{"id":52463,"date":"2026-07-30T14:23:27","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sethlans-az-etruszkok-kovacs-es-tuzistene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:23:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:23:52","slug":"sethlans","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/sethlans\/","title":{"rendered":"Sethlans &#8211; Az etruszkok kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zistene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52463\" class=\"elementor elementor-52463 elementor-2612\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans - Az etruszkok t\u0171z-, kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s k\u00e9zm\u0171ves istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans az etruszk vall\u00e1sban a kov\u00e1css\u00e1g, a t\u0171z \u00e9s a k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9g istene. Funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosznak \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Vulcanusnak, saj\u00e1t hangs\u00falyokkal. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l t\u00e1rgyalja az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonban<\/span> elfoglalt hely\u00e9t \u00e9s az etruszk k\u00e9zm\u0171veskult\u00far\u00e1ban bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt szerep\u00e9t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kov\u00e1cs az etruszk hagyom\u00e1nyban.\">Kov\u00e1cs<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az etruszk hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Etruszk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zistens\u00e9g.\">Kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zistens\u00e9g<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-sethlans-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2818\" alt=\"Sethlans - G\u00f6tter aus der Etruskisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_sethlans.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s az etruszk panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans az etruszk panteon kiemelked\u0151 istenei k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik. A kov\u00e1csok, a bronz\u00f6nt\u0151k, a fazekasok \u00e9s \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a t\u0171zzel dolgoz\u00f3 k\u00e9zm\u0171vesek patr\u00f3nusa. Az etruszk bronzm\u0171v\u00e9szetben &#8211; amely az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikvit\u00e1sban<\/span> a legmagasabb szint\u0171 alkot\u00e1sok k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozott &#8211; patr\u00f3nusi szerepe k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fontos.<\/p><p>Larissa Bonfante az <em>Etruscan Bronzes<\/em> c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban elemezte Sethlans \u00e9s az etruszk bronzm\u0171v\u00e9szet kapcsolat\u00e1t. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot \u00e9s Nancy Thomson de Grummond is t\u00e1rgyalja \u0151t az etruszk vall\u00e1sr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 m\u0171veiben.<\/p><p>Sethlans, a kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zisten olyan vall\u00e1shoz tartozik, amelynek vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos \u00e9rdekess\u00e9ge a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-mediterr\u00e1n \u00e9s az it\u00e1liai-r\u00f3mai vil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 szerep\u00e9b\u0151l ad\u00f3dik. Hogy ezt az etruszk hagyom\u00e1nyt \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3nak tekintj\u00fck, Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani \u00e9s Giovanni Colonna kutat\u00e1sainak eredm\u00e9nye.<\/p><p>Sethlans mint a t\u0171zh\u00f6z k\u00f6t\u00f6tt k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9g egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en felel\u0151s patr\u00f3nusa szeml\u00e9letesen mutatja, hogy az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> j\u00f3l tagolt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteont<\/span> ismert, r\u00f6gz\u00edtett hierarchi\u00e1kkal \u00e9s hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel. A kor\u00e1bbi elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s, miszerint az etruszkok istenvil\u00e1ga &#8222;titokzatos&#8221; vagy &#8222;idegen jelleg\u0171&#8221;, megalapozatlan; val\u00f3j\u00e1ban a mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1s egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 form\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l van sz\u00f3.<\/p><p>Sethlans j\u00f3l szeml\u00e9lteti az etruszkok k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151 szerep\u00e9t: von\u00e1sai a g\u00f6r\u00f6g hat\u00e1sokat saj\u00e1t arculattal \u00f6tv\u00f6zik, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bb hatnak a r\u00f3mai vall\u00e1sra. Az it\u00e1liai vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netben az etruszkok a g\u00f6r\u00f6g befoly\u00e1s \u00e9s a kialakul\u00f3ban l\u00e9v\u0151 r\u00f3mai vall\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt helyezkedtek el, ami tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e9rdekes.<\/p><p>Sethlansot kor\u00e1bban szinte kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag etruszk H\u00e9phaisztoszk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezt\u00e9k. Az elm\u00falt \u00e9vtizedek vall\u00e1setnol\u00f3giai kutat\u00e1sa ezzel szemben az etruszk vall\u00e1st z\u00e1rt, vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 rendszerk\u00e9nt m\u00e9ltatta, \u00e9s a r\u00e9gebbi, &#8222;derivat\u00edv&#8221; \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st differenci\u00e1ltabb megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9ssel v\u00e1ltotta fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sethlans n\u00e9v etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n \u00e9s feliratokban adatolt. Biztos etimol\u00f3giai jelent\u00e9se nem rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3. Helmut Rix <em>Editio Minor<\/em> c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171ve dokument\u00e1lja az adatokat.<\/p><p>Sethlans mell\u00e9kn\u00e9vk\u00e9nt is megjelenik, amelyek k\u00e9zm\u0171ves funkci\u00f3it pontos\u00edtj\u00e1k. A kutat\u00e1s az \u00e9szak-afrikai Seth viharisten lehets\u00e9ges kapcsolat\u00e1t is t\u00e1rgyalja, de ez bizonytalan. Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171bb egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 etruszk etimol\u00f3gia.<\/p><p>A Sethlans n\u00e9v epigr\u00e1fiai szempontb\u00f3l biztos, az etruszk nyelvet azonban nyelvcsal\u00e1di szempontb\u00f3l elszigeteltnek, vagy a felt\u00e9telezett &#8222;t\u00fcrsz\u00e9niai&#8221; nyelvcsal\u00e1d tagj\u00e1nak tartj\u00e1k, amelyhez esetleg a lemnosi \u00e9s a raetiai is tartozhatott. A 19. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta t\u00f6rekszik a kutat\u00e1s a sz\u00f6vegek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9re, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy v\u00e9gleges eredm\u00e9nyre jutott volna.<\/p><p>A Sethlans n\u00e9vnek t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n \u00e9s feliratokban szerepl\u0151 adatait Helmut Rix Editio Minora tartalmazza, az etruszk sz\u00f6vegkorpusz alapvet\u0151 epigr\u00e1fiai gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye. Kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt ma a Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae \u00e9s az online ETP (Etruscan Texts Project) adatb\u00e1zis \u00e1ll rendelkez\u00e9sre.<\/p><p>A Sethlans etimol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 vita \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg az etruszkok eredet\u00e9nek t\u00e1gabb k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9vel. H\u00e9rodotosz L\u00fcdi\u00e1t jel\u00f6lte meg eredetk\u00e9nt, Halikarnasszoszi Dion\u00fcsziosz it\u00e1liai eredet mellett \u00e9rvelt. Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg ez az\u00e9rt fontos, mert lehets\u00e9ges kis\u00e1zsiai kultuszkapcsolatok f\u00fcggnek t\u0151le.<\/p><p>A nyelvi \u00e9s feliratkutat\u00e1s ma meghat\u00e1rozza a Sethlans-f\u00e9le teonimek vizsg\u00e1lat\u00e1t is. Az etruszk sz\u00f6vegek digit\u00e1lis kiad\u00e1sa az ETP keret\u00e9ben jelent\u0151sen megk\u00f6nny\u00edti az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 tanulm\u00e1nyokat; Marie-Laurence Haack \u00e9s Vincent Jolivet e t\u00e9ren ir\u00e1nymutat\u00f3 vizsg\u00e1latokat v\u00e9gzett.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlansot az etruszk m\u0171v\u00e9szetben szak\u00e1llas f\u00e9rfik\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k szersz\u00e1mokkal &#8211; kalap\u00e1ccsal, fog\u00f3val, f\u00fajtat\u00f3val. N\u00e9ha s\u00e1nt\u00edtva jelenik meg, ami k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosz-hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l \u00e1tvett elem (H\u00e9phaisztoszt Zeusz tasz\u00edtotta le az Ol\u00fcmposzr\u00f3l, \u00e9s az\u00f3ta s\u00e1nt\u00edtott).<\/p><p>Etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n (Kr. e. 4-3. sz\u00e1zad) mitol\u00f3giai jelenetekben t\u0171nik fel Sethlans, gyakran etruszk felirattal. Egy fontos jelenet a Tinia fej\u00e9b\u0151l sz\u00fclet\u0151 Menrva sz\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9n\u00e9l mutatja seg\u00e9dkez\u0151k\u00e9nt &#8211; ez k\u00f6zvetlen p\u00e1rhuzama a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosznak, aki ugyanezt teszi Ath\u00e9n\u00e9 sz\u00fclet\u00e9sekor.<\/p><p>Sethlans els\u0151sorban t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n jelenik meg, \u00e9s ezzel az etruszkok vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giailag gazdag k\u00e9panyag\u00e1hoz tartozik, amelyr\u0151l t\u00fckr\u00f6k, v\u00e1z\u00e1k, s\u00edrfest\u00e9szet \u00e9s bronzok \u00fatj\u00e1n szerezz\u00fck ismereteinket. Larissa Bonfante tanulm\u00e1nyaiban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyk\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9kelte ezt a k\u00e9pi nyelvet, nem csup\u00e1n derivat\u00edvk\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>B\u00e1r Sethlans f\u0151k\u00e9nt t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n fordul el\u0151, Tarquinia, Cerveteri \u00e9s Vulci etruszk s\u00edrfest\u00e9szete az etruszk vall\u00e1s \u00e9s eszkatol\u00f3gia els\u0151rend\u0171 forr\u00e1sa marad. Lakom\u00e1t, t\u00e1ncot \u00e9s zen\u00e9t \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00f3 jelenetei, valamint mitol\u00f3giai epiz\u00f3djai az \u00e9leten t\u00fali \u00e9letet az \u00e9let folytat\u00e1sak\u00e9nt mutatj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Sethlans a t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban jelenetes \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sekben jelenik meg, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Menrva sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9n\u00e9l, \u00e9s \u00edgy beilleszkedik az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A k\u00e9pi tartalmak \u00e9s azok jelent\u00e9s\u00e9nek tudom\u00e1nya.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1ba<\/span>, amely a t\u00f6bbalakos jeleneteket, narrat\u00edv utal\u00e1sokat \u00e9s szimbolikus s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9seket r\u00e9szes\u00edti el\u0151nyben. Ezt a k\u00e9pi nyelvet az etruszk vall\u00e1si ikonogr\u00e1fia kutatja.<\/p><p>A Sethlansszal d\u00edsz\u00edtett t\u00fckr\u00f6k gyakran t\u00f6bb mitol\u00f3giai utal\u00e1st s\u0171r\u00edtenek egyetlen t\u00e1rgyra, ami jellemz\u0151 az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szetre: egyetlen darab sz\u00e1mos egyidej\u0171 all\u00fazi\u00f3t hordozhat. Ez a narrat\u00edv s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9s gondos kontextu\u00e1lis elemz\u00e9st k\u00edv\u00e1n a kutat\u00e1st\u00f3l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk Sethlans-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek t\u00f6bbnyire g\u00f6r\u00f6g mint\u00e1kat k\u00f6vetnek, \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 etruszk hangs\u00falyokkal. Menrva sz\u00fclet\u00e9se, az Aphrodit\u00e9-H\u00e9phaisztosz-kapcsolat \u00e9s az isteni fegyvereken v\u00e9gzett kov\u00e1csmunka mind adatoltak az etruszk k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szetben.<\/p><p>A kifejezetten etruszk elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 j\u00f3l adatoltak. Egyes t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n Sethlans olyan jelenetekben jelenik meg, amelyeknek nincs g\u00f6r\u00f6g el\u0151k\u00e9p\u00fck &#8211; az etruszk hagyom\u00e1ny saj\u00e1t adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3i vagy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 alkot\u00e1sai.<\/p><p>Sethlanshoz sem kapcsol\u00f3dnak kidolgozott m\u00edtoszok, mert az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy kult\u00fara hagyom\u00e1nyos istent\u00f6rt\u00e9neteinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitol\u00f3gia<\/span> nem maradt fenn a g\u00f6r\u00f6g vagy a r\u00f3mai irodalomhoz hasonl\u00f3 kidolgozott elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 sz\u00f6vegekben. K\u00e9pi forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l kell rekonstru\u00e1lni, ami k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges m\u00f3dszertani \u00f3vatoss\u00e1got ig\u00e9nyel.<\/p><p>Sethlans szorosan k\u00f6t\u0151dik a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztoszhoz, \u00e9s szeml\u00e9letesen mutatja a k\u00e9t mitol\u00f3gia sokr\u00e9t\u0171 viszony\u00e1t. Az etruszkok sz\u00e1mos g\u00f6r\u00f6g m\u00edtoszt adapt\u00e1ltak &#8211; Akhilleusz\u00e9t, Od\u00fcsszeusz\u00e9t vagy Oidipusz\u00e9t -, mik\u00f6zben saj\u00e1t hangs\u00falyokat adtak nekik. Ezt az adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3t intenz\u00edven kutatj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Sethlans etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n m\u00e1s istenek k\u00f6r\u00e9ben jelenik meg, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul mint b\u00e1b\u00e1sz Menrva sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9n\u00e9l. Ebben az istenek tan\u00e1csa (consensus deorum) mutatkozik meg az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gia<\/span> jellegzetes elemek\u00e9nt: Tinia nem egyed\u00fcl cselekszik, hanem m\u00e1sokkal tan\u00e1cskozik. Ez a fogalom vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l saj\u00e1tos von\u00e1s.<\/p><p>Sethlansra is \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes: az etruszkok mitol\u00f3giai hagyom\u00e1nya nem maradt fenn z\u00e1rt elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekben, hanem k\u00e9pjelenetekb\u0151l, feliratokb\u00f3l \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos forr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3. Egy fontos m\u00f3dszer az etruszk feliratot, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g k\u00e9pi el\u0151k\u00e9pet \u00e9s a kontextu\u00e1lis olvasatot kapcsolja \u00f6ssze, ami gondos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st k\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans \u00e9s az etruszk k\u00e9zm\u0171veshagyom\u00e1ny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk k\u00e9zm\u0171veskult\u00fara az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikvit\u00e1sban<\/span> nagy megbecs\u00fcl\u00e9snek \u00f6rvendett. Az etruszk bronz\u00e1ru, fazekas\u00e1ru, arany- \u00e9s ez\u00fcst\u00f6tv\u00f6smunka eg\u00e9sz It\u00e1li\u00e1ban \u00e9s a mediterr\u00e1n t\u00e9rs\u00e9gben keresett volt. Ez a magasan fejlett k\u00e9zm\u0171veshagyom\u00e1ny Sethlansban nyerte el vall\u00e1sos kifejez\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p><p>A k\u00e9zm\u0171vesek Sethlansra mint v\u00e9d\u0151patr\u00f3nusra hivatkoztak, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatot<\/span> mutattak be neki, \u00e9s Sethlans-figur\u00e1kat helyeztek el m\u0171helyeikben. A vall\u00e1s \u00e9s a gazdas\u00e1g \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1sa itt szembe\u00f6tl\u0151.<\/p><p>Az etruszkok j\u00f3sl\u00f3rendszere, a Disciplina Etrusca, mag\u00e1ban foglalta a zsigervizsg\u00e1latot (haruspicina), a vill\u00e1mj\u00f3sl\u00e1st (fulguratio) \u00e9s a mad\u00e1rj\u00f3sl\u00e1st (auspicia). Az etruszkok \u00e1tadt\u00e1k ezt a r\u00f3maiaknak, ahol Kr. u. 4. sz\u00e1zadig \u00e9l\u0151 gyakorlat maradt; Cicero \u00e9s Seneca r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrta.<\/p><p>A Disciplina Etrusca \u00e1tad\u00e1sa szakosodott papi iskol\u00e1kban zajlott, a Libri Rituales, a Libri Haruspicini \u00e9s a Libri Fulgurales t\u00e1maszkodva. Ezek a sz\u00f6vegek elvesztek, de r\u00e9szben rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3k Cicero, Festus \u00e9s Macrobius id\u00e9zeteib\u0151l.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> er\u0151teljesen v\u00e1roshoz k\u00f6t\u00f6tt volt. Veji, ahonnan Vulca m\u0171v\u00e9sz sz\u00e1rmazott \u00e9s amely a bronzm\u0171v\u00e9szettel Sethlans patr\u00f3n\u00e1tusa alatt kapcsol\u00f3dott \u00f6ssze, saj\u00e1t f\u0151kultuszokkal rendelkezett, csak\u00fagy mint Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia \u00e9s Roselle.<\/p><p>A Disciplina Etrusca koherens vall\u00e1si-divinatorikus rendszer, \u00e9s az \u00f3kori vil\u00e1g legfejlettebb j\u00f3slatgyakorlatai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik. A r\u00f3maiak rendszeresen \u00e1tvett\u00e9k, \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antikvit\u00e1sig<\/span> gyakorolt\u00e1k, ami t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 kontinuit\u00e1s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s r\u00edtusok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlansot saj\u00e1t templomokban \u00e9s kultuszhelyeken tisztelt\u00e9k. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a kifejlett f\u00e9mfeldolgoz\u00e1ssal rendelkez\u0151 v\u00e1rosokban &#8211; Populoni\u00e1ban, Vetuloni\u00e1ban, Volsiniiben &#8211; volt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusza<\/span> jelent\u0151s. Populonia volt az etruszk t\u00e9rs\u00e9g legfontosabb f\u00e9mfeldolgoz\u00f3 v\u00e1rosa, elbai vas\u00e9rc-kitermel\u00e9ssel.<\/p><p>A ritu\u00e1l\u00e9k <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> (els\u0151sorban bort, kenyeret \u00e9s kis bronzfigur\u00e1kat), im\u00e1ds\u00e1gokat \u00e9s m\u0171helyritu\u00e1l\u00e9kat foglaltak magukban. Egy \u00faj kov\u00e1csmuhely megnyit\u00e1sa el\u0151tt Sethlanshoz fordultak.<\/p><p>Az etruszk templom\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9st, amelybe bronz\u00f6nt\u0151k \u00e9s k\u00e9zm\u0171vesek kapcsol\u00f3dtak be Sethlans patr\u00f3n\u00e1tusa alatt, a saj\u00e1tos tuscanus st\u00edlus jellemezte saj\u00e1t oszloprenddel, amelyet Vitruvius \u00edr le a De Architectura-ban. Az alaprajzok a cell\u00e1t \u00e9s a sz\u00e9les homlokzati csarnokot hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k, \u00e9s \u00edgy j\u00f3l megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztethet\u0151k a g\u00f6r\u00f6g el\u0151k\u00e9pekt\u0151l.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomok<\/span> gyakran monument\u00e1lisak voltak. A capitoliumi Iuppiter-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templom<\/span> R\u00f3m\u00e1ban etruszk \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szek \u00e9s m\u0171v\u00e9szek munk\u00e1j\u00e1val j\u00f6tt l\u00e9tre, mindenekel\u0151tt a veji Vulc\u00e1\u00e9val, akinek alkot\u00e1sa a Sethlans patr\u00f3n\u00e1tusa al\u00e1 tartoz\u00f3 t\u0171zh\u00f6z k\u00f6t\u00f6tt k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9get testes\u00edti meg; az \u00e9p\u00fclet a korai R\u00f3ma etruszk vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g\u00e1nak tan\u00fajak\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon.<\/p><p>Az etruszk liga tizenk\u00e9t v\u00e1rosa \u00e9vente \u00f6sszegy\u0171lt a Fanum Voltumnae-n\u00e1l Volsinii k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben vall\u00e1si \u00e9s politikai c\u00e9lokb\u00f3l. Voltumna, az etruszk sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g \u00e1llamisten\u00e9nek kiemelked\u0151 vall\u00e1si jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge volt.<\/p><p>Az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">templomok<\/span> gyakran tufak\u0151-alapokon \u00e1lltak, fel\u00e9p\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00fck f\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, \u00e9s terrakott\u00e1val d\u00edsz\u00edtett\u00e9k \u0151ket. A veji Apoll\u00f3n-szobor, amelyet Vulca alkotott &#8211; \u00e9s amelynek munk\u00e1ja Sethlans patr\u00f3n\u00e1tusa alatt a t\u0171zh\u00f6z k\u00f6t\u00f6tt k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9ghez tartozik &#8211; ennek a hagyom\u00e1nynak az \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9szeti \u00e9s vall\u00e1si f\u0151tan\u00faj\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlanshoz v\u00e9delmi \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sekben els\u0151sorban k\u00e9zm\u0171vesek fordultak. Aki t\u0171zzel dolgozott, aki szersz\u00e1mokat haszn\u00e1lt, aki technol\u00f3giailag ig\u00e9nyes munk\u00e1t v\u00e9gzett, az Sethlanshoz folyamodott. Ez a gyakorlat vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00e9rdekes: megmutatja, hogyan \u00e1gyazza be egy isten vall\u00e1sosan a technikai \u00e9s k\u00e9zm\u0171ves tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9get.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00e9d\u0151szimb\u00f3lum, amulett vagy apotropaikus t\u00e1rgy.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaikus<\/span> c\u00e9llal Sethlanshoz t\u0171zvesz\u00e9ly ellen is foh\u00e1szkodtak. A k\u00e9zm\u0171ves-ipari negyedek h\u00e1zi szent\u00e9lyei gyakran tartalmaztak Sethlans-figur\u00e1kat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Az etruszk v\u00e9delmi gyakorlathoz sz\u00e1mos apotropaikus szimb\u00f3lum tartozott: fallosamulettek, Gorgoneion-k\u00e9pek, szemszimb\u00f3lumok, bull\u00e1k \u00e9s bizonyos formul\u00e1k. Larissa Bonfante t\u00e1rta fel ezek k\u00e9pi nyelv\u00e9t az Etruscan Mirrors (1980 ff.) sorozatban.<\/span><\/p><p>Az apotropaikus szimb\u00f3lumok, mint Tinia szeme, fallosamulettek \u00e9s gorgonei\u00e1k, sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben elterjedtek az etruszk kult\u00far\u00e1ban. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vagy t\u00f6bb istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9re emelt \u00e9p\u00fclet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templomokat<\/span>, s\u00edrokat, h\u00e1zi szent\u00e9lyeket \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyes t\u00e1rgyakat d\u00edsz\u00edtettek; a r\u00f3mai \u00e9s mediterr\u00e1n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hagyom\u00e1nyos n\u00e9pi kult\u00fara szok\u00e1sokkal, elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekkel \u00e9s dalokkal.\" tabindex=\"0\">n\u00e9phit<\/span> ezt a gyakorlatot folytatta.<\/p><p>A v\u00e9delmi gyakorlat az etruszk kontextusban szorosan \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dott a Disciplina Etrusc\u00e1val. Fontos v\u00e1llalkoz\u00e1sok &#8211; v\u00e1rosalap\u00edt\u00e1s, hadj\u00e1rat vagy h\u00e1z\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s &#8211; el\u0151tt divinatorikus tan\u00e1csot k\u00e9rtek.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1sban a v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1ny \u00e9s a Disciplina Etrusca szorosan \u00f6sszetartozik. Aki v\u00e9delmi ritu\u00e1l\u00e9t v\u00e9gzett, gyakran egyidej\u0171leg haruspexet vagy augurt is megk\u00e9rdezett. Ez az int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyi \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s tudom\u00e1nyosan jellemz\u0151 von\u00e1s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosznak \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Vulcanusnak. \u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi szempontb\u00f3l tov\u00e1bbi kov\u00e1csistenek mell\u00e9 \u00e1ll\u00edthat\u00f3: Ptah (egyiptomi), Tvashtri (v\u00e9dikus), Vainamoinen (finn, kov\u00e1csfunkci\u00f3j\u00e1ban), Goibniu (kelta).<\/p><p>A s\u00e1nt\u00edt\u00f3 kov\u00e1csis\u00adten mot\u00edvuma vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00e9rdekes. Mircea Eliade <em>The Forge and the Crucible<\/em> (1956) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9ben rendszeresen vizsg\u00e1lta ezt a hagyom\u00e1nyt, \u00e9s kimutatta, hogy a s\u00e1nt\u00edt\u00e1s gyakran a kov\u00e1csavat\u00e1s ritu\u00e1lis inici\u00e1ci\u00f3s mot\u00edvumaira vezethet\u0151 vissza.<\/p><p>Az interpretatio Romana etruszk isteneket r\u00f3maiak nev\u00e9vel \u00edrta fel\u00fcl: Tini\u00e1b\u00f3l Iuppiter lett, Unib\u00f3l Iuno, Menrv\u00e1b\u00f3l Minerva. Az ilyen azonos\u00edt\u00e1sok t\u00f6bbnyire szelekt\u00edvek maradtak; az elm\u00falt \u00f6tven \u00e9v kutat\u00e1sa azt vizsg\u00e1lja, mi \u0151rz\u0151d\u00f6tt meg az etruszk saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokb\u00f3l.<\/p><p>Anat\u00f3liai, f\u00f6n\u00edciai \u00e9s k\u00f6zel-keleti hagyom\u00e1nyokkal az etruszk vall\u00e1s sz\u00e1mos \u00e9rintkez\u00e9si pontot mutat. A Pyrgi-t\u00e1bl\u00e1k a f\u00f6n\u00edciai k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st dokument\u00e1lj\u00e1k; ez a transz-mediterr\u00e1n kapcsolatrendszer az elm\u00falt \u00e9vtizedek egyik fontos kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fclete.<\/p><p>\u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9sben az etruszk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> a mediterr\u00e1n vall\u00e1scsal\u00e1d k\u00f6r\u00e9be sorolhat\u00f3, g\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1gi, f\u00f6n\u00edciai, egyiptomi, anat\u00f3liai \u00e9s latium-beli kapcsolatokkal. Ez a kapcsolatrendszer fontos kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fclet.<\/p><p>\u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi szempontb\u00f3l az etruszk vall\u00e1s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s mediterr\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1nnyal \u00e9rintkezik. Ugyanakkor \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00e9s nem csup\u00e1n vegyes forma. Ez az \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3s\u00e1g az ut\u00f3bbi 50 \u00e9v modern kutat\u00e1s\u00e1nak felismer\u00e9se.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sethlans-kutat\u00e1s profit\u00e1l az etruszk k\u00e9zm\u0171veshagyom\u00e1ny intenz\u00edv felt\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l. Larissa Bonfante, Friedhelm Prayon \u00e9s Andrea Camilli ny\u00fajtott fontos hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1sokat.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s a vall\u00e1st, a m\u0171helyek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a m\u00falt kult\u00far\u00e1it anyagi leletek alapj\u00e1n kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00e9g\u00e9szet\u00e9t<\/span> \u00e9s a technol\u00f3giat\u00f6rt\u00e9netet kapcsolja \u00f6ssze. Ez az interdiszciplin\u00e1ris szeml\u00e9let \u00faj felismer\u00e9seket nyit meg.<\/p><p>Ma az etruszk vall\u00e1s a nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1s figyelm\u00e9nek k\u00f6z\u00e9ppontj\u00e1ban \u00e1ll. Fontos m\u0171helyek a firenzei, a r\u00f3mai Sapienza, a pisai, a t\u00fcbingeni \u00e9s a princetoni egyetemek; \u00e9venk\u00e9nt t\u00f6bb nemzetk\u00f6zi kongresszus t\u00e1rgyalja e vall\u00e1s egyes aspektusait.<\/p><p>A digit\u00e1lis m\u00f3dszerek ma meghat\u00e1rozz\u00e1k az etruszk vall\u00e1ssal foglalkoz\u00f3 nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1si projekteket: templomok \u00e9s s\u00edrok 3D-szkennel\u00e9se, feliratok \u00e9s k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok adatb\u00e1zisai, valamint az etruszk telep\u00fcl\u00e9sszerkezet GIS-elemz\u00e9sei. Ezek \u00faj felismer\u00e9seket nyitnak meg.<\/p><p>A mai etruszk kutat\u00e1s k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9se ki\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sok \u00fatj\u00e1n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik &#8211; p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Vatik\u00e1ni M\u00fazeumban, a Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giuli\u00e1ban \u00e9s a Boston Museum of Fine Artsban -, valamint sz\u00e1mos publik\u00e1ci\u00f3 r\u00e9v\u00e9n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s kutat\u00e1si \u00e1ll\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Sethlans-kutat\u00e1s legfontosabb forr\u00e1sai a felirattal ell\u00e1tott etruszk t\u00fckr\u00f6k, a k\u00e9zm\u0171ves negyedek r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletei (Populonia, Vetulonia) \u00e9s az etruszk feliratok. Helmut Rix <em>Editio Minor<\/em> c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171ve gy\u0171jti \u00f6ssze az epigr\u00e1fiai anyagot.<\/p><p>Az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netbe<\/a> val\u00f3 m\u00e9lyebb be\u00e1gyaz\u00e1s megmutatja, hogyan \u00e9rthet\u0151 Sethlans a Tini\u00e1val, Menrv\u00e1val \u00e9s a t\u00f6bbi Atu\u00e1val alkotott kapcsolatrendszerben. Ez a kapcsolati h\u00e1l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyosan n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1s forr\u00e1sai heterog\u00e9nek: epigr\u00e1fiai eml\u00e9kek, mint Helmut Rix Editio Minora, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletek, k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sok \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos irodalom. Ez a t\u00f6bbforr\u00e1sos helyzet interdiszciplin\u00e1ris megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st k\u00edv\u00e1n, \u00e9s az \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1s m\u00f3dszeresen \u00f6tv\u00f6zi a filol\u00f3gi\u00e1t, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a m\u00falt kult\u00far\u00e1it anyagi leletek alapj\u00e1n kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u00e9g\u00e9szetet<\/span>, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyt<\/span> \u00e9s az antropol\u00f3gi\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A forr\u00e1skritika az etruszk vall\u00e1s ter\u00fclet\u00e9n megk\u00f6veteli mind az etruszk saj\u00e1t forr\u00e1sok, mind a g\u00f6r\u00f6g-r\u00f3mai m\u00e1sodlagos hagyom\u00e1ny ismeret\u00e9t. B\u00e1rmennyire ig\u00e9nyes is ez a kett\u0151s perspekt\u00edva, a megfelel\u0151 vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti rekonstrukci\u00f3hoz n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen marad.<\/p><p>Az etruszk vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netbe val\u00f3 m\u00e9lyebb be\u00e1gyaz\u00e1s megk\u00f6veteli az epigr\u00e1fiai, r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti \u00e9s irodalmi forr\u00e1sok ismeret\u00e9t, csak\u00fagy mint a modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny\u00e9t<\/span>. Az ilyen t\u00f6bbr\u00e9teg\u0171 vizsg\u00e1lat a kutat\u00e1s elfogadott sztenderdje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b0be0db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b0be0db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27aa6866 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27aa6866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans \u00e9s a piacenzai bronzm\u00e1j<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp272c8a3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp272c8a3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b979ccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b979ccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk istenek vil\u00e1g\u00e1nak \u00e9s \u00edgy Sethlansnak egyik legfontosabb forr\u00e1sa az \u00fagynevezett piacenzai bronzm\u00e1j, egy 1877-ben a P\u00f3-s\u00edks\u00e1gon tal\u00e1lt juhbronz-m\u00e1j modell.<\/p><p>A t\u00e1rgy, amely ma a piacenzai Museo Civic\u00f3ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, mez\u0151kre van osztva; sz\u00e9lein bev\u00e9sett istenn\u00e9vvel. Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg tan\u00edt\u00e1si vagy seg\u00e9deszk\u00f6zk\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt a <em>haruspices<\/em>, az etruszk m\u00e1j\u00adl\u00e1tnokok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, akik az \u00e1ldozati m\u00e1j \u00e1llapot\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00eds\u00e9relt\u00e9k meg kiolvasni az istenek akarat\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A bronzm\u00e1jon szerepel egy n\u00e9v, amelyet sok kutat\u00f3 <em>Cilens<\/em>k\u00e9nt olvas, vagy a Sethlansszal val\u00f3 \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sben t\u00e1rgyal; az egyes mez\u0151k pontos azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s olvasata azonban mindm\u00e1ig kutat\u00e1si vita t\u00e1rgy\u00e1t k\u00e9pezi.<\/p><p>Az biztos, hogy a t\u00e1rgy az \u00e9g t\u00e9rbeli rendj\u00e9t \u00e1br\u00e1zolja: bizonyos istenek meghat\u00e1rozott \u00e9gt\u00e1jakhoz vannak rendelve, \u00e9s az \u00e1ldozati m\u00e1jon tal\u00e1lt lelet helyzet\u00e9t ehhez a rendhez viszony\u00edtott\u00e1k. Sethlans mint t\u0171z- \u00e9s kov\u00e1csis\u00adten ebben a rendszerben r\u00f6gz\u00edtett hellyel rendelkezett volna.<\/p><p>A bronzm\u00e1j szeml\u00e9ltet\u0151en mutatja, milyen forr\u00e1sokkal kell az etrurol\u00f3gi\u00e1nak dolgoznia. Nincs \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 etruszk mitol\u00f3giai irodalom; a tud\u00e1s feliratokon, k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szeti alkot\u00e1sokon \u00e9s ilyen ritu\u00e1lis t\u00e1rgyakon nyugszik.<\/p><p>Sethlans helyzet\u00e9r\u0151l az istenek \u00e9gboltj\u00e1n ez\u00e9rt minden kijelent\u00e9s sz\u00e9tsz\u00f3rt, sokszor nehezen \u00e9rtelmezhet\u0151 eml\u00e9kekb\u0151l \u00f6sszerakott rekonstrukci\u00f3. A piacenzai bronzm\u00e1j az egyik kev\u00e9s olyan eml\u00e9k, amely egy\u00e1ltal\u00e1n felismerhet\u0151v\u00e9 tesz egy szisztematikus isteni elrendez\u00e9st, m\u00e9g ha egyes r\u00e9szleteinek \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se vitatott is marad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb9f0e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2eb9f0e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c00c45e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c00c45e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sethlans \u00e9s Velchans: egy etruszk kov\u00e1csis\u00adten \u00e9s azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8a96c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c8a96c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29d8a867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29d8a867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sethlans azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosszal \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Vulcanusszal elterjedt a kutat\u00e1sban, de m\u00f3dszertani k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket vet fel.<\/p><p>Az etruszk isteneket eml\u00edt\u0151 antik forr\u00e1sok t\u00f6bbnyire r\u00f3maiak, \u00e9s hajlamosak az idegen istens\u00e9geket az ismert r\u00f3mai s\u00e9m\u00e1ba ford\u00edtani. Egy ilyen <em>interpretatio<\/em> t\u00fckr\u00f6zhet val\u00f3di t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti rokons\u00e1got, de eltakarhatja a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9geket is.<\/p><p>Sethlans t\u0171z- \u00e9s kov\u00e1csis\u00adteni mivolt\u00e1t els\u0151sorban k\u00e9pi eml\u00e9kek t\u00e1masztj\u00e1k al\u00e1. Az etruszk bronzt\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n &#8211; amelyek a Kr. e. 4. \u00e9s 3. sz\u00e1zad gazdag k\u00e9pforr\u00e1sai &#8211; etruszk felirattal ell\u00e1tott jelenetekben jelennek meg istenek.<\/p><p>Egyes t\u00fckr\u00f6k\u00f6n Sethlans nev\u0171 alak l\u00e1that\u00f3, n\u00e9ha a <em>Tinia<\/em> fej\u00e9b\u0151l sz\u00fclet\u0151 <em>Menrva<\/em> jelenet\u00e9vel \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sben; ez a jelenet a g\u00f6r\u00f6g el\u0151k\u00e9pet, Ath\u00e9n\u00e9 sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9t veszi alapul, amelyben H\u00e9phaisztosz nyitja fel a kopony\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Emellett felmer\u00fcl a <em>Velchans<\/em> vagy <em>Velch<\/em> n\u00e9vhez val\u00f3 viszony k\u00e9rd\u00e9se is, amelyet a kutat\u00e1s szint\u00e9n a t\u0171z- vagy kov\u00e1csszf\u00e9r\u00e1hoz kapcsol. Hogy egy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> k\u00e9t nev\u00e9r\u0151l, region\u00e1lis v\u00e1ltozatokr\u00f3l vagy k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 alakokr\u00f3l van-e sz\u00f3, nem tiszt\u00e1zott v\u00e9glegesen.<\/p><p>Ez az eredm\u00e9ny jellemz\u0151 az etruszk vall\u00e1sra: az istenn\u00e9v adatolt, pontos lehat\u00e1rol\u00e1sa \u00e9s funkci\u00f3ja azonban sokszor csak hipot\u00e9tikusan hat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 meg. Aki Sethlansot bemutatja, a H\u00e9phaisztosszal \u00e9s Vulcanusszal val\u00f3 azonos\u00edt\u00e1st val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171k\u00e9nt, de nem bizony\u00edtottk\u00e9nt jel\u00f6lje meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Bronzes<\/em><\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Ren\u00e9 Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>The Forge and the Crucible<\/em> (1956)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Helmut Rix: <em>Etruscan Texts: Editio Minor<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sethlans e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sethlans\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-sethlans-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-sethlans-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etruszk <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtoszban<\/span><\/em> Sethlans a t\u0171z \u00e9s a kov\u00e1csmesters\u00e9g urak\u00e9nt jelenik meg, szorosan rokons\u00e1gban a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosszal \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Vulcanusszal, t\u00fck\u00f6rkarcolatokon kalap\u00e1ccsal \u00e9s fog\u00f3val \u00e1br\u00e1zolva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Sethlans etruszk kov\u00e1cs t\u0171z Populonia Vetulonia H\u00e9phaisztosz Vulcanus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-sethlans\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s a v\u00e9delmi hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard kapcsol\u00f3dik a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz, az <a href=\"\/hu\/etruskisch\/\">etruszk<\/a> \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s kult\u00fara nyom\u00e1n a vil\u00e1g minden t\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-sethlans-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-sethlans-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti besorol\u00e1st k\u00e9pviselnek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1st.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sethlans &#8211; Az etruszkok t\u0171z-, kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s k\u00e9zm\u0171ves istene Sethlans az etruszk vall\u00e1sban a kov\u00e1css\u00e1g, a t\u0171z \u00e9s a k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9g istene. Funkcion\u00e1lisan megfelel a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosznak \u00e9s a r\u00f3mai Vulcanusnak, saj\u00e1t hangs\u00falyokkal. Ez az ismertet\u00e9s vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l t\u00e1rgyalja az etruszk panteonban elfoglalt hely\u00e9t \u00e9s az etruszk k\u00e9zm\u0171veskult\u00far\u00e1ban bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt szerep\u00e9t. Kov\u00e1csEtruszkKov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zistens\u00e9g Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Besorol\u00e1s az [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2818,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Sethlans etruszk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Sethlans - Etruszk kov\u00e1csisten, m\u00edtosz","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sethlans az etruszk kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zisten, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosz megfelel\u0151je. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos besorol\u00e1s forr\u00e1sokkal.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52463","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sethlans - Etruszk kov\u00e1csisten, m\u00edtosz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sethlans az etruszk kov\u00e1cs- \u00e9s t\u0171zisten, a g\u00f6r\u00f6g H\u00e9phaisztosz megfelel\u0151je. 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