{"id":52499,"date":"2026-07-30T14:26:12","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:26:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/turms-az-etruszk-istenek-hirnoeke-es-az-alvilag-kiseroje\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:26:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:26:34","slug":"turms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/turms\/","title":{"rendered":"Turms &#8211; Az etruszk istenek h\u00edrn\u00f6ke \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1g k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52499\" class=\"elementor elementor-52499 elementor-2608\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms - Etruszk isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz megfelel\u0151je<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms az etruszk vall\u00e1sban az istenek h\u00edrn\u00f6ke \u00e9s a holtak alvil\u00e1gba k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je. Funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sznek \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Mercuriusnak. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos helyzet\u00e9t, ikonogr\u00e1fiai jellemz\u0151it \u00e9s az etruszk eszkatol\u00f3gia-rendszerben bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt szerep\u00e9t mutatja be.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00edrn\u00f6k az etruszk hagyom\u00e1nyban.\">H\u00edrn\u00f6k<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az etruszk hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Etruszk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k \u00e9s halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151.\">Isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k \u00e9s halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-turms-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2821\" alt=\"Turms - G\u00f6tter aus der Etruskisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_turms.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elhelyez\u00e9s az etruszk panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms az etruszk panteon kiemelked\u0151 istenei k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik. Az istenek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00e9s a vil\u00e1gok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt &#8211; az \u00e9l\u0151k \u00e9s a holtak vil\u00e1ga k\u00f6z\u00f6tt &#8211; k\u00f6zvet\u00edt h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt. Ebben a funkci\u00f3ban nagym\u00e9rt\u00e9kben megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz Psz\u00fckhopomposznak.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante \u00e9s Nancy Thomson de Grummond az etruszk vall\u00e1sr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 m\u0171veikben foglalkoztak Turmsszal. Az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szetben gyakori alak, amelyet feliratos t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n \u00e1br\u00e1zolnak.<\/p><p>Turms isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k olyan vall\u00e1shoz tartozik, amely a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra az\u00e9rt annyira tanuls\u00e1gos, mert a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-mediterr\u00e1n \u00e9s az italikus-r\u00f3mai hagyom\u00e1nyvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00f6zvet\u00edt. Meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sok Massimo Pallottin\u00f3t\u00f3l, Jacques Heurgont\u00f3l, Sybille Haynest\u0151l, Mauro Cristofanit\u00f3l \u00e9s Giovanni Colonn\u00e1t\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaznak, akiknek munk\u00e1i egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1ny k\u00e9p\u00e9t \u00e9les\u00edtett\u00e9k ki.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> j\u00f3l tagolt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteont<\/span> ismert fokozatos rangsorokkal \u00e9s pontosan elosztott feladatokkal; Turms ebben az istenek \u00e9s a vil\u00e1gok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt szil\u00e1rdan be\u00e1gyaz\u00f3dott. Ahol a r\u00e9gebbi tanulm\u00e1nyok ezt a rendszert rejt\u00e9lyesnek vagy idegenszer\u0171nek \u00e1br\u00e1zolt\u00e1k, ma egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1si v\u00e1ltozatot ismer\u00fcnk fel.<\/p><p>It\u00e1lia vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben az etruszkok k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 helyet foglaltak el a g\u00f6r\u00f6g hat\u00e1sok \u00e9s a kialakul\u00f3ban l\u00e9v\u0151 r\u00f3mai vall\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ez a k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 szerep, amely mintegy Turms h\u00edrn\u00f6ki funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban t\u00fckr\u00f6z\u0151dik, vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e9rdekes.<\/p><p>Az elm\u00falt \u00e9vtizedek vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giai kutat\u00e1sa az etruszk vall\u00e1st \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3, vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giailag egyedi rendszerk\u00e9nt vizsg\u00e1lja. A r\u00e9gebbi \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s hely\u00e9t, amely azt csup\u00e1n a g\u00f6r\u00f6g vall\u00e1s levezet\u00e9sek\u00e9nt fogta fel, egy l\u00e9nyegesen \u00e1rnyaltabb szeml\u00e9let foglalta el, amelyb\u0151l Turms meg\u00e9rt\u00e9se is profit\u00e1l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Turms n\u00e9v sz\u00e1mos etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6n \u00e9s feliraton adatolt. Megb\u00edzhat\u00f3 etimol\u00f3giai jelent\u00e9se nem rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3. Helmut Rix <em>Editio Minor<\/em>ja dokument\u00e1lja az epigr\u00e1fiai adatokat.<\/p><p>Turms a Turms Aitas (&#8216;Aita Turmsa&#8217;) mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vvel is megjelenik, ami \u0151t kifejezetten az alvil\u00e1gi isten <a href=\"\/hu\/aita\/\">Aita<\/a> k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151jek\u00e9nt jel\u00f6li meg. Ez a kapcsolat tudom\u00e1nyosan fontos: kett\u0151s funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t mutatja, isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt \u00e9s halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151k\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Az etruszk nyelv \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3; izol\u00e1lt nyelvnek sz\u00e1m\u00edt, vagy hipotetikusan egy t\u00fcrsz\u00e9n nyelvcsal\u00e1dhoz sorolj\u00e1k, amelyhez esetleg a lemniai \u00e9s a r\u00e9tiai is tartozik. A sz\u00f6vegek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9n a kutat\u00e1s a 19. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta dolgozik, \u00e9s ez m\u00e9g nem z\u00e1rult le, ami a Turms n\u00e9v \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9re is vonatkozik.<\/p><p>Az etruszk nyelvkorpusz m\u00e9rvad\u00f3 epigr\u00e1fiai gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye Helmut Rix Editio Minorja; ebben a Turms n\u00e9vre vonatkoz\u00f3 adatok is dokument\u00e1lva vannak. Ma a Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae \u00e9s az ETP online adatb\u00e1zis, az Etruscan Texts Project eg\u00e9sz\u00edti ki.<\/p><p>M\u00e1r az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f3korban<\/span> elt\u00e9rtek a v\u00e9lem\u00e9nyek az etruszkok eredet\u00e9r\u0151l: H\u00e9rodotosz L\u00fcdi\u00e1b\u00f3l vezette le \u0151ket, Halikarnasszoszi Dion\u00fcsziosz it\u00e1liai \u0151slakos n\u00e9pnek tekintette. Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s az\u00e9rt l\u00e9nyeges, mert ett\u0151l f\u00fcgg, hogy az etruszk vall\u00e1snak vannak-e kapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1sai kis\u00e1zsiai kultuszokhoz.<\/p><p>A nyelvtudom\u00e1ny \u00e9s az epigr\u00e1fia ma szorosan egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dik. Az etruszk sz\u00f6vegek digit\u00e1lis kiad\u00e1sa, az Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), jelent\u0151sen megk\u00f6nny\u00edti az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vizsg\u00e1latokat, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Turmshoz hasonl\u00f3 teonimi\u00e1k ter\u00e9n. \u00datt\u00f6r\u0151 hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sokat tett ehhez Marie-Laurence Haack \u00e9s Vincent Jolivet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turmsot az etruszk m\u0171v\u00e9szetben fiatal f\u00e9rfik\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, gyakran utaz\u00f3kalappal (petaszosz), sz\u00e1rnyas saruval \u00e9s caduceusszal (h\u00edrn\u00f6kbottal). Ezt az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t<\/span> a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz-hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l vette \u00e1t. H\u00edresek azok az etruszk bronz Turms-figur\u00e1k, amelyek t\u00f6bb gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyben maradtak fenn szerte a vil\u00e1gon.<\/p><p>Az etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n (Kr. e. 4-3. sz.) Turms sz\u00e1mos mitol\u00f3giai jelenetben megjelenik &#8211; gyakran haldokl\u00f3 vagy \u00e1tvitt h\u0151s\u00f6k k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151jek\u00e9nt, n\u00e9ha az istenek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6vetk\u00e9nt is.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giailag az etruszkok k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szete rendk\u00edv\u00fcl gazdag forr\u00e1s, \u00e9s egyben a tud\u00e1sunk legf\u0151bb forr\u00e1sa, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Turms sz\u00e1mos \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa tekintet\u00e9ben. T\u00fckr\u00f6k, v\u00e1z\u00e1k, s\u00edri festm\u00e9nyek \u00e9s bronzok hordozz\u00e1k az anyag nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t. Larissa Bonfante tanulm\u00e1nyaiban hangs\u00falyozta, hogy ez a k\u00e9pnyelv \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1ny, \u00e9s nem puszta levezet\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Az etruszkol\u00f3gia vall\u00e1si \u00e9s eszkatol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l kiemelked\u0151 forr\u00e1sa a s\u00edri fest\u00e9szet, amely f\u0151k\u00e9nt Tarquini\u00e1ban, Cerveteri\u00e9ben \u00e9s Vulciban maradt fenn. K\u00e9pei lakom\u00e1kat, mitol\u00f3giai epiz\u00f3dokat, valamint t\u00e1ncot \u00e9s zen\u00e9t mutatnak; a t\u00falvil\u00e1g, amelybe Turms halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151k\u00e9nt vezet, a f\u00f6ldi \u00e9let folytat\u00e1sak\u00e9nt jelenik meg.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/span> t\u00f6bbalakos kompoz\u00edci\u00f3kat, elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 utal\u00e1sokat \u00e9s jelk\u00e9pesen s\u0171r\u00edtett k\u00e9pi \u00fczeneteket r\u00e9szes\u00edt el\u0151nyben; Turms is gyakran szerepel ilyen jelenetekben. E k\u00e9pnyelv felt\u00e1r\u00e1sa az etruszk vall\u00e1si ikonogr\u00e1fia feladata.<\/p><p>Az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szet jellemz\u0151je a gazdag elbesz\u00e9l\u0151i r\u00e9tegzetts\u00e9g. M\u00e1r egyetlen t\u00fck\u00f6r vagy v\u00e1za is t\u00f6bb mitol\u00f3giai utal\u00e1st tartalmazhat egyszerre, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul amikor Turms m\u00e1s alakok mellett jelenik meg. Ez a s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9s a kutat\u00e1st\u00f3l a k\u00e9pi kontextus gondos elemz\u00e9s\u00e9t k\u00f6veteli meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms mint isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u00edrn\u00f6ki funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban Turms \u00fczeneteket k\u00f6zvet\u00edt az ol\u00fcmposzi istenek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, az istenek \u00e9s az emberek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, valamint az \u00e9l\u0151k \u00e9s a holtak k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Az etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n gyakran olyan jelenetekben \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, amelyekben az istenek egym\u00e1ssal kommunik\u00e1lnak &#8211; Turms k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt \u00e1ll k\u00f6z\u00f6tt\u00fck.<\/p><p>Ez a funkci\u00f3 a Herm\u00e9sz-hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l j\u00f3l ismert, \u00e9s az etruszkok val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a g\u00f6r\u00f6g m\u00edtoszk\u00f6rh\u00f6z adapt\u00e1lt\u00e1k. Az etruszkok azonban saj\u00e1t hangs\u00falyokat helyeztek el, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az alvil\u00e1ggal val\u00f3 kapcsolat r\u00e9v\u00e9n.<\/p><p>Az etruszkok <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja<\/span>, ellent\u00e9tben a g\u00f6r\u00f6ggel vagy a r\u00f3maival, nem kidolgozott elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 sz\u00f6vegekben hagyom\u00e1nyoz\u00f3dott. A Turms k\u00f6r\u00fcli m\u00edtoszokat k\u00e9p\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sokb\u00f3l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l kell rekonstru\u00e1lni. Ez a k\u00f6zvetett forr\u00e1sb\u00e1zis k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges m\u00f3dszertani \u00f3vatoss\u00e1got ig\u00e9nyel.<\/p><p>Az etruszk \u00e9s a g\u00f6r\u00f6g <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> viszonya sokr\u00e9t\u0171. Az etruszkok egyfel\u0151l sz\u00e1mos g\u00f6r\u00f6g anyagot vettek \u00e1t, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Akhilleusz, Od\u00fcsszeusz \u00e9s Oidipusz k\u00f6r\u00fcl, m\u00e1sfel\u0151l saj\u00e1t \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9seket \u00e9s hangs\u00falyokat adtak nekik. Hogy ez az elsaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1s konkr\u00e9tan hogyan zajlott le &#8211; p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Herm\u00e9sz-von\u00e1sok \u00e1tv\u00e9tel\u00e9n\u00e9l Turms eset\u00e9ben &#8211; a kutat\u00e1s intenz\u00edven vizsg\u00e1lja.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> jellemz\u0151 von\u00e1sa az istentan\u00e1cs, a consensus deorum. A f\u0151isten Tinia nem egyed\u00fcl cselekszik, hanem a t\u00f6bbi istennel tan\u00e1cskozik, \u00e9s Turms h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt k\u00f6zvet\u00edt k\u00f6z\u00f6tt\u00fck. Vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giailag ez a test\u00fclet k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9get k\u00e9pvisel.<\/p><p>Z\u00e1rt elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 hagyom\u00e1ny nem maradt az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1t\u00f3l<\/span>; azt k\u00e9pjelenetekb\u0151l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l kell \u00f6sszerakni, ami gondos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st ig\u00e9nyel. Mivel Turms els\u0151sorban t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n jelenik meg, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen bev\u00e1lt m\u00f3dszer az etruszk felirat, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g k\u00e9pi el\u0151k\u00e9p \u00e9s az adott jelenet kontextu\u00e1lis olvasat\u00e1nak \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00e1sa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms mint halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms legfontosabb eszkatol\u00f3giai funkci\u00f3ja a holtak alvil\u00e1gba k\u00eds\u00e9r\u00e9se. Az etruszk szarkof\u00e1gokon \u00e9s s\u00edri festm\u00e9nyeken (Tarquinia, Vulci) gyakran m\u00e1s halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151kkel egy\u00fctt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, mint <a href=\"\/hu\/charun\/\">Charun<\/a> \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/vanth\/\">Vanth<\/a>.<\/p><p>Az etruszk eszkatol\u00f3gia tudom\u00e1nyosan k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e9rdekes, mert kidolgozott alvil\u00e1g-elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9st k\u00edn\u00e1l (etruszkul r\u00e9szben calusna). Turms ennek az elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9snek a r\u00e9sze. Jean-Rene Jannot a <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban rendszeresen t\u00e1rgyalta az eszkatol\u00f3gi\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Turms vall\u00e1si h\u00e1tter\u00e9t a Disciplina Etrusca alkotja, az etruszkok j\u00f3sl\u00f3rendszere, amely h\u00e1rom \u00e1gat ismer: a zsigervizsg\u00e1latot (haruspicina), a vill\u00e1mmagyar\u00e1zatot (fulguratio) \u00e9s a mad\u00e1rj\u00f3sl\u00e1st (auspicia). Az etruszkok \u00e1tadt\u00e1k a r\u00f3maiaknak, ahol a Kr. u. 4. sz\u00e1zadig \u00e9l\u0151 gyakorlat maradt. Cicero \u00e9s Seneca r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrta.<\/p><p>Az \u00e1t\u00f6r\u00f6k\u00edtett tud\u00e1st, amelyben egy olyan alak, mint Turms is gy\u00f6kerezik, szakosodott papi iskol\u00e1k hordozt\u00e1k, amelyekben a Disciplina Etrusca nemzed\u00e9kr\u0151l nemzed\u00e9kre tov\u00e1bb\u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>Fontos \u00edr\u00e1saiknak a Libri Rituales, a Libri Haruspicini \u00e9s a Libri Fulgurales sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak. Ezek a sz\u00f6vegek nem maradtak fenn; Cicero, Festus \u00e9s Macrobius id\u00e9zeteib\u0151l azonban r\u00e9szben rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3k.<\/p><p>Az etruszk kultusz\u00e9let szorosan az egyes v\u00e1rosokhoz k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00f6tt. A nagy k\u00f6zpontok mindegyike &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia \u00e9s Roselle &#8211; saj\u00e1t f\u0151kultuszokkal \u00e9s vall\u00e1si saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokkal rendelkezett.<\/p><p>Annak a vall\u00e1soss\u00e1gnak a rangja, amelyben Turmsnak helye van, a Disciplina Etrusca r\u00e9v\u00e9n mutatkozik meg: egys\u00e9ges vall\u00e1si-divin\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszerk\u00e9nt az \u00f3kori vil\u00e1g legjobban kidolgozott j\u00f3sl\u00f3gyakorlatai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik. A r\u00f3maiak rendszeresen \u00e1tvett\u00e9k, \u00e9s gyakorl\u00e1sa a k\u00e9s\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f3korig<\/span> ny\u00falt. Ez a kontinuit\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg figyelmet \u00e9rdemel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s r\u00edtusok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turmsot saj\u00e1t templomokban tisztelt\u00e9k, de nem ugyanolyan kiemelked\u0151 helyen, mint Tini\u00e1t, Unit vagy Menrv\u00e1t. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kultusza<\/span> ink\u00e1bb praktikus-pragmatikus jelleg\u0171 volt: utaz\u00f3k, keresked\u0151k \u00e9s k\u00f6vetek hivatkoztak r\u00e1, temet\u00e9seken h\u00edvt\u00e1k seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00fcl, hogy a halottat biztons\u00e1gosan elvezesse az alvil\u00e1gba.<\/p><p>Jellegzetes gyakorlat volt kis Turms-figur\u00e1k s\u00edrba helyez\u00e9se. Ezeknek hivat\u00e1suk volt a holtat \u00fatba igaz\u00edtani. Ilyen figur\u00e1k sz\u00e1mos etruszk s\u00edrban ker\u00fcltek el\u0151.<\/p><p>Az olyan istens\u00e9geket, mint Turms, befogad\u00f3 \u00e9p\u00fcletek is saj\u00e1tos jegyeket hordoznak. Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomot<\/span> a tuscanus st\u00edlus jellemzi, egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 oszloprenddel, amelyet Vitruvius \u00edr le a De Architectura c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban. Az alaprajzon a cella \u00e9s egy sz\u00e9les homlokzati csarnok er\u0151sen kiemelkedik, ami egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti ezeket az \u00e9p\u00fcleteket a g\u00f6r\u00f6g el\u0151k\u00e9pekt\u0151l.<\/p><p>Az ahhoz a kultuszvil\u00e1ghoz tartoz\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomok<\/span>, amelyhez Turms is tartozik, gyakran monument\u00e1lis m\u00e9ret\u0171ek voltak. P\u00e9lda erre az iuppiter-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templom<\/span> a r\u00f3mai Capitoliumon, amelyet etruszk \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szek \u00e9s m\u0171v\u00e9szek emeltek, els\u0151sorban Vulca Vejib\u0151. Ez a korai R\u00f3ma etruszk vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g\u00e1nak \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti tan\u00fas\u00e1ga.<\/p><p>Turms mint isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k eset\u00e9ben tanuls\u00e1gos az a kultikus keret, amelyben tisztelt\u00e9k: a Fanum Voltumnae Volsiniin\u00e9l az etruszk tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1ros lig\u00e1ja \u00e9vente vall\u00e1si \u00e9s egyben politikai gy\u0171l\u00e9sre j\u00f6tt \u00f6ssze. Voltumna az \u00e1llamsz\u00f6vets\u00e9g sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gi istenek\u00e9nt m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00f6tt, \u00e9s az egyes v\u00e1roskultusokon t\u00falmutat\u00f3 vall\u00e1si jelent\u0151s\u00e9ggel b\u00edrt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turmshoz els\u0151sorban utaz\u00f3k, keresked\u0151k, k\u00f6vetek \u00e9s j\u00f3sok folyamodtak v\u00e9delmi c\u00e9lb\u00f3l. Aki \u00fatnak indult, im\u00e1t mondott Turmshoz; a keresked\u0151k v\u00e9d\u0151szentk\u00e9nt vont\u00e1k be \u00fczleti gyakorlatukba. J\u00f3sl\u00e1si \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sekben &#8211; k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen mad\u00e1rj\u00f3sl\u00e1skor \u00e9s \u00e1lomfejt\u00e9skor &#8211; szint\u00e9n szerepe volt Turmsnak.<\/p><p>A Turms-k\u00f6rrel kapcsolatos apotropaikus gyakorlatok magukban foglalt\u00e1k a Turms-figur\u00e1k visel\u00e9s\u00e9t, Turms-herm\u00e9\u00e1k fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t h\u00e1z- \u00e9s v\u00e1rosbej\u00e1ratokn\u00e1l, valamint fontos t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1sok el\u0151tti megid\u00e9z\u00e9s\u00e9t. Ez a gyakorlat a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz-hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l \u00f6r\u00f6kl\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Az etruszk v\u00e9d\u0151szok\u00e1sok sz\u00e1mos elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 jelet alkalmaztak: fallikus amuletteket, Gorgoneion-k\u00e9peket, szemszimb\u00f3lumokat, bull\u00e1kat \u00e9s bizonyos formul\u00e1kat. E apotropaikus szimb\u00f3lumok k\u00e9pnyelv\u00e9t Larissa Bonfante t\u00e1rta fel az 1980-t\u00f3l megjelen\u0151 Etruscan Mirrors c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban.<\/span><\/p><p>M\u00e1s etruszk panteon-alakokhoz hasonl\u00f3an Turms is olyan k\u00f6zegben \u00e9lt, amely tele volt elh\u00e1r\u00edt\u00f3 jelekkel. Tinia szeme, fallikus amulettek \u00e9s gorgonei\u00e1k templomokat \u00e9s s\u00edrokat d\u00edsz\u00edtettek csak\u00fagy, mint h\u00e1ziolt\u00e1rokat \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyes t\u00e1rgyakat. Az etruszk kult\u00far\u00e1n t\u00fal ez a gyakorlat a r\u00f3mai \u00e9s a t\u00e1gabb mediterr\u00e1n n\u00e9phitben is tov\u00e1bb \u00e9lt.<\/p><p>Aki Turms hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00e9hez k\u00f6zeledik, olyan vall\u00e1soss\u00e1ggal tal\u00e1lkozik, amelynek v\u00e9delmi cselekv\u00e9se szorosan k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00f6tt a Disciplina Etrusc\u00e1hoz. V\u00e1rosalap\u00edt\u00e1st, hadj\u00e1ratot vagy h\u00e1z\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9st nem kezdtek meg a j\u00f3sl\u00e1ssal megkutatott isteni akarat el\u0151zetes kik\u00e9rdez\u00e9se n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sznek \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Mercuriusnak. A kapcsolat tipol\u00f3giailag \u00e9s t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg egyar\u00e1nt szoros: az etruszk Turms-hagyom\u00e1ny k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz-hagyom\u00e1nyra megy vissza. Az etruszkok azonban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hangs\u00falyokat helyeztek el, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az eszkatol\u00f3gi\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1s\u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 szempontb\u00f3l Turms m\u00e1s isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k\u00f6kkel hozhat\u00f3 \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe: Anubisszal (egyiptomi, halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151), Herm\u00e9sszel (g\u00f6r\u00f6g), Mercuriusszal (r\u00f3mai), Wotan\/Odinnal halottvezet\u0151 funkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban (germ\u00e1n). Az isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k mint vil\u00e1gk\u00f6zi k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 gondolata vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giailag egyetemes.<\/p><p>Az interpretatio Romana r\u00e9v\u00e9n az etruszk istens\u00e9gek r\u00f3mai neveket kaptak: Tinia Iupiterr\u00e9, Uni Iun\u00f3v\u00e1, Menrva Minerv\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt. Az ilyen azonos\u00edt\u00e1sok \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban csak kiv\u00e1lasztott von\u00e1sokat ragadtak meg, nem az eg\u00e9sz alakot. Az elm\u00falt \u00f6tven \u00e9v kutat\u00e1sa felt\u00e1rja, hogy milyen etruszk saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gok maradtak meg ez\u00e1ltal, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a h\u00edrn\u00f6kisten Turms eset\u00e9ben Herm\u00e9szhez \u00e9s Mercuriushoz viszony\u00edtva.<\/p><p>Az, hogy Turms mint isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9szhez \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Mercuriushoz \u00e1ll k\u00f6zel, sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1sra utal: az etruszk vall\u00e1s sz\u00e1mos \u00e9rintkez\u00e9si pontot mutat anat\u00f3liai, f\u0151niciai \u00e9s k\u00f6zel-keleti hagyom\u00e1nyokkal. A f\u0151niciai k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st a p\u00fcrgi t\u00e1bl\u00e1k igazolj\u00e1k. Ez a transzmeditert\u00e1n \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9s n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9vtizede a kutat\u00e1s fontos ter\u00fcletei k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik.<\/p><p>Vall\u00e1s\u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 n\u00e9z\u0151pontb\u00f3l az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> a t\u00e1gabb mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1si csal\u00e1dhoz tartozik, \u00e9s kapcsolatban \u00e1ll G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1ggal, F\u00f6n\u00edci\u00e1val, Egyiptommal, Anat\u00f3li\u00e1val \u00e9s Latiummal. Ez a be\u00e1gyazotts\u00e1g, amelybe Turms h\u00edrn\u00f6kalakja is beletartozik, jelent\u0151s kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet k\u00e9pez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Turms-kutat\u00e1s az elm\u00falt 30 \u00e9vben az etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k rendszeres feldolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1val (Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, CSE) jelent\u0151sen el\u0151rehaladt. Larissa Bonfante sz\u00e1mos t\u00fck\u00f6rkiad\u00e1sban t\u00e1rta fel a Turms-k\u00e9peket.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s intenz\u00edven vizsg\u00e1lja a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz-hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9s az etruszk Turms-\u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3s\u00e1g viszony\u00e1t. Hol vannak k\u00f6zvetlen adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3k, hol etruszk saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gok? Ez a k\u00e9rd\u00e9s a jelenlegi tudom\u00e1nyos vita t\u00e1rgya.<\/p><p>Az olyan alakokat, mint Turms, ma egy nemzetk\u00f6zileg m\u0171velt etruszk vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi kutat\u00e1s keret\u00e9ben t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k. Fontos k\u00f6zpontoknak sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak a firenzei, a r\u00f3mai La Sapienza, a pisai, a t\u00fcbingeni \u00e9s a princetoni egyetemek. \u00c9vente t\u00f6bb nemzetk\u00f6zi kongresszus foglalkozik e ter\u00fclet egyes aspektusaival.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1st felt\u00e1r\u00f3 nemzetk\u00f6zi projektek ma digit\u00e1lis m\u00f3dszerekhez folyamodnak: templomok \u00e9s s\u00edrok h\u00e1romdimenzi\u00f3s szkennel\u00e9se, feliratok \u00e9s k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok adatb\u00e1zisai, valamint a telep\u00fcl\u00e9sszerkezet GIS-elemz\u00e9sei. Az ilyen m\u00f3dszerek \u00faj felismer\u00e9seket t\u00e1rnak fel, t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a Turmsot \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00f3 t\u00fckr\u00f6k ter\u00e9n is.<\/p><p>Amit a kutat\u00e1s az etruszk vall\u00e1sr\u00f3l \u00e9s istens\u00e9geir\u0151l &#8211; k\u00f6zt\u00fck Turmsr\u00f3l &#8211; felt\u00e1r, ki\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sokon jut el a nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1ghoz, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Vatik\u00e1ni M\u00fazeumban, a Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giuli\u00e1ban \u00e9s a Boston Museum of Fine Artsban, ezek mellett sz\u00e1mos publik\u00e1ci\u00f3n kereszt\u00fcl.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s a kutat\u00e1s \u00e1ll\u00e1sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Turms-kutat\u00e1s legfontosabb forr\u00e1sai az etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k (k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a feliratosak), a s\u00edri festm\u00e9nyek, a szarkof\u00e1gok \u00e9s a feliratok. A Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (t\u00f6bb k\u00f6tet) a t\u00fck\u00f6r\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sok legfontosabb gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.<\/p><p>Az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netbe<\/a> val\u00f3 elm\u00e9ly\u00fcltebb be\u00e1gyaz\u00e1s megmutatja, hogyan \u00e9rthet\u0151 Turms az ol\u00fcmposzi istenekkel, valamint az alvil\u00e1gi istenekkel, Ait\u00e1val, Charunnal \u00e9s Vanthal val\u00f3 kapcsolatrendszer\u00e9ben. Ez az \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1s tudom\u00e1nyosan n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1s forr\u00e1sb\u00e1zisa nem egys\u00e9ges: epigr\u00e1fiai tan\u00fas\u00e1gok, amelyeket Helmut Rix Editio Minorja gy\u0171jt \u00f6ssze, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletek, k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos irodalom. Aki Turmsot megfelel\u0151en k\u00edv\u00e1nja megragadni, ezt a sokf\u00e9les\u00e9get interdiszciplin\u00e1risan kell ki\u00e9rt\u00e9kelnie; az \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1s e c\u00e9lb\u00f3l rendszeresen \u00f6tv\u00f6zi a filol\u00f3gi\u00e1t, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a m\u00falt kult\u00far\u00e1it t\u00e1rgyi leletek alapj\u00e1n kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00e9g\u00e9szetet<\/span>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyt<\/span> \u00e9s az antropol\u00f3gi\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A szakszer\u0171 forr\u00e1skritika megk\u00f6veteli, hogy mind az etruszk eredeti tan\u00fas\u00e1gokat, mind a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1nyt ismerje az ember. Ez a kett\u0151s megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s ig\u00e9nyes, de egy megalapozott vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Turms-rekonstrukci\u00f3hoz n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen.<\/p><p>Turms alapos t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti elhelyez\u00e9s\u00e9hez sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges, hogy az epigr\u00e1fiai, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti \u00e9s irodalmi forr\u00e1sokat \u00e9pp\u00fagy \u00e1tl\u00e1ssuk, mint a modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9seit. Ez a sokr\u00e9t\u0171 szembes\u00fcl\u00e9s a kutat\u00e1sban m\u00e9rt\u00e9kad\u00f3nak sz\u00e1m\u00edt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a1a9a94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2a1a9a94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28f7c7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28f7c7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Turms a piacenzai bronzm\u00e1jon \u00e9s az etruszk diszcipl\u00edn\u00e1ban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp275cc351 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp275cc351\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e49d51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e49d51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk istenrend egyik k\u00f6zponti dokumentuma az \u00fagynevezett piacenzai bronzm\u00e1j, egy 1877-ben \u00c9szak-It\u00e1li\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lt bronzmodell egy birkam\u00e1jr\u00f3l, amely mez\u0151kre van osztva \u00e9s etruszk \u00edr\u00e1ssal r\u00e1v\u00e9sett istenn\u00e9vfeliratokat tartalmaz.<\/p><p>Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg az etruszk zsigervizsg\u00e1lat, a <em>haruspicina<\/em> oktat\u00e1si vagy szeml\u00e9ltet\u00e9si eszk\u00f6zek\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt. A modell sz\u00e9l\u00e9n tizenhat mez\u0151 van elrendezve, a belsej\u00e9ben tov\u00e1bbi mez\u0151k.<\/p><p>Ezen a t\u00e1rgyon <em>Turms<\/em> is megjelenik. Elhelyez\u00e9se k\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9seket enged meg arra vonatkoz\u00f3an, hogy az etruszk \u00e9g melyik ter\u00fclet\u00e9n helyezt\u00e9k el a papok, \u00e9s milyen m\u00e1s istens\u00e9gekkel gondolt\u00e1k szomsz\u00e9dosnak.<\/p><p>A bronzm\u00e1j ez\u00e1ltal ritka forr\u00e1s, amely nem a r\u00f3mai vagy g\u00f6r\u00f6g m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l, hanem k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl az etruszk kultuszgyakorlatb\u00f3l, az \u00fagynevezett <em>etrusca disciplina<\/em>b\u00f3l ered.<\/p><p>A m\u00e1j olvasata \u00e9s \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se azonban neh\u00e9z. Az etruszk ugyan olvashat\u00f3, de csak r\u00e9szben \u00e9rthet\u0151, mert nincs k\u00f6zeli rokon nyelv. Massimo Pallottino, Ambros Josef Pfiffig \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb Nancy de Grummond hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rult az elhelyez\u00e9shez, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy az \u00f6sszes mez\u0151 \u00e9s azok teol\u00f3giai logik\u00e1ja tiszt\u00e1z\u00f3dott volna. Turms ezzel p\u00e9ldaszer\u0171en illusztr\u00e1lja az etruszkol\u00f3gia egyik alapprobl\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1t: ismerj\u00fck nev\u00e9t \u00e9s hely\u00e9t a ritu\u00e1lis rendszerben, de az \u0151t k\u00f6r\u00fclvev\u0151 tan\u00edt\u00e1s t\u00f6red\u00e9kes marad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bf77d5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2bf77d5d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp299e2b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp299e2b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A l\u00e9lekk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151: Turms az etruszk s\u00edri fest\u00e9szetben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f54e2ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2f54e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d5d35f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2d5d35f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ellent\u00e9tben a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sszel, akinek gazdag irodalmi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nya<\/span> isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt, cs\u00ednytev\u0151k\u00e9nt \u00e9s feltal\u00e1l\u00f3k\u00e9nt mutatja be, <em>Turms<\/em> sz\u00e1munkra szinte kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag k\u00e9pi alak.<\/p><p>Egyik legvil\u00e1gosabb szerepe a l\u00e9lekk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151\u00e9, a <em>psz\u00fckhopompossz\u00e9<\/em>, aki az elhunytakat az alvil\u00e1gba vezeti. Ez a funkci\u00f3 els\u0151sorban az etruszk s\u00edri fest\u00e9szetben \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151i etruszk kor hamvaszt\u00f3ed\u00e9ny-fed\u0151in mutatkozik meg.<\/p><p>Az etruszk kamras\u00edrok falk\u00e9pein, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Tarquinia k\u00f6rny\u00e9k\u00e9n \u00e9s a nagy nekropoliszokban, megjelenik egy utaz\u00f3kalapot \u00e9s botot visel\u0151 alak, aki egy halott kez\u00e9t fogja vagy el\u0151tte j\u00e1r.<\/p><p>Ezt az alakot gyakran azonos\u00edtj\u00e1k Turmsszal, r\u00e9szben felirat alapj\u00e1n, r\u00e9szben csup\u00e1n az ikonogr\u00e1fia r\u00e9v\u00e9n. N\u00e9ha a mell\u00e9knevet viseli, amely kifejezetten alvil\u00e1gi k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151k\u00e9nt jel\u00f6li meg, a kutat\u00e1sban gyakran <em>Turms Aitas<\/em>k\u00e9nt olvasva, teh\u00e1t Turmsk\u00e9nt az alvil\u00e1gi isten Aita k\u00f6rzet\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>A halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151 funkci\u00f3 ilyen er\u0151s hangs\u00falyoz\u00e1sa j\u00f3 p\u00e9lda arra, hogy az <em>interpretatio<\/em> f\u00e9lrevezethet. Ha Turmsot egyszer\u0171en &#8222;etruszk Herm\u00e9szk\u00e9nt&#8221; k\u00f6nyveln\u00e9nk el, figyelmen k\u00edv\u00fcl hagyn\u00e1nk, hogy az etruszk m\u0171v\u00e9szet \u00e9ppen a t\u00falvil\u00e1ggal kapcsolatos aspektust helyezi el\u0151t\u00e9rbe, m\u00edg a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz tolvaj, ravasz oldala alig megfoghat\u00f3. Hogy ez a forr\u00e1sb\u00e1zison m\u00falik-e, amely Etruri\u00e1ban er\u0151sen a s\u00edrok \u00e1ltal meghat\u00e1rozott, vagy a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> t\u00e9nylegesen elt\u00e9r\u0151 hangs\u00falyain, nyitott kutat\u00e1si k\u00e9rd\u00e9s. Az etruszk vall\u00e1s m\u00f3dszertan\u00e1r\u00f3l l\u00e1sd m\u00e9g az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk mitol\u00f3gia<\/a> sz\u00f3cikket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mirrors<\/em> (k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 k\u00f6tetek)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (t\u00f6bb k\u00f6tet)<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Tov\u00e1bbi alapm\u0171vek az <a href=\"\/hu\/literatur\/\">irodalomjegyz\u00e9kben<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Turms az etruszk isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k, akit az \u00f3kori forr\u00e1sokban \u00e9s a kutat\u00e1sban egyar\u00e1nt rendszeresen <em>interpretatio<\/em>-alakk\u00e9nt t\u00e1rgyalnak: k\u00f6zvetlen <strong>megfelel\u0151jek\u00e9nt<\/strong> jelenik meg a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sznek \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Mercuriusnak.<\/p><p>A Kr. e. negyedik \u00e9s harmadik sz\u00e1zadi bronzt\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n sz\u00e1rnyas sarut \u00e9s h\u00edrn\u00f6kbotot visel, \u00e9s hasonl\u00f3 funkci\u00f3kat l\u00e1t el, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az elhunytak k\u00eds\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9t. A megfelel\u0151k\u00e9nt val\u00f3 besorol\u00e1s megmutatja, milyen szorosan fon\u00f3dott \u00f6ssze az etruszk istenek vil\u00e1ga a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9sekkel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-turms-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-turms-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span><\/em> Turmsot isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt \u00e9s l\u00e9lekvez\u00e9rk\u00e9nt mutatja be, akinek funkci\u00f3ja szorosan egybeesik a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz\u00e9vel; k\u00e9pileg az Kr. e. \u00f6t\u00f6dik \u00e9s negyedik sz\u00e1zadi bronzt\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n ragadhat\u00f3 meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Turms etruszkok isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k caduceus Herm\u00e9sz Mercurius halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151 Aita.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-turms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az iWell Guard \u00e9s a v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz kapcsol\u00f3dik, az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk<\/a> \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s vil\u00e1gkult\u00fara \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9hez. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-turms-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-turms-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Turms &#8211; Etruszk isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz megfelel\u0151je Turms az etruszk vall\u00e1sban az istenek h\u00edrn\u00f6ke \u00e9s a holtak alvil\u00e1gba k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je. Funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sznek \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Mercuriusnak. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos helyzet\u00e9t, ikonogr\u00e1fiai jellemz\u0151it \u00e9s az etruszk eszkatol\u00f3gia-rendszerben bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt szerep\u00e9t mutatja be. H\u00edrn\u00f6kEtruszkIsteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k \u00e9s halottk\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151 Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Elhelyez\u00e9s az etruszk panteonban Turms [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2821,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Turms etruszkok","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Turms - Etruszk isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k, m\u00edtosz","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Turms az etruszk istenek h\u00edrn\u00f6ke \u00e9s a holtak k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz megfelel\u0151je. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos elhelyez\u00e9s forr\u00e1sokkal.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52499","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Turms - Etruszk isteni h\u00edrn\u00f6k, m\u00edtosz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Turms az etruszk istenek h\u00edrn\u00f6ke \u00e9s a holtak k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g Herm\u00e9sz megfelel\u0151je. 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