> ismer p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul egy olyan alakot, amely botokra t\u0171z\u00f6tt, emberszer\u0171 fejeket hord, egyet haragos, egyet nyugodt arckifejez\u00e9ssel, amelyek az elhunyt l\u00e9ny\u00e9t jelzik.<\/p><p>Nevezetes kell\u00e9k a l\u00e9lekt\u00fck\u00f6r, amelyben a halott saj\u00e1t \u00e9let\u00e9t \u00e9s v\u00e9tkess\u00e9g\u00e9t meghamis\u00edtatlanul visszat\u00fckr\u00f6zve l\u00e1tja, \u00edgy a hazugs\u00e1g lehetetlenn\u00e9 v\u00e1lik.<\/p><p>Ennek a b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi rendszernek hat\u00e1rozott lelkip\u00e1sztori funkci\u00f3ja volt. Megalapozta a halotti megeml\u00e9kez\u00e9sek gyakorlat\u00e1t, amelyeket a hal\u00e1lt k\u00f6vet\u0151 meghat\u00e1rozott id\u0151k\u00f6z\u00f6nk\u00e9nt tartanak meg.<\/p><p>A hozz\u00e1tartoz\u00f3k szertart\u00e1sok \u00e9s \u00e9rdem\u00e1truh\u00e1z\u00e1s r\u00e9v\u00e9n kedvez\u0151en befoly\u00e1solhatt\u00e1k az elhunyt \u00fatj\u00e1t a t\u00edz b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gon \u00e1t. Enma-o teh\u00e1t nem csup\u00e1n r\u00e9m\u00edt\u0151 alak volt, hanem az \u00e9l\u0151k \u00e9s holtak k\u00f6z\u00f6tti eg\u00e9sz ritu\u00e1lis gazdas\u00e1g tengelye.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonogr\u00e1fia \u00e9s a pokolb\u00edr\u00e1k templomi k\u00e9pei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o k\u00e9pi \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa egy r\u00f6gz\u00edtett konvenci\u00f3t k\u00f6vet, amely a k\u00ednai mint\u00e1b\u00f3l ered. Kir\u00e1lyk\u00e9nt vagy magas rang\u00fa tisztvisel\u0151k\u00e9nt jelenik meg, gyakran egy k\u00ednai m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1g hivatali \u00f6lt\u00f6zet\u00e9ben, jellegzetes koron\u00e1val vagy fejfed\u0151vel, amelyen rendszerint a kir\u00e1ly \u00edr\u00e1sjele d\u00edszeleg.<\/p><p>Arca rendszerint haragosan v\u00f6r\u00f6s, t\u00e1gra ny\u00edlt szemekkel \u00e9s komor tekintettel, a megvesztegethetetlen szigor kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Ilyen k\u00e9pm\u00e1sokat sz\u00e1mos jap\u00e1n templomban megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, gyakran szobork\u00e9nt egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n csarnokban, az Enma-csarnokban. Nevezetes p\u00e9ld\u00e1k az Enma-alakok a Kiot\u00f3 k\u00f6rny\u00e9ki \u00e9s a kamakurai templomokban.<\/p><p>Enma-ot gyakran a m\u00e1sik kilenc kir\u00e1ly veszi k\u00f6r\u00fcl, vagy egy nagyobb pokol-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sba illeszkedik. A jap\u00e1n k\u00e9phagyom\u00e1ny, a <em>dzsigoku-e<\/em>, vagyis a pokolk\u00e9pek, drasztikus jelenetekben mutatja be az alvil\u00e1g b\u00fcntet\u00e9seit, \u00e9s Enma-ot azok kezdet\u00e9n helyezi el mint az \u00edt\u00e9lkez\u0151 hat\u00f3s\u00e1got.<\/p><p>Egy ikonogr\u00e1fiailag jelent\u0151s hagyom\u00e1ny Enma-ot a Dzsiz\u00f3 b\u00f3dhiszattv\u00e1val kapcsolja \u00f6ssze. A jap\u00e1n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy ember meg\u00e9lt vall\u00e1si magatart\u00e1sa \u00e9s gyakorlata.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1soss\u00e1gban<\/span> Dzsiz\u00f3t a k\u00f6ny\u00f6r\u00fcletes megment\u0151k\u00e9nt tisztelik, aki a pokolban l\u00e9v\u0151 l\u00e9nyeken seg\u00edt.<\/p><p>Egyes sz\u00f6vegek \u00e9s k\u00e9pek Enma-ot \u00e9s Dzsiz\u00f3t egyenesen ugyanazon val\u00f3s\u00e1g k\u00e9t aspektusak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezik: a szigor\u00fa \u00e9s az irgalmas oldalt, amelyek egy\u00fcttesen vez\u00e9rlik az elhunytat a megt\u00e9r\u00fcl\u00e9s \u00e9s a kedvez\u0151 \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9s fel\u00e9. Ez a p\u00e1ros\u00edt\u00e1s m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelti a b\u00edr\u00f3 f\u00e9lelmetes jelleg\u00e9t, \u00e9s \u00fcdv\u00f6ss\u00e9gorient\u00e1lt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1ba<\/span> \u00e1gyazza.<\/p><p>A templomi k\u00e9peknek oktat\u00f3 funkci\u00f3juk volt. A pr\u00e9dik\u00e1l\u00f3 szerzetesek ezek seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel szeml\u00e9ltett\u00e9k a laikusok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a rossz cselekedetek k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeit. A v\u00f6r\u00f6s arc\u00fa, haragos Enma-o \u00edgy taneszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt, amely az elvont karma-tant eml\u00e9kezetes, f\u00e9lelmetes k\u00e9pp\u00e9 ford\u00edtotta le.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o a n\u00e9phitben \u00e9s a modern kult\u00far\u00e1ban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kolostorokat meghaladva Enma-o a jap\u00e1n n\u00e9phit \u00e1lland\u00f3 alakj\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt. Neve sz\u00f3l\u00e1sokba \u00e9s nevel\u00e9si intelmekbe ment \u00e1t.<\/p><p>Sz\u00fcl\u0151k figyelmeztett\u00e9k a hazud\u00f3s gyermekeket, hogy Enma-o kit\u00e9pi a nyelv\u00fcket, ez a fenyeget\u00e9s Jap\u00e1n sz\u00e1mos vid\u00e9k\u00e9n ismert volt. \u00cdgy a halottb\u00edr\u00f3 a mindennapi erk\u00f6lcsi nevel\u00e9s hat\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt, j\u00f3val azel\u0151tt, hogy egy gyermek valaha is bel\u00e9pett volna egy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomba<\/span>.<\/p><p>Az \u00e9v bizonyos napjain, hagyom\u00e1nyosan tavasszal \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151 ny\u00e1ron, egyes vid\u00e9keken k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u00e1h\u00edtatokat tartottak az Enma-alakok el\u0151tt, amelyeken a templomcsarnokok megny\u00edltak, \u00e9s a h\u00edvek az egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt z\u00e1rt k\u00e9pm\u00e1sokat megtekinthett\u00e9k. Az ilyen szok\u00e1sok azt mutatj\u00e1k, hogy Enma-o nem csup\u00e1n irodalmi vagy doktrin\u00e1lis alak volt, hanem meg\u00e9lt tisztelet \u00e9s f\u00e9lelem t\u00e1rgya.<\/p><p>A modern jap\u00e1n kult\u00far\u00e1ban Enma-o rendk\u00edv\u00fcli m\u00f3don jelen maradt. Megjelenik mang\u00e1ban, anim\u00e9ben, vide\u00f3j\u00e1t\u00e9kokban \u00e9s filmekben, hol f\u00e9lelmetes antagonistak\u00e9nt, hol komikus t\u00f6r\u00e9sben mint az alvil\u00e1g t\u00falterhelt b\u00fcrokrat\u00e1ja.<\/p><p>Ez a popul\u00e1ris kultur\u00e1lis feldolgoz\u00e1s k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen sz\u00edvesen ny\u00fal az alak b\u00fcrokratikus oldal\u00e1hoz: a kir\u00e1lyhoz, aki akt\u00e1kkal, pecs\u00e9tekkel \u00e9s beosztottakkal ir\u00e1ny\u00edt egy hatalmas t\u00falvil\u00e1gi hivatal appar\u00e1tust.<\/p><p>Ez az \u00e1lland\u00f3s\u00e1g tudom\u00e1nyosan tanuls\u00e1gos. Enma-o megtette az \u00e1tmenetet a vall\u00e1si tan\u00edt\u00f3alakt\u00f3l az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos kultur\u00e1lis figur\u00e1ig an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy elvesz\u00edtette volna magv\u00e1t. A humoros feldolgoz\u00e1sban is megmarad az, aki egy meg\u00e9lt \u00e9let joga \u00e9s jogtalans\u00e1ga felett \u00edt\u00e9lkezik.<\/p><p>Az alak bizony\u00edtja, mennyire m\u00e9lyen iv\u00f3dott be a buddhista halottas\u00edt\u00e9let k\u00e9pzete a jap\u00e1n kult\u00far\u00e1ba, \u00e9s hogyan mes\u00e9lhet\u0151 el \u00fajra \u00e9s \u00fajra, a templomcsarnokt\u00f3l a gyermekk\u00f6nyvig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tov\u00e1bbi hivatkoz\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/hu\/yama\/\">Yama, a vedikus el\u0151d<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/yama-buddhismus\/\">Yama (buddhizmus), a k\u00f6zvetlen el\u0151d<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo Wang, a k\u00ednai el\u0151d<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, a koreai megfelel\u0151<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/buddhismus\/\">Buddhista hagyom\u00e1ny, \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos kontextus<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1si irodalom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jap\u00e1n \u0151shonos vall\u00e1sa, amelyet a kamik tisztelete hat\u00e1roz meg.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (Hg.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enma-O, a jap\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1ny istene Enma-O a jap\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1ny istene. A k\u00e1rhozottak b\u00edr\u00e1ja, a buddhista pokol ura. IstenJap\u00e1nHal\u00e1listens\u00e9g Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Enma-O Egy pillant\u00e1sra: Enma-O Enma-\u014d a kelet-\u00e1zsiai buddhizmus indiai Yam\u00e1j\u00e1b\u00f3l ered\u0151 alak, amely a k\u00ednai Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ngon \u00e1t a Tendai-iskol\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl \u00e9rkezett Jap\u00e1nba. A kelet-\u00e1zsiai buddhizmusban k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl a 8. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l adatolhat\u00f3; k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Tendai- \u00e9s Shingon-iskol\u00e1k terjesztett\u00e9k [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O halottb\u00edr\u00f3","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d - A holtak b\u00edr\u00e1ja a jap\u00e1n buddhizmusban","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A jap\u00e1n pokol, a Dzsigoku ura, a karmab\u00edr\u00e1lat \u00e9s a halottas\u00edt\u00e9let a jap\u00e1n buddhista mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52777","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site 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