{"id":52720,"date":"2026-07-30T14:42:19","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shamash-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:42:44","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:42:44","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52720\" class=\"elementor elementor-52720 elementor-2081\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny istene.<\/p><p><strong>Napisten, az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je, f\u00e9ny minden dolog felett.<\/strong> Shamash (sum\u00e9r nev\u00e9n Utu) Mezopot\u00e1mia egyik legm\u00e9lyebben tisztelt istene, nem vad t\u0171zk\u00e9nt, hanem a rend sug\u00e1rz\u00f3, \u00e1lland\u00f3 erej\u00e9k\u00e9nt. Naponta kocsij\u00e1n kel \u00e1t az \u00e9gen, l\u00e1t mindent, amit az emberek titokban tesznek, \u00e9s mindenkit t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny el\u00e9 \u00e1ll\u00edt. Semmi sem marad rejtve Shamash el\u0151tt, egyetlen igazs\u00e1gtalans\u00e1g sem marad megtorl\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten \/ Istenn\u0151: Egy kult\u00fara panteonj\u00e1nak megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett legf\u0151bb hatalma, j\u00f3l meghat\u00e1rozott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel, term\u00e9szeti er\u0151k, sors, h\u00e1bor\u00fa, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g. Kultuszok, \u00e1ldozatok \u00e9s templomi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek r\u00e9v\u00e9n tisztelik.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A dokument\u00e1lt vall\u00e1s b\u00f6lcs\u0151je: Sumer, Akk\u00e1d, Babilon, Assz\u00edria (kb. Kr. e. 3500-t\u00f3l Kr. e. 330-ig).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1637\" alt=\"Shamash - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyors \u00e1ttekint\u00e9s: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>T\u00edpus:<\/strong> Mezopot\u00e1miai f\u0151istenn\u0151, napisten \u00e9s isteni b\u00edr\u00f3<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Sumer (Utu n\u00e9vvel), Akk\u00e1d\/Babilon\/Assz\u00edria (Shamash n\u00e9vvel)<br>Funkci\u00f3: nap, napf\u00e9ny, jog, igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g, igazs\u00e1g<br>F\u0151 attrib\u00fatumai: sz\u00e1rnyas napkorong, f\u0171r\u00e9sz (a hamiss\u00e1got kett\u00e9v\u00e1gja), p\u00e1lca \u00e9s gy\u0171r\u0171<br>F\u0151 kultuszhelyek: Sippar (f\u0151 kultuszhely, E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templom<\/span>), Larsa, Ur, Ninive<br>Testv\u00e9rei: Sin (hold) mint apa, Inanna\/Ist\u00e1r mint n\u0151v\u00e9r<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00f6rt\u00e9neti elhelyez\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A sz\u00f6vegek korszaka<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash a korai sum\u00e9r kort\u00f3l (Kr. e. 3. \u00e9vezred) adatolt, a napisten Sippar \u00e9s Larsa f\u0151istens\u00e9ge volt. A Shamash-hagyom\u00e1ny vir\u00e1gkora az \u00f3babiloni kor (a Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fel\u00e1ll\u00f3, feliratozott vagy k\u00e9pekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtett k\u0151- vagy fat\u00e1bla.\" tabindex=\"0\">szt\u00e9l\u00e9<\/span> Shamash-t isteni b\u00edr\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolja, amint Hammurabinek \u00e1tadja a t\u00f6rv\u00e9nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyt).<\/p><p>Az \u00fajbabiloni \u00e9s assz\u00edr birodalomban is megmaradt k\u00f6zponti szerepe. A Babiloni Birodalom hanyatl\u00e1s\u00e1val (Kr. u. 1. sz.) a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> megsz\u0171nt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elterjed\u00e9si ter\u00fclet<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u0151 kultuszhelyek: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (ma Tell Abu Habba, Babilont\u00f3l \u00e9szakra) a napisten-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templommal<\/span>, az <em>E-babbar<\/em>-ral (\u201eFeh\u00e9r H\u00e1z&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (d\u00e9len, szint\u00e9n E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templommal<\/span>), Babilon, Ninive, Mari. Hamuel\u00e9get\u00e9ssel k\u00e9sz\u00edtett mell\u00e9kletek ezernyi babiloni-assz\u00edr s\u00edrban tan\u00fas\u00edtj\u00e1k a kultusz kiterjedts\u00e9g\u00e9t. A bibliai sz\u00f6vegekben <em>Shemesh<\/em> n\u00e9vvel szerepel (B\u00e9t-Shemesh = \u201eNap h\u00e1za&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1shelyzet<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>K\u00f6zponti forr\u00e1sok: a <em>Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fel\u00e1ll\u00f3, feliratozott vagy k\u00e9pekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtett k\u0151- vagy fat\u00e1bla.\" tabindex=\"0\">szt\u00e9l\u00e9<\/span><\/em> (kb. Kr. e. 1750, Shamash \u00e1tadja a t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyt), a <em>Codex Hammurabi<\/em> prol\u00f3gusa, a nagy <em>Shamash-himnusz<\/em> (\u00f3babiloni), a Nabu-apla-iddina-t\u00e1bla (Kr. e. 9. sz., festett Shamash-napkorong), r\u00e1olvas\u00f3t\u00e1bl\u00e1k. M\u00e1sodlagos irodalom: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elnevez\u00e9s \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sm\u00f3dok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash-t m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1gteljes f\u00e9rfik\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, sug\u00e1rz\u00f3 diad\u00e9mmal vagy napkoron\u00e1val, feje felett gyakran korongszer\u0171 nappal. Tr\u00f3non \u00fcl vagy szeker\u00e9n \u00e1ll, amelyet k\u00e9t izz\u00f3 l\u00f3 h\u00faz.<\/p><p>N\u00e9ha l\u00e1ngaur\u00e1j\u00e1t viselik, vagy f\u00e9nysugarak veszik k\u00f6r\u00fcl. A nyolcsug\u00e1rz\u00e1s\u00fa csillagt\u00e1rcsa (a <em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3lum<\/span><\/em>) az ismertet\u0151jele. B\u00edr\u00f3i p\u00e1lca vagy igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g-kard is k\u00eds\u00e9rheti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash a nap \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g istene, k\u00e9t szorosan \u00f6sszekapcsolt er\u0151. B\u00edr\u00e1k im\u00e1dkoztak hozz\u00e1 a t\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k el\u0151tt, hogy igazs\u00e1gos \u00edt\u00e9leteket hozzanak. A betegek gy\u00f3gyul\u00e1s\u00e9rt fordultak hozz\u00e1, mivel a nap gy\u00f3gy\u00edt \u00e9s megtiszt\u00edt. A foly\u00f3k istene (Ea\/Enki) Shamash fel\u00fcgyelete al\u00e1 tartozik, a v\u00edz napf\u00e9nyre szorul, hogy term\u0151er\u0151t hozzon.<\/p><p>F\u0151 temploma az <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Ragyog\u00e1s h\u00e1za) volt Sipparban, a csillag\u00e1szat \u00e9s a jogtudom\u00e1ny egyik neves k\u00f6zpontja. A papok naponta \u00e1ldoztak napkeltekor, \u00e9s im\u00e1dkoztak visszat\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt. Shamash-t nem csup\u00e1n tisztelt\u00e9k, hanem szerett\u00e9k is, az istenek legmegb\u00edzhat\u00f3bbjak\u00e9nt.<\/p><h3>Megjelen\u00e9s \u00e9s szimbolika<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em>-t szak\u00e1llas f\u00e9rfik\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, napkorongban vagy sug\u00e1rz\u00f3 f\u00e9ny k\u00eds\u00e9ret\u00e9ben. Kir\u00e1lyi k\u00f6nt\u00f6st \u00e9s koron\u00e1t visel, amely a napkorongot jelk\u00e9pezi. Kez\u00e9ben n\u00e9ha az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g jogar\u00e1t vagy a nap l\u00e1ngjait tartja.<\/p><p>Teste arany \u00e9s ragyog\u00f3. A bika vagy a l\u00f3 n\u00e9ha az \u0151 szent \u00e1llatai, mivel a napot k\u00f6vetik. <em>Shamash<\/em>-t gyakran sz\u00e1rnyakkal vagy f\u00e9nyaur\u00e1val \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k. A nap n\u00e9gy sugara az \u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3luma<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adatlap: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash legfontosabb von\u00e1sai egy pillant\u00e1sra. Az al\u00e1bbi mez\u0151k \u00f6sszefoglalj\u00e1k az eredetet, a funkci\u00f3t, a megjelen\u00e9st, a tiszteletet, a szimb\u00f3lumokat \u00e9s a p\u00e1rhuzamokat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultur\u00e1lis kontextus<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) holdisten \u00e9s <em>Ningal<\/em> fia, a szerelem- \u00e9s h\u00e1bor\u00faistenn\u0151 <em>Inanna\/Ist\u00e1r<\/em> testv\u00e9re. Feles\u00e9ge <em>Aya<\/em> (a hajnal istenn\u0151je). A babiloni pantheon theogonikus rendj\u00e9ben a m\u00e1sodik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3hoz tartozik. Az \u00fajbabiloni birodalomban majdnem egyenrang\u00fa volt Mardukkal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hat\u00e1ster\u00fclet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Napisten \u00e9s isteni b\u00edr\u00f3. Szeme mindent l\u00e1t, ez\u00e9rt a b\u0171n\u00f6k \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g felett is \u0151 \u0151rk\u00f6dik. Az esk\u00fcket \u201eShamash el\u0151tt&#8221; teszik; a b\u00edr\u00f3i \u00edt\u00e9letek <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (Shamash \u00edt\u00e9letei). Adaddal (viharisten) egy\u00fctt az isteni \u00fczenetek f\u0151 hirdet\u0151i (omensz\u00f6vegek). Az utaz\u00f3k patr\u00f3nusa (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen nappal), a j\u00f3sl\u00e1s v\u00e9dn\u00f6ke. A v\u00e9dtelenek oltalmaz\u00f3ja: \u00f6zvegyek, \u00e1rv\u00e1k, rabszolg\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Megjelen\u00e9s<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf alakban jelenik meg, szak\u00e1llas f\u00e9rfik\u00e9nt, magas kalapszer\u0171 diad\u00e9mmal (gyakran napkoronggal), hossz\u00fa t\u00f6bbr\u00e9teg\u0171 k\u00f6nt\u00f6sben. Jellemz\u0151 attrib\u00fatumai: <em>napsugarakat bocs\u00e1t ki a v\u00e1ll\u00e1b\u00f3l<\/em> (vagy egy r\u00e1 \u00fcltetett napkorong sug\u00e1roz), <em>f\u0171r\u00e9sz<\/em> (kez\u00e9ben, kett\u00e9v\u00e1gja a hamiss\u00e1got), <em>p\u00e1lca \u00e9s gy\u0171r\u0171<\/em> (a b\u00edr\u00f3i hatalom jelv\u00e9nyei).<\/p><p>Gyakran tr\u00f3non \u00fcl, napsugarakkal k\u00f6r\u00fclv\u00e9ve. A Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fel\u00e1ll\u00f3, feliratozott vagy k\u00e9pekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtett k\u0151- vagy fat\u00e1bla.\" tabindex=\"0\">szt\u00e9l\u00e9n<\/span> a kir\u00e1lyhoz fordul, \u00e9s \u00e1tadja neki a t\u00f6rv\u00e9nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyt. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">Szimb\u00f3luma<\/span>: sz\u00e1rnyas napkorong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash hat\u00e1sa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r:<\/strong> Shamash-t b\u00edr\u00e1k, utaz\u00f3k, j\u00f3sok \u00e9s mindenki seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl h\u00edvta, aki igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1got keresett. B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi elj\u00e1r\u00e1sok el\u0151tt \u00e1ldozatot mutattak be. A j\u00f3sl\u00e1sban k\u00f6zponti szerepet t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt be: a m\u00e1j-j\u00f3sl\u00e1s (haruspicium) \u00e9s az olaj-v\u00edz-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jelek \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se rejtett vagy j\u00f6v\u0151beli dolgok megismer\u00e9s\u00e9re.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00f3sl\u00e1s<\/span> (lekanomantia) Shamash-szal \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 gyakorlatok voltak. Szem\u00e9lyes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy hatalom k\u00e9r\u0151 vagy k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u0151 megsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">foh\u00e1sz<\/span>: fontos d\u00f6nt\u00e9sek el\u0151tt, utaz\u00e1skor, b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi panasz eset\u00e9n. Sippar zar\u00e1ndokhelye volt a j\u00f3slat- \u00e9s \u00edt\u00e9let-keres\u0151 k\u00e9relmez\u0151knek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Napsugarak a v\u00e1llakb\u00f3l, sz\u00e1rnyas napkorong, f\u0171r\u00e9sz (a hamiss\u00e1got kett\u00e9v\u00e1gva), p\u00e1lca \u00e9s gy\u0171r\u0171 (b\u00edr\u00f3i jelv\u00e9nyek), magas kalapszer\u0171 diad\u00e9m, hossz\u00fa k\u00f6nt\u00f6s, bika (m\u00e1sodlagos \u00e1llat). N\u00f6v\u00e9nyek: tamariszk. Szent sz\u00e1m: 20. Szent ir\u00e1ny: kelet (napfelkelte).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 l\u00e9nyek<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sum\u00e9r, el\u0151d), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (h\u00e9ber), <em>R\u00e9\/Ra<\/em> (Egyiptom, f\u0151 napisten), <em>H\u00e9liosz<\/em> (G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1g), <em>Sol<\/em> (R\u00f3ma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (k\u00e9s\u0151 r\u00f3mai), <em>Surya<\/em> (hinduizmus), <em>Amateraszu<\/em> (Jap\u00e1n, n\u0151i napistenn\u0151), <em>Mithra<\/em> (perzsa, nap-igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g isten). Funkcion\u00e1lisan: minden isteni b\u00edr\u00f3 (Yama, Anubisz, Had\u00e9sz egyes aspektusai) osztozik Shamash funkci\u00f3iban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritu\u00e1lis gyakorlat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Tiszteleti r\u00edtusok<\/h3><p>Shamash, a nap- \u00e9s igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1ggisten, f\u0151 kultuszk\u00f6zpontja a sippari (\u00e9s larsai) E-babbar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomban<\/span> volt. A napkeltekori napi \u00e1ldozat (&#8222;nuhatim&#8221;, s\u00fct\u00f6tt keny\u00e9r, datolya, s\u00f6r) a papi <em>\u0161angu<\/em>-oszt\u00e1ly k\u00f6teless\u00e9ge volt.<\/p><p>A ny\u00e1ri napfordul\u00f3 \u00fcnnepe, a <em>bit sabiti<\/em>, az istenszobornak az Eufr\u00e1tesz partj\u00e1ra rendezett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00dcnnep\u00e9lyes vall\u00e1si menet.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00f6rmenet\u00e9vel<\/span>, Hammurabi kor\u00e1t\u00f3l (Kr. e. 18. sz.) adatolt; maga a Hammurabi-t\u00f6rv\u00e9nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny is Shamash igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1gi garanci\u00e1jak\u00e9nt val\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy hatalom k\u00e9r\u0151 vagy k\u00f6ny\u00f6rg\u0151 megsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">foh\u00e1sszal<\/span> kezd\u0151dik (v\u00f6. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Foh\u00e1szok \u00e9s himnuszok<\/h3><p>A \u201eNagy Shamash-himnusz&#8221; (BWL 121-138, Lambert), t\u00f6bb mint 200 sor\u00e1val, az akk\u00e1d vall\u00e1s egyik legk\u00f6zpontibb himnuszsz\u00f6vege. A napi reggeli foh\u00e1szok ezzel kezd\u0151dtek: \u201e\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161te\u0161er kibr\u00e1t&#8221; (Shamash, a n\u00e9gy vil\u00e1gt\u00e1j ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00f3ja). B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi elj\u00e1r\u00e1sok el\u0151tt Shamash-t szemtan\u00fak\u00e9nt h\u00edvt\u00e1k seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl.<\/p><h3>Amulettek \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151szimb\u00f3lumok<\/h3><p>A nap-szimb\u00f3lumok (sz\u00e1rnyas napkorong, k\u00f6rbe foglalt n\u00e9gysug\u00e1rz\u00e1s\u00fa csillag) babiloni pecs\u00e9thengereken tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k (v\u00f6. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Karneolb\u00f3l vagy hegyikrist\u00e1lyb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt nap-plaketteket betegs\u00e9g \u00e9s jogtalans\u00e1g ellen viseltek v\u00e9delemk\u00e9nt. A tizenk\u00e9t sugaras napgy\u0171r\u0171 (Babilon, Kr. e. 7. sz.) Shamash minden\u00fctt jelenl\u00e9v\u0151 volt\u00e1t jelk\u00e9pezi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash p\u00e1rhuzamai m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash az egyiptomi R\u00e1-hoz vagy Atonhoz hasonl\u00edt, mindkett\u0151 mindenttl\u00e1t\u00f3 napisten. A g\u00f6r\u00f6g Apoll\u00f3nnal az rend \u00e9s a gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00e1s egyes aspektusait osztja. A h\u00e9ber istent n\u00e9ha Shamash-funkci\u00f3kat hordoz\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00edrj\u00e1k le, a mindentl\u00e1t\u00f3 b\u00edr\u00f3k\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Az indiai kult\u00far\u00e1kban Sury\u00e1hoz, a napistenhez, vagy Mitr\u00e1hoz, a szerz\u0151d\u00e9sek \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g isten\u00e9hez hasonl\u00edt. Shamash minden kult\u00far\u00e1ban a rend \u00e9s a f\u00e9ny k\u00f6zponti alakja marad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Hammurabi-t\u00f6rv\u00e9nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny \u00e9s a nap mint b\u00edr\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sama\u0161 \u00e9s a kir\u00e1lyi igazs\u00e1gszolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tti legismertebb kapcsolatot a <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fel\u00e1ll\u00f3, feliratozott vagy k\u00e9pekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtett k\u0151- vagy fat\u00e1bla.\" tabindex=\"0\">szt\u00e9l\u00e9j\u00e9nek<\/span> tetej\u00e9n l\u00e1that\u00f3 domborm\u0171 mutatja, amely ma a Louvre-ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A k\u00e9pen Hammurapi babiloni kir\u00e1ly \u00e1ll egy tr\u00f3non \u00fcl\u0151 isten el\u0151tt.<\/p><p>A r\u00e9gebbi kutat\u00e1s sok\u00e1ig Samask\u00e9nt azonos\u00edtotta az alakot, mivel az isten v\u00e1ll\u00e1b\u00f3l sugarak n\u0151nek ki, \u00e9s gy\u0171r\u0171t meg p\u00e1lc\u00e1t ny\u00fajt \u00e1t, olyan jelv\u00e9nyeket, amelyeket a mezopot\u00e1miai k\u00e9pi nyelvben a b\u00edr\u00f3i hatalom \u00e1truh\u00e1z\u00e1s\u00e1val hoztak \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe. Egyes kutat\u00f3k Mardukot javasoltak alternat\u00edvak\u00e9nt, de a sug\u00e1rattrib\u00fatumok Samasra vallanak.<\/p><p>Tartalmilag az jelenet illik a sz\u00f6veg \u00f6n\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9hez. A t\u00f6rv\u00e9nygy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny prol\u00f3gus\u00e1ban \u00e9s epil\u00f3gus\u00e1ban Hammurapi t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r hivatkozik arra, hogy az orsz\u00e1g jog\u00e1t megszil\u00e1rd\u00edtotta, \u00e9s Sama\u0161 ott az isten, aki a jogot \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1got szavatolja.<\/p><p>A napisten mindent l\u00e1t, ami nappal t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik, \u00e9s ez az all\u00e1t\u00e1s tette \u0151t a mezopot\u00e1miai k\u00e9pzeletben az esk\u00fc, a szerz\u0151d\u00e9s \u00e9s az \u00edt\u00e9let term\u00e9szetes garanci\u00e1j\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p><p>Ez a szerep r\u00e9gebbi Hammurapin\u00e1l. M\u00e1r az Utut, Sama\u0161 el\u0151dj\u00e9t megsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00f3 sum\u00e9r himnuszokban k\u00e9rik az istent, hogy t\u00e1rja fel az igazs\u00e1gtalans\u00e1got \u00e9s \u00e1lljon az elnyomott mell\u00e9. A m\u00e1sodik \u00e9s az els\u0151 \u00e9vezred b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gi iratain \u00e9s esk\u00fcformul\u00e1riban neve rendszeresen felbukkan. Aki Sama\u0161 el\u0151tt tett esk\u00fcj\u00e9t megszegte, annak b\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00e9vel sz\u00e1molnia kellett.<\/p><p>A f\u00e9nymetafora \u00e9s a jogeszm\u00e9ny \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00e1sa, a f\u00e9ny, amely a rejtett dolgokat napvil\u00e1gra hozza, a forr\u00e1sokban oly k\u00f6vetkezetesen v\u00e9gigvonul, hogy a mezopot\u00e1miai istenk\u00e9pzet egyik alapvon\u00e1s\u00e1nak tekinthet\u0151. Egyszersmind megmutatja, milyen szorosan kapcsol\u00f3dott \u00f6ssze ebben a kult\u00far\u00e1ban a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A vil\u00e1g fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s rendj\u00e9r\u0151l alkotott elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s egy kult\u00far\u00e1n bel\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmol\u00f3gia<\/span> \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsadalmi rend.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar \u00e9s Larsa: a nagy kultuszk\u00f6zpontok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Samasnak k\u00e9t f\u0151 temploma volt, mindkett\u0151 az <em>E-babbar<\/em> nevet viselte, azaz a ragyog\u00f3 vagy feh\u00e9r h\u00e1z. Az egyik Babil\u00f3nia \u00e9szaki r\u00e9sz\u00e9n, Sipparban \u00e1llt, a m\u00e1sik d\u00e9len, Lars\u00e1ban. Mindk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros \u00e9vezredeken \u00e1t a napkultusz k\u00f6zpontj\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott, \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomaikat<\/span> sz\u00e1mos uralkod\u00f3 \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9p\u00edtette \u00e9s felszerelte.<\/p><p>Sippar forr\u00e1shelyzete k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen kedvez\u0151. Az \u00e1sat\u00e1sok kiterjedt templomi lev\u00e9lt\u00e1rakat hoztak napvil\u00e1gra az \u00f3babiloni \u00e9s az \u00fajbabiloni korb\u00f3l, amelyek betekint\u00e9st ny\u00fajtanak a szent\u00e9ly gazdas\u00e1g\u00e1ba, igazgat\u00e1s\u00e1ba \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyzet\u00e9be. Sokat id\u00e9zett t\u00e1rgy a Nabu-apla-iddina-f\u00e9le napt\u00e1bla, egy k\u0151t\u00e1bla a Kr. e. kilencedik sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u00edkb\u00f3l kiemelked\u0151, plasztikusan megform\u00e1lt \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">domborm\u0171<\/span> a tr\u00f3non \u00fcl\u0151 Samast \u00e1br\u00e1zolja, a sz\u00f6veg pedig arr\u00f3l sz\u00e1mol be, hogyan k\u00e9sz\u00edttetett a kir\u00e1ly hossz\u00fa elhanyagol\u00e1s ut\u00e1n \u00faj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9g k\u00e9pi \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa, amelyet a templomban vagy szent\u00e9lyben tisztelnek.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszszobrot<\/span> az isten sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, miut\u00e1n egy r\u00e9gi agyagmodell el\u0151ker\u00fclt. A sz\u00f6veg ezzel egy elveszett kultuszk\u00e9p helyes helyre\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak gondj\u00e1t is dokument\u00e1lja.<\/p><p>Lars\u00e1ban a Sama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> Rim-Sin-f\u00e9le kir\u00e1lyok idej\u00e9n vir\u00e1gzott. Itt is meg\u00faj\u00edttatt\u00e1k az E-babbart az uralkod\u00f3k, \u00e9s az \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9si feliratok r\u00f6gz\u00edtik adom\u00e1nyaikat. A folytonoss\u00e1g figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3: m\u00e9g az \u00fajbabiloni Nabonidosz kir\u00e1ly, akit egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt f\u0151k\u00e9nt Sin holdisten p\u00e1rtol\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l ismernek, gondoskodott mindk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros naptemplomair\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A kultuszk\u00f6zpontok kett\u0151ss\u00e9ge, \u00e9szak \u00e9s d\u00e9l, t\u00fckr\u00f6zi Babil\u00f3nia f\u00f6ldrajzi szerkezet\u00e9t, \u00e9s biztos\u00edtotta a napisten sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra azt az orsz\u00e1gos jelenl\u00e9tet, amely a helyi k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9geken t\u00falemelte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sama\u0161 a j\u00f3sl\u00e1sban \u00e9s a Gilgames-eposzban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A b\u00edr\u00f3i szerep mellett Sama\u0161 a bels\u0151 szervekb\u0151l val\u00f3 j\u00f3sl\u00e1s \u00e9s az or\u00e1kulumpraktika istene is volt. A mezopot\u00e1miai m\u00e1j-j\u00f3sl\u00e1sban, amelynek sor\u00e1n papok \u00e1ldozati \u00e1llatok m\u00e1j\u00e1t olvast\u00e1k jelk\u00e9nt, a k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket gyakran Samashoz \u00e9s az Adad viharisten tandemj\u00e9hez int\u00e9zt\u00e9k.<\/p><p>Az \u00fagynevezett \u00e1ldozatszeml\u00e9z\u0151 im\u00e1k, amelyeket a kutat\u00e1sban <em>tamitu<\/em>-sz\u00f6vegekk\u00e9nt vagy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hely vagy int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny, ahol isteni v\u00e1laszt k\u00e9rnek.\" tabindex=\"0\">or\u00e1kulumk\u00e9r\u00e9sekk\u00e9nt<\/span> emlegetnek, konkr\u00e9t k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket fogalmaztak meg, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul hogy siker\u00fcl-e egy hadj\u00e1rat, \u00e9s arra k\u00e9rt\u00e9k az istent, \u00edrja v\u00e1lasz\u00e1t a zsigeri szervekbe. Sama\u0161 teh\u00e1t nemcsak a megl\u00e9v\u0151 igazs\u00e1gtalans\u00e1got t\u00e1rta fel, hanem a j\u00f6v\u0151re vonatkoz\u00f3 rejtett dolgokat is k\u00f6z\u00f6lte.<\/p><p>A <em>Gilgames-eposzban<\/em> Sama\u0161 a h\u0151s\u00f6k v\u00e9d\u0151istenek\u00e9nt l\u00e9p fel. A Humbab\u00e1val, a c\u00e9druserd\u0151 \u0151r\u00e9vel val\u00f3 \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1s el\u0151tt Gilgames a napistenhez fordul, \u00e9s seg\u00edts\u00e9get k\u00e9r. Sama\u0161 erre szeleket k\u00fcld, amelyek szorongatj\u00e1k Humbab\u00e1t, \u00e9s d\u00f6nt\u0151 el\u0151nyh\u00f6z juttatj\u00e1k a h\u0151s\u00f6ket.<\/p><p>Amikor k\u00e9s\u0151bb Enkidu hal\u00e1l\u00e1n van \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nyelvi formula, amellyel valakinek vagy valaminek rosszat k\u00edv\u00e1nnak.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1tk\u00e1t<\/span> mondja a kurtiz\u00e1nra, aki a civiliz\u00e1ci\u00f3ba vezette, Sama\u0161 az, aki helyreigaz\u00edtja, \u00e9s eml\u00e9kezteti a vele esett j\u00f3ra. Enkidu ezut\u00e1n visszavonja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nyelvi formula, amellyel valakinek vagy valaminek rosszat k\u00edv\u00e1nnak.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1tk\u00e1t<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ezek az epiz\u00f3dok Samast rendet teremt\u0151, m\u00e9rs\u00e9kl\u0151 t\u00e9nyez\u0151k\u00e9nt mutatj\u00e1k az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sen bel\u00fcl. Nem \u00f6nk\u00e9nyesen avatkozik be, hanem t\u00e1mogatja azokat, akik hozz\u00e1 fordulnak, \u00e9s j\u00f3zans\u00e1gra int, ahol a m\u00e9rt\u00e9ktelens\u00e9g fenyeget. \u00cdgy az eposzban bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt szerepe illeszkedik ahhoz az \u00f6sszk\u00e9phez, amelyet a himnuszok \u00e9s a jogt\u00f6rt\u00e9neti sz\u00f6vegek rajzolnak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ut\u00fat\u00f3l Samasig: etimol\u00f3gia \u00e9s sum\u00e9r gy\u00f6kerek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sama\u0161 n\u00e9v az akk\u00e1d sz\u00f3 a napra, \u00e9s egy k\u00f6z\u00f6s s\u00e9mi sz\u00f3t\u0151h\u00f6z tartozik, amely rokon alakban megjelenik a h\u00e9berben <em>shemesh<\/em>-k\u00e9nt, az arabban <em>shams<\/em>-k\u00e9nt \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi s\u00e9mi nyelvekben is. Az isten \u00e9s az \u00e9gitest teh\u00e1t azonos nevet visel, ami az \u00e9gi jelens\u00e9g \u00e9s az isteni szem\u00e9ly szoros \u00f6sszetartoz\u00e1s\u00e1t hangs\u00falyozza.<\/p><p>A sum\u00e9r el\u0151d neve Utu volt. A sum\u00e9r \u00e9s akk\u00e1d vall\u00e1s \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1s\u00e1val a harmadik \u00e9s m\u00e1sodik \u00e9vezred folyam\u00e1n Utu \u00e9s Sama\u0161 nagyr\u00e9szt azonosult egym\u00e1ssal, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy a r\u00e9gebbi alak teljesen elt\u0171nt volna. K\u00e9tnyelv\u0171 sz\u00f6vegekben mindk\u00e9t n\u00e9v egym\u00e1s mellett \u00e1ll.<\/p><p>Utu m\u00e1r sum\u00e9r korban Sin (Nanna) holdisten \u00e9s Ningal fiak\u00e9nt, valamint Inanna, a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi Ist\u00e1r testv\u00e9rek\u00e9nt szerepelt. Ezeket a rokons\u00e1gi viszonyokat az akk\u00e1d sz\u00f6vegek \u00e1tvett\u00e9k: Sama\u0161 Sin fia \u00e9s Ist\u00e1r testv\u00e9re.<\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, hogy a nap a hold gyermekek\u00e9nt szerepel. Sok m\u00e1s mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban \u00e9pp ford\u00edtva, a nap az rangban magasabb vagy r\u00e9gebbi \u00e9gitest. A mezopot\u00e1miai elrendez\u00e9st gyakran azzal magyar\u00e1zz\u00e1k, hogy a holdistennek Urban k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen r\u00e9gi \u00e9s tekint\u00e9lyes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> volt.<\/p><p>A geneal\u00f3gia teh\u00e1t ink\u00e1bb a kultuszk\u00f6zpontok t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9t t\u00fckr\u00f6zi, mint valamif\u00e9le rendszeres csillag\u00e1szatot. A n\u00e9v\u00edr\u00e1s is tanuls\u00e1gos: a napjel sum\u00e9r Utu-k\u00e9nt \u00e9s akk\u00e1d Sama\u0161-k\u00e9nt egyar\u00e1nt olvashat\u00f3 volt, ez\u00e9rt a sz\u00f6vegek sokszor nem d\u00f6ntik el, melyik nyelvi form\u00e1t tartotta szem el\u0151tt az \u00edr\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3: a napisten az \u00f3kori Kelet-kutat\u00e1sban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sama\u0161 azon istens\u00e9gek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik, amelyek az \u00e9k\u00edr\u00e1s tizenkilencedik sz\u00e1zadi megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9vel kor\u00e1n ismertt\u00e9 v\u00e1ltak \u00fajra.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fel\u00e1ll\u00f3, feliratozott vagy k\u00e9pekkel d\u00edsz\u00edtett k\u0151- vagy fat\u00e1bla.\" tabindex=\"0\">szt\u00e9l\u00e9j\u00e9t<\/span>, amelyet egy francia exped\u00edci\u00f3 1901-ben \u00e9s 1902-ben tal\u00e1lt meg Sz\u00faz\u00e1ban, a tr\u00f3non \u00fcl\u0151, v\u00e1ll\u00e1b\u00f3l sugarakat bocs\u00e1t\u00f3 isten k\u00e9pe az \u00f3kori Kelet egyik legismertebb \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1s\u00e1v\u00e1 tette. K\u00e9zik\u00f6nyvek ezrei reproduk\u00e1lj\u00e1k, \u00e9s mindm\u00e1ig meghat\u00e1rozza a mezopot\u00e1miai vall\u00e1sr\u00f3l alkotott k\u00f6zgondolkod\u00e1st.<\/span><\/p><p>A tudom\u00e1nyos vit\u00e1ban sok\u00e1ig az a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s \u00e1llt el\u0151t\u00e9rben, milyen szorosan kapcsol\u00f3dott a mezopot\u00e1miai napkultusz a jogeszm\u00e9khez, \u00e9s hogy ez az \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9s kisug\u00e1rzott-e a szomsz\u00e9dos kult\u00far\u00e1kra.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u00e9szek p\u00e1rhuzamokat vizsg\u00e1ltak a f\u00e9ny jogi metaforik\u00e1ja \u00e9s a nyugat-s\u00e9mi, illetve bibliai sz\u00f6vegek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul ott, ahol az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1got \u00e9s az \u00fcdv\u00f6ss\u00e9get a nap felkel\u00e9s\u00e9vel hasonl\u00edtj\u00e1k \u00f6ssze. Az ilyen \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sokat \u00f3vatosan kell kezelni, mivel hasonl\u00f3 metafor\u00e1k \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3an is keletkezhetnek, de a mezopot\u00e1miai anyag a forr\u00e1smennyis\u00e9g alapj\u00e1n k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen j\u00f3l adatolt.<\/p><p>A modern felt\u00e1r\u00e1shoz alapvet\u0151k a himnuszok \u00e9s im\u00e1k kiad\u00e1sai, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a nagy Sama\u0161-himnusz\u00e9, amely t\u00f6bb sz\u00f6vegszemben maradt fenn, \u00e9s az istent mint mindenttl\u00e1t\u00f3 igazs\u00e1g\u0151rz\u0151t r\u00e9szletesen magasztalja.<\/p><p>T\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r leford\u00edtott\u00e1k \u00e9s komment\u00e1lt\u00e1k, \u00e9s Mezopot\u00e1mia egyik leghat\u00e1sosabb vall\u00e1si sz\u00f6vegek\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon. Aki a mezopot\u00e1miai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteont<\/span> tanulm\u00e1nyozza, Sama\u0161t\u00f3l kiindulva tov\u00e1bbl\u00e9phet rokon alakokhoz, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul apj\u00e1hoz, <a href=\"\/hu\/sin\/\">Sinhez<\/a> vagy n\u0151v\u00e9r\u00e9hez, <a href=\"\/hu\/ishtar\/\">Ist\u00e1rhoz<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tov\u00e1bbi hivatkoz\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/hu\/ishtar\/\">Ist\u00e1r, n\u0151v\u00e9r<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/marduk\/\">Marduk, az \u00fajbabiloni pantheonban felette \u00e1ll\u00f3 isten<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/mesopotamien\/\">Mezopot\u00e1mia, pantheon-\u00e1ttekint\u00e9s<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/hochgottheiten\/\">F\u0151istenn\u0151k, alkateg\u00f3ria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hu\/goetter\/\">Istenek, oszt\u00e1ly-\u00e1ttekint\u00e9s<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8222;Shamash&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Tov\u00e1bbi alapm\u0171vek az <a href=\"\/hu\/literatur\/\">irodalomjegyz\u00e9kben<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shamash, a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny istene Shamash a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny istene. Napisten, az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je, f\u00e9ny minden dolog felett. Shamash (sum\u00e9r nev\u00e9n Utu) Mezopot\u00e1mia egyik legm\u00e9lyebben tisztelt istene, nem vad t\u0171zk\u00e9nt, hanem a rend sug\u00e1rz\u00f3, \u00e1lland\u00f3 erej\u00e9k\u00e9nt. Naponta kocsij\u00e1n kel \u00e1t az \u00e9gen, l\u00e1t mindent, amit az emberek titokban tesznek, \u00e9s mindenkit t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny el\u00e9 \u00e1ll\u00edt. Semmi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash - Napisten \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, a mezopot\u00e1miai napisten \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je. Szerepe a Hammurabi-t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyoszlopon, templomok Sipparban \u00e9s Lars\u00e1ban, napi menete az \u00e9gen.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52720","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash - Napisten \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, a mezopot\u00e1miai napisten \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je. Szerepe a Hammurabi-t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyoszlopon, templomok Sipparban \u00e9s Lars\u00e1ban, napi menete az \u00e9gen.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/shamash\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Shamash\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Shamash, a mezopot\u00e1miai napisten \u00e9s az igazs\u00e1goss\u00e1g \u0151rz\u0151je. 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