{"id":52511,"date":"2026-07-30T14:26:59","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:26:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/voltumna-az-etruszk-varosszoevetseg-szoevetsegi-istene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:27:21","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:27:21","slug":"voltumna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/voltumna\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; az etruszk v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52511\" class=\"elementor elementor-52511 elementor-2607\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - az etruszk liga sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene \u00e9s a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros istens\u00e9ge<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (latinul Vertumnus vagy Veltha, etruszkul Veltha vagy Velthune) a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1rosb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 etruszk liga legf\u0151bb sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">Szent\u00e9lye<\/span>, a Fanum Voltumnae, Volsinii k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben \u00e1llt, \u00e9s az etruszk liga \u00e9ves gy\u00fclekezet\u00e9nek helysz\u00edne volt. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s Voltumna vall\u00e1s-politikai \u00e9s kultikus szerep\u00e9t mutatja be az etruszk \u00e1llami rendszerben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten az Etruszk hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az Etruszk hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Etruszk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi \u00e9s \u00e1llami isten.\">Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi \u00e9s \u00e1llami isten<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas 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class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2824\" alt=\"Voltumna - G\u00f6tter aus der Etruskisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elhelyez\u00e9s az etruszk panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges helyet foglal el az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonban<\/span>: nem els\u0151sorban \u201ekozmikus&#8221; f\u0151isten, mint <a href=\"\/hu\/tinia\/\">Tinia<\/a>, hanem politikai-vall\u00e1si \u00e9rtelemben meghat\u00e1rozott sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi isten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultusza<\/span> a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1rosb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g (dodekapolis) int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny\u00e9hez kapcsol\u00f3dott. Volsinii v\u00e1rosa volt sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szent\u00e9ly\u00e9nek \u0151riz\u0151je.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani \u00e9s Simonetta Stopponi t\u00f6bb munk\u00e1jukban meghat\u00e1rozt\u00e1k a Voltumna-kutat\u00e1s ir\u00e1ny\u00e1t. Stopponi Campo della Fiera melletti (Orvieto) \u00e1sat\u00e1sai val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171v\u00e9 tett\u00e9k a Fanum Voltumnae lokaliz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Voltumna sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi isten olyan vall\u00e1shoz tartozik, amely a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra az\u00e9rt k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen tanuls\u00e1gos, mert k\u00f6zvet\u00edt a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-mediterr\u00e1n \u00e9s az italiko-r\u00f3mai hagyom\u00e1ny vil\u00e1ga k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Kutat\u00e1s\u00e1hoz l\u00e9nyeges hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1st tett Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani \u00e9s Giovanni Colonna, akiknek munk\u00e1i egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1ny k\u00e9p\u00e9t \u00e9les\u00edtett\u00e9k ki.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> j\u00f3l tagolt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteont<\/span> ismert, fokozatos rangsorral \u00e9s megosztott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel, amelyen bel\u00fcl Voltumna saj\u00e1t, politikai-vall\u00e1si szempontb\u00f3l meghat\u00e1rozott helyet foglalt el. Ahol a kor\u00e1bbi tanulm\u00e1nyok ezt a rendszert rejt\u00e9lyesnek vagy idegenszer\u0171nek \u00e1br\u00e1zolt\u00e1k, ma egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1si v\u00e1ltozatot ismer\u00fcnk fel.<\/p><p>It\u00e1lia vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben az etruszkok k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt hatottak a g\u00f6r\u00f6g befoly\u00e1s \u00e9s a kialakul\u00f3ban l\u00e9v\u0151 r\u00f3mai vall\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Az a t\u00e9ny, hogy Voltumna etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> a r\u00f3mai Vertumnusban \u00e9lt tov\u00e1bb, szeml\u00e9letes p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja ennek a k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151i szerepnek, amely vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6s \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9sre tart sz\u00e1mot.<\/p><p>Az \u00fajabb \u00e9vtizedek vall\u00e1s-etnol\u00f3giai kutat\u00e1sa az etruszk vall\u00e1st \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban z\u00e1rt, vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giailag \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 rendszerk\u00e9nt szeml\u00e9li. A kor\u00e1bbi hajlam, hogy csup\u00e1n a g\u00f6r\u00f6g vall\u00e1s le\u00e1gaz\u00e1sak\u00e9nt olvass\u00e1k, l\u00e9nyegesen differenci\u00e1ltabb n\u00e9z\u0151pontnak adott helyet, amelyb\u0151l Voltumna \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se is profit\u00e1l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Veltha, illetve Velthune etruszk nevet a latin Voltumna vagy Vertumnus alakban adj\u00e1k vissza. Az etimol\u00f3gia bizonytalan; javaslatok a \u201en\u00f6vekv\u0151&#8221; (a vertere, &#8216;ford\u00edtani&#8217; ig\u00e9hez kapcsol\u00f3dva) \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st\u0151l a \u201ev\u00e1ltoz\u00f3&#8221; jelent\u00e9sig terjednek. A kutat\u00e1sban vitatott az \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9s a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyzet \u00e9vszakos v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s\u00e1val.<\/p><p>A latin Vertumnus R\u00f3m\u00e1ban a v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s \u00e9s a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyzet istenek\u00e9nt adatolhat\u00f3; hogy azonos-e Voltumn\u00e1val, vagy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 r\u00f3mai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span>, vitatott. Az etruszk forr\u00e1sok e tekintetben gazdagabbak a r\u00f3maiakn\u00e1l.<\/p><p>Az etruszk nyelv \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3; elszigeteltnek sz\u00e1m\u00edt, vagy felt\u00e9telesen egy t\u00fcrsz\u00e9n nyelvcsal\u00e1dhoz sorolj\u00e1k, amelyhez esetleg a l\u00e9mnoszi \u00e9s a r\u00e9tiai is tartozik. A sz\u00f6vegek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9n a 19. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta folynak munk\u00e1latok, amelyek nem z\u00e1rultak le, ami a Veltha vagy Velthune n\u00e9v\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9re is vonatkozik.<\/p><p>Az etruszk nyelvi korpusz m\u00e9rvad\u00f3 epigr\u00e1fiai gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye Helmut Rix Editio Minora. Ma kieg\u00e9sz\u00edti a Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae \u00e9s az ETP online adatb\u00e1zis, az Etruscan Texts Project, amelyekben a Voltumn\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 anyag is felt\u00e1rhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>M\u00e1r az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikvit\u00e1sban<\/span> vitatkoztak az etruszkok eredet\u00e9r\u0151l: H\u00e9rodotosz L\u00fcdi\u00e1b\u00f3l vezette le \u0151ket, Halikarnasszoszi Dion\u00fcsziosz it\u00e1liai bennsz\u00fcl\u00f6tt n\u00e9pnek tartotta \u0151ket. Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s az\u00e9rt relev\u00e1ns, mert att\u00f3l f\u00fcgg, hogy az etruszk vall\u00e1s mutat-e kapcsolatot kis\u00e1zsiai kultuszokkal.<\/p><p>A nyelvtudom\u00e1ny \u00e9s az epigr\u00e1fia ma szorosan egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dik. Az etruszk sz\u00f6vegek digit\u00e1lis kiad\u00e1sa, az Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), l\u00e9nyegesen megk\u00f6nny\u00edti az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vizsg\u00e1latokat, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az olyan teonim\u00e1k eset\u00e9ben, mint a Veltha. \u00datt\u00f6r\u0151 hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sokat ezen a t\u00e9ren Marie-Laurence Haack \u00e9s Vincent Jolivet ny\u00fajtott.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna ikonogr\u00e1fiai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nya<\/span> viszonylag szeg\u00e9nyes. Egyes etruszk \u00e9rm\u00e9ken egy f\u00e9rfialak l\u00e1that\u00f3, amelyet Voltumn\u00e1val azonos\u00edtanak. Olykor n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi szimb\u00f3lumokat visel &#8211; kal\u00e1szokat, vir\u00e1gokat, sz\u0151l\u0151ind\u00e1kat -, ami a veget\u00e1ci\u00f3s funkci\u00f3t t\u00e1masztan\u00e1 al\u00e1.<\/p><p>R\u00f3m\u00e1ban Vertumnust a Vicus Tuscuson \u00e1ll\u00f3 h\u00edrneves szobor tan\u00fas\u00edtja, amely v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3 n\u00f6v\u00e9nyistenk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolja. Ezt a szobrot Propertius \u00e9s m\u00e1s r\u00f3mai szerz\u0151k is megeml\u00edtik.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szet rendk\u00edv\u00fcl gazdag, \u00e9s egyben tud\u00e1sunk f\u0151 forr\u00e1sa. T\u00fckr\u00f6k, v\u00e1z\u00e1k, s\u00edrkamrafestm\u00e9nyek \u00e9s bronzok hordozz\u00e1k az anyag nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t, m\u00edg az \u00e9ppen Voltumn\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny<\/span> \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edtva szeg\u00e9nyes. Larissa Bonfante tanulm\u00e1nyaiban hangs\u00falyozta, hogy ez a k\u00e9pnyelv \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1ny, nem puszt\u00e1n \u00e1tv\u00e9tel.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1s \u00e9s eszkatol\u00f3gia els\u0151rend\u0171 forr\u00e1sa a s\u00edrkamrafest\u00e9szet, amelynek eml\u00e9kei f\u0151k\u00e9nt Tarquini\u00e1ban, Cerveterin \u00e9s Vulciban maradtak fenn. K\u00e9pei lakom\u00e1kat, mitol\u00f3giai jeleneteket, t\u00e1ncot \u00e9s zen\u00e9t mutatnak, \u00e9s olyan t\u00falvil\u00e1got rajzolnak fel, amelyet a f\u00f6ldi \u00e9let folytat\u00e1sak\u00e9nt k\u00e9pzeltek el.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/span> el\u0151nyben r\u00e9szes\u00edti a sokszerepl\u0151s kompoz\u00edci\u00f3kat, az elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 utal\u00e1sokat \u00e9s a szimbolikusan s\u0171r\u00edtett k\u00e9pi mondanival\u00f3t. E k\u00e9pnyelv felt\u00e1r\u00e1sa az etruszk vall\u00e1s-ikonogr\u00e1fia feladata.<\/p><p>Az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szet jellemz\u0151je a s\u0171r\u0171 elbesz\u00e9l\u0151i r\u00e9tegzetts\u00e9g: egyetlen t\u00fck\u00f6r vagy v\u00e1za egyszerre t\u00f6bb mitol\u00f3giai vonatkoz\u00e1st is tartalmazhat. Ez a s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9s a kutat\u00e1st\u00f3l az adott k\u00e9pi kontextus gondos elemz\u00e9s\u00e9t k\u00f6veteli meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna \u00e9s az etruszk v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tizenk\u00e9t etruszk f\u0151v\u00e1ros &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia \u00e9s Roselle &#8211; vall\u00e1si-politikai sz\u00f6vets\u00e9get alkotott (dodekapolis), amely \u00e9vente a Fanum Voltumnaen\u00e1l gy\u00fclekezett. Ez a gy\u00fclekezet egyar\u00e1nt vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai c\u00e9lokat szolg\u00e1lt: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozat<\/span>, sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi hat\u00e1rozatok, k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u00fcnnepi j\u00e1t\u00e9kok.<\/p><p>Livius (4.23, 5.17) r\u00e9szletesen besz\u00e1mol ezekr\u0151l a sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi gy\u00fclekezetekr\u0151l. Mintak\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1ltak a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi r\u00f3mai Concilium sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, \u00e9s d\u00f6nt\u0151 m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben befoly\u00e1solt\u00e1k a politikai int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t It\u00e1li\u00e1ban. Tudom\u00e1nyosan Voltumna ezzel egy \u201epolitikai isten&#8221; p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja, akinek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> egy \u00e1llami szervezetet tart \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/span> ismert, kidolgozott elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalom az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> eset\u00e9ben nem l\u00e9tezik. Amit tudunk, Voltumn\u00e1r\u00f3l is, azt k\u00e9pi \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokb\u00f3l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s g\u00f6r\u00f6g, illetve r\u00f3mai szerz\u0151k tud\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1saib\u00f3l kell kiolvasni. Ez a k\u00f6zvetett forr\u00e1shelyzet fokozott m\u00f3dszertani \u00f3vatoss\u00e1got k\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Az etruszk \u00e9s a g\u00f6r\u00f6g <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> viszonya sokr\u00e9t\u0171. Az etruszkok \u00e1tvettek ugyan sz\u00e1mos g\u00f6r\u00f6g t\u00e9m\u00e1t, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Akhilleusz, Od\u00fcsszeusz \u00e9s Oidipusz k\u00f6r\u00e9b\u0151l, de ezeket gyakran \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmezt\u00e9k \u00e9s saj\u00e1t hangs\u00falyokat helyeztek el benn\u00fck. Ezt az elsaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1si folyamatot a kutat\u00e1s behat\u00f3an vizsg\u00e1lja.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> jellemz\u0151 von\u00e1sa az isteni tan\u00e1cs, a consensus deorum. M\u00e9g a f\u0151isten Tinia sem cselekedett egyed\u00fcl, hanem a t\u00f6bbi istennel tan\u00e1cskozott, k\u00f6zt\u00fck Voltumn\u00e1val, a v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi isten\u00e9vel. Vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l ez a test\u00fclet k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9gnek sz\u00e1m\u00edt.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> nem hagyott h\u00e1tra z\u00e1rt elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 hagyom\u00e1nyt; azt k\u00e9pjelenetekb\u0151l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l kell rekonstru\u00e1lni, ami gondos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st ig\u00e9nyel. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen egy gy\u00e9ren adatolt alakn\u00e1l, mint Voltumna, az etruszk k\u00e9pfeliratoz\u00e1s, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g k\u00e9pi el\u0151k\u00e9p \u00e9s a kontextu\u00e1lis olvasat \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00e1sa fontos m\u00f3dszer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Fanum Voltumnae a legfontosabb etruszk sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szent\u00e9ly. Pontos helyzet\u00e9t sok\u00e1ig vitatt\u00e1k. Simonetta Stopponi 2000 \u00f3ta az orvieto melletti Campo della Fier\u00e1n t\u00e1rt fel egy jelent\u0151s templomegy\u00fcttest, amelyet ma nagy val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9ggel Fanum Voltumnaek\u00e9nt azonos\u00edtanak.<\/p><p>Az egy\u00fcttes t\u00f6bb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomb\u00f3l<\/span>, olt\u00e1rokb\u00f3l, kutakb\u00f3l \u00e9s gy\u00fclekez\u0151 ter\u00fcletekb\u0151l \u00e1ll. A leletek a Kr. e. 7. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l a r\u00f3mai korig ny\u00falnak. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9ly<\/span> folyamatosan, mintegy 1000 \u00e9ven \u00e1t szolg\u00e1lt vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai k\u00f6zpontk\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Az etruszkok rendszeres j\u00f3sl\u00e1stana, a Disciplina Etrusca, a bels\u0151s\u00e9g-vizsg\u00e1latra (haruspicina), a vill\u00e1mj\u00f3sl\u00e1sra (fulguratio) \u00e9s a mad\u00e1rj\u00f3sl\u00e1sra (auspicia) tagol\u00f3dik. Az etruszkokt\u00f3l a r\u00f3maiaknak \u00e1tadva, a Kr. u. 4. sz\u00e1zadig eleven gyakorlat maradt. R\u00e9szletes le\u00edr\u00e1sokat k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u00fcnk Cicer\u00f3nak \u00e9s Senec\u00e1nak.<\/p><p>A Disciplina Etruscat k\u00fcl\u00f6n e c\u00e9lra fenntartott papiskol\u00e1kban adt\u00e1k \u00e1t. Fontos iratai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoztak a Libri Rituales, a Libri Haruspicini \u00e9s a Libri Fulgurales. Ezek a sz\u00f6vegek nem maradtak fenn, de Cicero, Festus \u00e9s Macrobius id\u00e9zeteib\u0151l r\u00e9szben rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3k.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> er\u0151sen az egyes v\u00e1rosokhoz k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00f6tt. A jelent\u0151s k\u00f6zpontok mindegyike, teh\u00e1t Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia \u00e9s Roselle, saj\u00e1t f\u0151 kultuszokat \u00e9s vall\u00e1si k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9geket \u00e1polt. Volsiniinek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges szerep jutott, mivel \u0151 \u0151rizte Voltumna sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szent\u00e9ly\u00e9t.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rt vall\u00e1si-divin\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszerk\u00e9nt a Disciplina Etrusca az antik vil\u00e1g legszigor\u00fabban kidolgozott j\u00f3sl\u00e1si gyakorlatai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik. A r\u00f3maiak tervszer\u0171en \u00e1tvett\u00e9k, \u00e9s az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikvit\u00e1s<\/span> k\u00e9s\u0151i kor\u00e1ig folytat\u00f3dott. Ez a folytonoss\u00e1g vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s r\u00edtusok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Fanum Voltumnae kultikus gyakorlata <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> (bik\u00e1k, juhok, sert\u00e9sek), im\u00e1kat, k\u00f6rmeneteket \u00e9s \u00fcnnepi j\u00e1t\u00e9kokat foglalt mag\u00e1ban. Az \u00e9ves gy\u00fclekezetek fontos vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai esem\u00e9nyei voltak az eg\u00e9sz etruszk vil\u00e1g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<\/p><p>Volsinii r\u00f3mai elfoglal\u00e1sa (Kr. e. 264) ut\u00e1n a Voltumna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9lyt<\/span> nem hagyt\u00e1k el; m\u00f3dos\u00edtott form\u00e1ban tov\u00e1bb m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00f6tt, \u00e9s r\u00e9szben be\u00e9p\u00edtett\u00e9k a r\u00f3mai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszba<\/span>. Ez a folytonoss\u00e1g dokument\u00e1lja Voltumna vall\u00e1si jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t Etruria politikai hanyatl\u00e1s\u00e1n t\u00fal is.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomok<\/span> \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokat mutatnak. Jellemz\u0151 a tuscanus st\u00edlus, egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 oszloprend, amelyet Vitruvius \u00edr le a De Architectur\u00e1ban. Az alaprajzok a cell\u00e1t \u00e9s egy sz\u00e9les el\u0151-csarnokot hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, ami \u00e9lesen k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik a g\u00f6r\u00f6g mint\u00e1kt\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Sok etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomot<\/span> monument\u00e1lisan terveztek. A r\u00f3mai Capitoliumon \u00e1ll\u00f3 Iupiter-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomot<\/span> p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul etruszk \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szek \u00e9s m\u0171v\u00e9szek emelt\u00e9k, mindenekel\u0151tt Vejib\u0151l val\u00f3 Vulca, \u00e9s az etruszk vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti tan\u00fas\u00e1gak\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon a korai R\u00f3m\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>\u00c9vente \u00f6ssze\u00fclt a tizenk\u00e9t etruszk v\u00e1ros sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ge a volsinii melletti Fanum Voltumnaen\u00e1l, ahol vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai \u00fcgyeket egyar\u00e1nt t\u00e1rgyaltak. Voltumna e v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istens\u00e9ge volt, \u00e9s jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge messze t\u00falmutatott az egyes v\u00e1rosi kultuszokon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9d\u0151hagyom\u00e1nyok \u00e9s politika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna az etruszk liga eg\u00e9sz\u00e9nek v\u00e9d\u0151istene volt. Aki a sz\u00f6vets\u00e9ghez fordult, Voltumn\u00e1hoz fordult. Ez a politikai-vall\u00e1si \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1s tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l \u00e9rdekes: olyan vall\u00e1st mutat, amely nem csup\u00e1n az egy\u00e9ni kegyess\u00e9get szervezi, hanem az \u00e1llamok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti viszonyokat is.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bajelh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3: olyan jelekr\u0151l \u00e9s t\u00e1rgyakr\u00f3l, amelyek k\u00e1ros hat\u00e1sok elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra szolg\u00e1lnak.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaikus<\/span> szerepben Voltumn\u00e1t v\u00e1rosalap\u00edt\u00e1sokn\u00e1l, sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gk\u00f6t\u00e9sekn\u00e9l \u00e9s politikai szerz\u0151d\u00e9sekn\u00e9l h\u00edvt\u00e1k seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl. Ez a gyakorlat r\u00e9szben folytat\u00f3dott a r\u00f3mai v\u00e1rosalap\u00edt\u00e1si szertart\u00e1sokban.<\/p><p>Az etruszk v\u00e9d\u0151szok\u00e1sok k\u00f6r\u00e9be tartozik az elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 jelek sora: phalloszamulettek, Gorgoneion-k\u00e9pek, szemszimb\u00f3lumok, bull\u00e1k \u00e9s bizonyos formul\u00e1k. E apotropaikus szimb\u00f3lumok k\u00e9pnyelv\u00e9t Larissa Bonfante t\u00e1rta fel az 1980-t\u00f3l megjelent Etruscan Mirrors munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>Az elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 szimb\u00f3lumok sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben elterjedtek az etruszk kult\u00far\u00e1ban, k\u00f6zt\u00fck Tinia szeme, phalloszamulettek \u00e9s Gorgonei\u00e1k. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templomokat<\/span> \u00e9s s\u00edrokat d\u00edsz\u00edtettek csak\u00fagy, mint h\u00e1ziolt\u00e1rokat \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyes t\u00e1rgyakat. A r\u00f3mai \u00e9s a mediterr\u00e1n n\u00e9pi hiedelemvil\u00e1gban ez a gyakorlat tov\u00e1bb \u00e9lt.<\/p><p>Az etruszk kontextusban a v\u00e9delmi cselekv\u00e9s szorosan \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3dott a Disciplina Etrusca rendszer\u00e9vel. Minden jelent\u0151s v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1s el\u0151tt, legyen az v\u00e1rosalap\u00edt\u00e1s, hadj\u00e1rat vagy h\u00e1z\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jelek \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se a rejtett vagy j\u00f6v\u0151beli dolgok felismer\u00e9s\u00e9re.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00f3sl\u00e1s<\/span> \u00fatj\u00e1n k\u00e9rt\u00e9k az istenek akarat\u00e1t, ami a Voltumna k\u00f6r\u00fcl szervezett sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g politikai hat\u00e1rozataira is vonatkozott.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3 m\u00e1s sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istenekkel: a p\u00e1nhell\u00e9n Zeusz Hellanosszal, a latin Iuppiter Latialissal vagy Jahv\u00e9val mint az izraeli sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g isten\u00e9vel. A politikai konf\u00f6der\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s a vall\u00e1si <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00e1sa az antik vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net elterjedt jelens\u00e9ge.<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a k\u00e9s\u0151i Iuppiter Latialisszal, a latin sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g isten\u00e9vel val\u00f3 p\u00e1rhuzam t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmileg tanuls\u00e1gos. Mindk\u00e9t sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi kultusz \u00e9vente egy k\u00f6zponti helyen gy\u00fclekezett, mindkett\u0151nek politikai funkci\u00f3i voltak, \u00e9s mindkett\u0151 t\u00fal\u00e9lte a politikai v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sokat.<\/p><p>Az interpretatio Romana r\u00e9v\u00e9n az etruszk istens\u00e9gek r\u00f3mai neveket kaptak: Tini\u00e1b\u00f3l Iupiter lett, Unib\u00f3l Iuno, Menrv\u00e1b\u00f3l Minerva, \u00e9s Voltumna a r\u00f3mai Vertumnusban \u00e9lt tov\u00e1bb. Az ilyen azonos\u00edt\u00e1sok \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban nem voltak \u00e1tfog\u00f3k, csup\u00e1n r\u00e9szleges szempontokat emeltek ki. Az elm\u00falt \u00f6tven \u00e9v kutat\u00e1sa kidolgozza, hogy ebben az etruszk saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gok mennyiben maradtak fenn.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1s sz\u00e1mos \u00e9rintkez\u00e9si pontot mutat anat\u00f3liai, f\u00f6n\u00edciai \u00e9s k\u00f6zel-keleti hagyom\u00e1nyokkal. A f\u00f6n\u00edciai kapcsolatot k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a pyrgi t\u00e1bl\u00e1k bizony\u00edtj\u00e1k. Ez a mediterr\u00e1n szint\u0171 \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1s n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9vtizede fontos kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fclett\u00e9 v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p>\u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi szempontb\u00f3l az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> a t\u00e1gabb mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1si k\u00f6rh\u00f6z tartozik, \u00e9s kapcsolatban \u00e1ll G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1ggal, F\u00f6n\u00edci\u00e1val, Egyiptommal, Anat\u00f3li\u00e1val \u00e9s Latiummal. Ez a be\u00e1gyazotts\u00e1g jelent\u0151s kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet k\u00e9pez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jelenkori kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Voltumna-kutat\u00e1s a 2000-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta a Campo della Fiera melletti \u00e1sat\u00e1soknak (Simonetta Stopponi, Perugiai Egyetem) k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en hatalmas lend\u00fcletet kapott. \u00c9ves \u00e1sat\u00e1si jelent\u00e9sek \u00e9s t\u00f6bb monogr\u00e1fia dokument\u00e1lja a leleteket.<\/p><p>Az etruszk \u00e1llamis\u00e1gr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 interdiszciplin\u00e1ris tanulm\u00e1nyok (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) is rendszeresen be\u00e9p\u00edtik Voltumn\u00e1t. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultusza<\/span> kulcsa az etruszk f\u00f6deralizmus meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9nek.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1ssal ma nemzetk\u00f6zileg h\u00e1l\u00f3zatba kapcsolt kutat\u00e1s foglalkozik. A jelent\u0151s kutat\u00f3helyek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak a firenzei, a r\u00f3mai La Sapienza, a pisai, a t\u00fcbingeni \u00e9s a princetoni egyetemek. \u00c9vente t\u00f6bb nemzetk\u00f6zi konferencia szentel figyelmet a t\u00e9ma egyes aspektusainak.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1ssal foglalkoz\u00f3 nemzetk\u00f6zi projektek ma digit\u00e1lis elj\u00e1r\u00e1sokat alkalmaznak: templomok \u00e9s s\u00edrok h\u00e1romdimenzi\u00f3s szkennel\u00e9se, feliratok \u00e9s k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok adatb\u00e1zisai, valamint a telep\u00fcl\u00e9sszerkezet GIS-elemz\u00e9se. Ilyen m\u00f3dszerek \u00faj felismer\u00e9seket tesznek lehet\u0151v\u00e9, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a kultuszhelyek, mint a Fanum Voltumnae, lokaliz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>A mai etruszk kutat\u00e1st a sz\u00e9lesebb nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra ki\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sok k\u00f6zvet\u00edtik, t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a Vatik\u00e1ni M\u00fazeumban, a Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giuli\u00e1ban \u00e9s a bostoni Museum of Fine Artsban, valamint sz\u00e1mos kiadv\u00e1nyon kereszt\u00fcl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s kutat\u00e1si \u00e1llapot<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Voltumna-kutat\u00e1s legfontosabb forr\u00e1sai a Campo della Fiera r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletei, az etruszk feliratok, a liviusi hivatkoz\u00e1sok, a Vertumnusra vonatkoz\u00f3 r\u00f3mai forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s az etruszk v\u00e1rosokb\u00f3l el\u0151ker\u00fclt epigr\u00e1fiai leletek.<\/p><p>Az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netbe<\/a> val\u00f3 m\u00e9lyebb be\u00e1gyaz\u00e1s megmutatja, hogyan \u00e9rtelmezend\u0151 Voltumna Tinia, Uni, Menrva \u00e9s a t\u00f6bbi Atua viszonyrendszer\u00e9ben, azzal a saj\u00e1toss\u00e1ggal, hogy \u0151 els\u0151sorban politikai-vall\u00e1si \u00e9rtelemben meghat\u00e1rozott.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1s forr\u00e1sai nem egys\u00e9gesek: epigr\u00e1fiai tan\u00fas\u00e1gok, amelyeket Helmut Rix Editio Minor\u00e1ban gy\u0171jt\u00f6tt \u00f6ssze, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletek, k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos irodalom. Ez a sokf\u00e9les\u00e9g interdiszciplin\u00e1ris megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st k\u00edv\u00e1n, \u00e9s az \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1s rendszeresen \u00f6sszekapcsolja a filol\u00f3gi\u00e1t, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a m\u00falt kult\u00far\u00e1it anyagi leletek alapj\u00e1n kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00e9g\u00e9szetet<\/span>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyt<\/span> \u00e9s az antropol\u00f3gi\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A szakszer\u0171 forr\u00e1skritika el\u0151felt\u00e9tele, hogy az etruszk eredeti tan\u00fas\u00e1gokat \u00e9s a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1nyt egyar\u00e1nt ismerj\u00fck. \u00c9ppen Voltumna eset\u00e9ben, amelynek r\u00f3mai megfelel\u0151je, Vertumnus, gazdagabb nyomot hagyott, mint egyes etruszk forr\u00e1sok, ez a kett\u0151s tekintet n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen.<\/p><p>Aki Voltumn\u00e1t vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg alaposan el akarja helyezni, annak az epigr\u00e1fiai, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti \u00e9s irodalmi forr\u00e1sokat \u00e9pp\u00fagy \u00e1t kell tekintenie, mint a modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> m\u00f3dszereit. Ez a sokr\u00e9t\u0171 elm\u00e9ly\u00fcl\u00e9s a kutat\u00e1sban m\u00e9rc\u00e9nek sz\u00e1m\u00edt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Fanum Voltumnae: az etruszk v\u00e1rosok sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szent\u00e9lye<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumn\u00e1t a r\u00f3mai szerz\u0151k <em>Vertumnusnak<\/em> is nevezik, \u00e9s szorosan \u00f6sszekapcsolj\u00e1k egy meghat\u00e1rozott kultuszhellyel, a <em>Fanum Voltumnaeval<\/em>. Titus Livius r\u00f3mai t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00edr\u00f3 t\u00f6bb helyen is tud\u00f3s\u00edt arr\u00f3l, hogy az etruszk v\u00e1rosok k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i ebben a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9lyben<\/span> gy\u00fclekeztek, hogy k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u00fcgyeket t\u00e1rgyaljanak, h\u00e1bor\u00far\u00f3l \u00e9s b\u00e9k\u00e9r\u0151l d\u00f6ntsenek, \u00e9s vall\u00e1si \u00fcnnepeket j\u00e1t\u00e9kokkal egy\u00fctt tartsanak.<\/p><p>A <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> ezzel egyidej\u0171leg volt az etruszk v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g vall\u00e1si k\u00f6zpontja \u00e9s politikai gy\u00fclekez\u0151 helye.<\/p><p>A szent\u00e9ly pontos helyzete sok\u00e1ig ismeretlen volt, \u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 hipot\u00e9zisek t\u00e1rgy\u00e1t k\u00e9pezte. A 2000-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9t\u0151l a kutat\u00e1s az orvieto melletti Campo della Fiera ter\u00fclet\u00e9re \u00f6sszpontos\u00edt, az antik <em>Velzna<\/em>, azaz Volsinii hely\u00e9n.<\/p><p>Ott Simonetta Stopponi vezet\u00e9s\u00e9vel folytatott \u00e1sat\u00e1sok egy kiterjedt szent\u00e9lyk\u00f6rzetet t\u00e1rtak fel templomfundamentumokkal, olt\u00e1rokkal, fogadalmi aj\u00e1nd\u00e9kokkal \u00e9s hossz\u00fa haszn\u00e1lati t\u00f6rt\u00e9nettel. A <em>Fanum Voltumnaeval<\/em> val\u00f3 azonos\u00edt\u00e1st sok kutat\u00f3 val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171nek tartja, de &#8211; mint sok etruszk lelet eset\u00e9ben &#8211; egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba v\u00e9sett vagy r\u00e1v\u00e9sett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">felirat<\/span> nem er\u0151s\u00edti meg.<\/p><p>A Campo della Fiera lelete azt mutatja, hogy a helysz\u00edn az etruszk koron t\u00fal, a r\u00f3mai \u00e9s m\u00e9g a k\u00e9s\u0151 antik korban is haszn\u00e1latban maradt.<\/p><p>Ez \u00f6sszhangban van azzal a megfigyel\u00e9ssel, hogy Voltumna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> Volsinii r\u00f3mai elfoglal\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n is fennmaradt, \u00e9s az istens\u00e9get <em>Vertumnus<\/em> r\u00f3mai form\u00e1j\u00e1ban tov\u00e1bb tisztelt\u00e9k. A sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi szent\u00e9ly szeml\u00e9letesen mutatja, hogy az etruszk vall\u00e1s nem csup\u00e1n az egyes v\u00e1rosok \u00fcgye volt, hanem identit\u00e1steremt\u0151, r\u00e9gi\u00f3t \u00e1tfog\u00f3 funkci\u00f3t is bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus \u00e9s az isten l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9nek k\u00e9rd\u00e9se<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna term\u00e9szet\u00e9r\u0151l a kutat\u00e1sban nincs egys\u00e9g, ami a forr\u00e1sok saj\u00e1toss\u00e1g\u00e1val f\u00fcgg \u00f6ssze.<\/p><p>Varro r\u00f3mai tud\u00f3s Voltumn\u00e1t Etruria legf\u0151bb istenek\u00e9nt jel\u00f6li meg: <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. M\u00e1s tan\u00fas\u00e1gok n\u00f6v\u00e9ny- vagy v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sisteni jelleget sugallnak, amit f\u0151k\u00e9nt a <em>Vertumnus<\/em> r\u00f3mai alakja t\u00e1mogat, akit az \u00e9vszakok v\u00e1ltakoz\u00e1s\u00e1val \u00e9s a gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcs\u00f6k \u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9vel hoztak \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe.<\/p><p>Propertius k\u00f6lt\u0151 egy h\u00edrneves el\u00e9gi\u00e1ban mag\u00e1t <em>Vertumnust<\/em> sz\u00f3laltatja meg, aki saj\u00e1t \u00e1talakul\u00e1si k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9t dics\u00e9ri.<\/p><p>A neh\u00e9zs\u00e9g abban rejlik, hogy ezek az \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sok r\u00f3mai n\u00e9z\u0151pontb\u00f3l sz\u00fclettek, \u00e9s \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadokkal az etruszk kultusz vir\u00e1gkora ut\u00e1n fogalmaz\u00f3dtak meg. Hogy Voltumna eredetileg n\u00f6v\u00e9nyisten volt-e, politikai sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi isten vagy t\u00f6bb aspektussal rendelkez\u0151 \u00e1tfog\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span>, a kev\u00e9s etruszk saj\u00e1t tan\u00fas\u00e1gb\u00f3l nem d\u00f6nthet\u0151 el.<\/p><p>Mag\u00e1t a nevet egyes kutat\u00f3k egy \u201eforgatni&#8221; vagy \u201ev\u00e1ltozni&#8221; jelent\u00e9s\u0171 gy\u00f6kkel hozz\u00e1k \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe, ami illene az \u00e1talakul\u00e1s t\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1hoz, de ez az etimol\u00f3gia sem biztos.<\/p><p>Voltumna ezzel az etruszkol\u00f3gia egy alapvet\u0151 neh\u00e9zs\u00e9g\u00e9nek p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja: egy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> j\u00f3l adatolhat\u00f3 lehet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antik<\/span> szerz\u0151kn\u00e9l, \u00e9s m\u00e9gis elmos\u00f3dott maradhat eredeti l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9t illet\u0151en, mert a tan\u00fas\u00e1gok k\u00e9seiek, idegenek \u00e9s \u00e9rdekvezet\u0151k.<\/p><p>A seri\u00f3zus ismertet\u00e9sek ez\u00e9rt \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban t\u00f6bb \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st mutatnak be egym\u00e1s mellett, ahelyett hogy egyre k\u00f6telezik el magukat. Egyed\u00fcl az isten emelkedett szerepe biztos, mint az etruszk v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g vonatkoztat\u00e1si pontja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (mehrere B\u00e4nde)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: Beitr\u00e4ge zur etruskischen Religion<\/li><li>Livius: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, akit Velth\u00e1nak vagy Vertumnusnak is neveznek, az etruszk sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros\u00e1nak <strong>isteni<\/strong> oltalmaz\u00f3ja volt. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">Szent\u00e9lye<\/span>, a Volsinii k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben \u00e1ll\u00f3 <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>, Livius tan\u00fas\u00e1ga szerint a sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi k\u00e9pvisel\u0151k \u00e9ves gy\u00fclekez\u0151 helye volt, ahol vall\u00e1si, politikai \u00e9s jogi k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket k\u00f6z\u00f6sen t\u00e1rgyaltak.<\/p><p>A liga isteni vonatkoztat\u00e1si pontjak\u00e9nt Voltumna kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 a h\u00e1zi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultuszban<\/span> volt jelen, ink\u00e1bb az \u00e1llami k\u00e9pviseletben, \u00e9s a k\u00fcl\u00f6nben \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 v\u00e1ros\u00e1llamok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti ritu\u00e1lis kapcsot biztos\u00edtotta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span><\/em> Voltumn\u00e1t a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros legf\u0151bb sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istenek\u00e9nt nevezi meg; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9ly\u00e9ben<\/span>, a volsinii melletti Fanum Voltumnaen\u00e1l az etruszk liga k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i \u00e9vente tan\u00e1cskoz\u00e1sra \u00e9s \u00fcnnepi kultuszra gy\u0171ltek \u00f6ssze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Voltumna etruszkok Fanum Voltumnae liga dodekapolis Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard kapcsol\u00f3dik a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz, az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk<\/a> \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s kult\u00fara \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9hez. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlatra vonatkoz\u00f3 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Voltumna &#8211; az etruszk liga sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene \u00e9s a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros istens\u00e9ge Voltumna (latinul Vertumnus vagy Veltha, etruszkul Veltha vagy Velthune) a tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1rosb\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 etruszk liga legf\u0151bb sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene. Szent\u00e9lye, a Fanum Voltumnae, Volsinii k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben \u00e1llt, \u00e9s az etruszk liga \u00e9ves gy\u00fclekezet\u00e9nek helysz\u00edne volt. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s Voltumna vall\u00e1s-politikai \u00e9s kultikus szerep\u00e9t mutatja be [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna etruszkok liga","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna - Etruszk sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi isten, m\u00edtosz","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna az etruszk v\u00e1rossz\u00f6vets\u00e9g sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istene, akit a Fanum Voltumnaen\u00e1l tiszteltek. 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