{"id":52439,"date":"2026-07-30T14:21:49","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:21:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/khormusta-a-mongolok-legfobb-egistene\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:22:12","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:22:12","slug":"khormusta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/khormusta\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta &#8211; A mongolok legf\u0151bb \u00e9gistene"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52439\" class=\"elementor elementor-52439 elementor-2639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, a mongolok buddhista-tengrizmus f\u0151istene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (mongolul <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, tibetiben <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) a mongol tengrizmusban \u00e9s annak buddhista \u00e1tform\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ban a 99 tengri-\u00e9gi l\u00e9ny legf\u0151bbike, valamint a 33 nyugati \u201efeh\u00e9r&#8221; tengri vez\u00e9re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrizmus hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak teremt\u0151je.\">Teremt\u0151<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A szib\u00e9ria \/ tengrizmus hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Szib\u00e9ria \/ Tengrizmus<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u0151istens\u00e9g.\">F\u0151istens\u00e9g<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2863\" alt=\"Khormusta - G\u00f6tter aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta <strong>buddhista-tengrizmus<\/strong> f\u0151istenk\u00e9nt ismert a mongol \u00e9s tibeti szinkretizmusokban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s \u00e9s r\u00f6vid profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta a k\u00e9s\u0151-mongol vall\u00e1s egyik legjobban dokument\u00e1lt alakja.<\/p><p>H\u00e1rom r\u00e9teg k\u00f6z\u00f6tt hidat k\u00e9pez: az indo-ir\u00e1ni Ahura Mazda (pahlaviul <em>Hormizd<\/em>), a buddhista Indra (szanszkritul <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>) \u00e9s az \u00f3t\u00f6r\u00f6k-mongol <a href=\"\/hu\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. A Titkos T\u00f6rt\u00e9net elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalm\u00e1ban \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi epikus sz\u00f6vegekben (Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-eposz) a \u201e33 nyugati isten atyjak\u00e9nt&#8221; \u00e9s az \u00e9gi visz\u00e1lyok d\u00f6nt\u0151b\u00edr\u00e1jak\u00e9nt jelenik meg.<\/p><p>A <a href=\"\/hu\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">szib\u00e9riai-tengrizmus hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1n<\/a> bel\u00fcl az alaktalan Tengrit\u0151l a szem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett buddhista istenpanteon fel\u00e9 val\u00f3 \u00e1tmenetet jel\u00f6li. Vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szempontb\u00f3l a vall\u00e1si <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 k\u00e9pzetek vagy istens\u00e9gek \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">szinkretizmus<\/span> m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9sm\u00f3dj\u00e1nak tank\u00f6nyvi p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Khormust\u00e1val kapcsolatos kutat\u00e1si irodalom szokatlanul gazdag a legt\u00f6bb m\u00e1s tengri-alakhoz k\u00e9pest. Walther Heissig <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) c. m\u0171ve \u00e9ppoly n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen, mint Klaus Sagaster \u00e9s Christopher Atwood munk\u00e1i. A forr\u00e1sgazdags\u00e1g h\u00eddfunkci\u00f3j\u00e1val magyar\u00e1zhat\u00f3: aki Khormust\u00e1t tanulm\u00e1nyozza, egyszerre vizsg\u00e1lja az ir\u00e1ni, az indiai \u00e9s a mongol vall\u00e1st egym\u00e1ssal val\u00f3 \u00e9rintkez\u00e9s\u00fckben.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">N\u00e9v \u00e9s etimol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A n\u00e9v a k\u00f6z\u00e9pperzsa <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>-b\u00f3l vezethet\u0151 le, vagyis a zoroasztri\u00e1nus Ir\u00e1n f\u0151isten\u00e9b\u0151l (Ahura Mazda). Az \u00e1tv\u00e9tel val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a 7-9. sz\u00e1zadban zajlott le a szogd kereskedelmi \u00fatvonalakon kereszt\u00fcl Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsia fel\u00e9.<\/p><p>A mongol nyelvter\u00fcleten a n\u00e9v megkapja a tengri ut\u00f3tagot (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), amivel az ir\u00e1ni f\u0151istent a mongol \u00e9grendszerbe illesztik be &#8211; ez a vall\u00e1si <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 k\u00e9pzetek vagy istens\u00e9gek \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">szinkretizmus<\/span> klasszikus p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A pontos nyelv- \u00e9s vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net \u00f6sszetett: a Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsia o\u00e1zisv\u00e1rosainak (Turf\u00e1n, Khot\u00e1n, Szamarkand) szogd manicheusai \u00e9s zoroasztri\u00e1nusai val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u0151k. Hans-Joachim Klimkeit <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988) c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben r\u00e9szletesen rekonstru\u00e1lta ezeket a k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9si \u00fatvonalakat.<\/span><\/p><p>A tibeti ford\u00edt\u00e1sokban Khormusta <em>brGya-byin<\/em> vagy <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em> alakban szerepel, ami az indiai \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indr\u00e1t, vagyis az \u201eezernev\u0171 Indr\u00e1t&#8221; adja vissza. Ez az azonos\u00edt\u00e1s v\u00e9glegesen beillesztette a buddhista istenek rendszer\u00e9be.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le\u00edr\u00e1s \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A buddhista hat\u00e1s alatt \u00e1ll\u00f3 mongol m\u0171v\u00e9szetben Khormusta koron\u00e1s kir\u00e1lyi alakk\u00e9nt jelenik meg l\u00f3tusztr\u00f3non, jobb kez\u00e9ben a vill\u00e1mk\u0151vel (vajra, mongolul <em>otschir<\/em>), bal kez\u00e9ben a k\u00edv\u00e1ns\u00e1gteljes\u00edt\u0151 f\u00e1val. Az Airavata nev\u0171 h\u00e1romfej\u0171 elef\u00e1nton lovagol, ami ikonogr\u00e1fiai szempontb\u00f3l v\u00e9glegesen azonos\u00edtja a buddhista Indr\u00e1val.<\/p><p>Az el\u0151buddhistak\u00e9nt rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3 mongol r\u00e9tegekben \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 volt r\u00f6gz\u00edtett; ink\u00e1bb \u201ea 99 tengri kir\u00e1lyak\u00e9nt&#8221; szerepelt a sz\u00f3beli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/span>, semmint \u00e1lland\u00f3 k\u00e9pt\u00edpusokban. A mongolok 13. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a 16-17. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l kibontakoz\u00f3 buddhiz\u00e1l\u00f3d\u00e1sa alak\u00edtotta ki a ma szok\u00e1sos tantrikus ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Klaus Sagaster <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben v\u00e9gigk\u00f6vette \u00e9s katalogiz\u00e1lta Khormusta k\u00e9pi hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1t. Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 megfigyel\u00e9s, hogy a mongol n\u00e9pi form\u00e1k gyakran kevert ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t mutatnak: koron\u00e1s harcos vajr\u00e1val, de feh\u00e9r lovon elef\u00e1nt helyett &#8211; ez a buddhista standard forma n\u00e9pi adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1ra utal.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-eposzban (mongol \u00e9s tibeti v\u00e1ltozatokban) Khormusta az a forr\u00e1s, amelyb\u0151l Gesz\u00e1r h\u0151st a f\u00f6ldre k\u00fcldik, hogy egy gonosz l\u00e9nyek \u00e1ltal megzavart vil\u00e1got \u00fajra rendbe hozzon. Khormusta itt mennyei megb\u00edz\u00f3k\u00e9nt l\u00e9p fel, \u00e9s azt a szerepet veszi \u00e1t, amelyet az indiai eposzokban Indra t\u00f6ltene be.<\/p><p>Egy m\u00e1sik elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s a nyugati feh\u00e9r 33 tengri \u00e9s a keleti fekete 44 tengri k\u00f6z\u00f6tti h\u00e1bor\u00fat \u00edrja le, amelynek \u00e9l\u00e9n a fekete k\u00e1n, <em>Atai Ul\u00e1n<\/em> \u00e1ll; Khormusta a vill\u00e1mko megalkot\u00e1s\u00e1val gy\u0151z, \u00e9s ezzel biztos\u00edtja a kozmikus rendet. Ez a dualisztikus csataelbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s egy\u00e9rtelmu zoroasztri\u00e1nus nyomokat mutat.<\/p><p>A Mongolok Titkos T\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben (1240) Khormusta neve nem szerepel k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl; a k\u00e9sobbi hagyom\u00e1ny azonban egyes helyeken azonos\u00edtja a \u201eM\u00f6ngke Tengri&#8221; formul\u00e1t vele. Igor de Rachewiltz a Brill-komment\u00e1rban (2004) kritikusan t\u00e1rgyalta ezt a k\u00e9sobbi azonos\u00edt\u00e1st.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s tisztelet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Khormusta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g vagy szent alak tisztelet\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultusz<\/span> t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg a mongol udvarban a J\u00fcan-kort\u00f3l gy\u00f6keredzik. Kubilaj k\u00e1n a tibeti-buddhista udvari szertart\u00e1srendszer keret\u00e9ben szisztematikusan integr\u00e1lta. A 17-18. sz\u00e1zadban, a Gelug-iskola hat\u00e1sa alatt, t\u00f6bb banner kolostor\u00e1nak v\u00e9d\u0151ur\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p>N\u00e9pi szinten Khormusta az ovoo-szertart\u00e1sokban a k\u00e9r\u00e9sek legf\u0151bb c\u00edmzettjek\u00e9nt jelenik meg; t\u00f6mj\u00e9nf\u00fcst\u00f6t (mongolul <em>sang<\/em>) \u00e1ldoznak neki a kora reggeli \u00f3r\u00e1kban, \u00e9s a \u201eQormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6&#8221; (\u201eKhormusta szem\u00e9lyesen&#8221;) szavak nyitj\u00e1k meg a sok foh\u00e1szt. Caroline Humphrey r\u00e9szletesen le\u00edrta ezt a <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996) c. k\u00f6nyv\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>A mai Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban Khormusta els\u0151sorban a kolostori buddhizmusban van jelen; egyes kolostorok (Gandantegcsenling Ul\u00e1nb\u00e1torban) \u00e9ves Khormusta-liturgi\u00e1kat tartanak. Emellett n\u00e9h\u00e1ny neo-tengrizmus-csoport reperto\u00e1rj\u00e1nak is r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezi, b\u00e1r ezek n\u00e9melyike \u201et\u00fal buddhistak\u00e9nt&#8221; h\u00e1tt\u00e9rbe szor\u00edtja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e9dogyakorlat \u00e9s apotropaikus elemek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l le\u00edrva: a Khormusta-komplexum v\u00e9dogyakorlata szorosan \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dik a buddhista \u201enyolc nagy isten&#8221; fogalm\u00e1val \u00e9s a tantrikus v\u00e9domandala-rendszerrel. Szok\u00e1sos apotropaikus elemek a bor\u00f3kat\u00f6mj\u00e9nez\u00e9s, a <em>khadag<\/em> (k\u00e9k \u00e1ld\u00e1stkendok) felakaszt\u00e1sa \u00e9s a <em>sang<\/em>-sz\u00f6veg recit\u00e1l\u00e1sa. Khormusta \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos f\u00e9nyforr\u00e1snak sz\u00e1m\u00edt, nem pedig konkr\u00e9t betegs\u00e9gek ellen specializ\u00e1lt v\u00e9doistennek.<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6nleges forma a <em>Khormusta-sang<\/em>, egy liturgikus sz\u00f6veg a h\u00e1z \u00e9s az udvar megtiszt\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra, amely t\u00f6bb mongol nyomtatv\u00e1nyban (Peking, Urga) a 17. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta adatolt. Klaus Sagaster kritikai kiad\u00e1st k\u00e9sz\u00edtett belole.<\/p><p>A n\u00e9pi gyakorlatban Khormusta nem k\u00f6zvetlen v\u00e9delmi foh\u00e1sz c\u00edmzettjek\u00e9nt szerepel; ink\u00e1bb k\u00fcld\u00f6tteihez vagy a helyhez k\u00f6t\u00f6tt Yer-Sub-hatalmakhoz fordulnak. Ez a k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9si strukt\u00fara jellemzo a mongol vall\u00e1sra, \u00e9s tipol\u00f3giailag megfelel a katolikus gyakorlatnak, amely sz\u00edvesebben fordul egy szenthez, mint k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl Istenhez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e1rhuzamok m\u00e1s kult\u00far\u00e1kban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl kapcsol\u00f3dik Ahura Mazd\u00e1hoz (Ir\u00e1n), Indr\u00e1hoz (India), \u015aakr\u00e1hoz (buddhizmus) \u00e9s a Heng-O-k\u00f6z\u00e9pponti istens\u00e9gekhez (K\u00edna). Szib\u00e9ri\u00e1n bel\u00fcl bizonyos m\u00e9rt\u00e9kig p\u00e1rhuzamba \u00e1ll\u00edthat\u00f3 <a href=\"\/hu\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgennel<\/a>, azzal a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9ggel, hogy Khormusta j\u00f3val er\u0151teljesebben buddhista-tantrikus szem\u00e9lyis\u00e9g\u0171.<\/p><p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen \u00e9rdekes p\u00e1rhuzam a k\u00ednai taoista hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l ismert Y\u00fcanshi Tianzunnal val\u00f3 azonos\u00edt\u00e1s, amely t\u00f6bb mongol-k\u00ednai szinkretizmusban is el\u0151fordul. Christopher Atwood enciklop\u00e9di\u00e1ja ezt az azonos\u00edt\u00e1st a \u201et\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r\u00f6sen r\u00e9tegzett f\u0151istens\u00e9g&#8221; p\u00e9ld\u00e1jak\u00e9nt t\u00e1rgyalja.<\/p><p>T\u00e1gabb \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sban Khormusta tipol\u00f3giai tank\u00f6nyvi p\u00e9lda a \u201ev\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 istenek&#8221; jelens\u00e9g\u00e9re, amelyek t\u00f6bb nyelvi \u00e9s vall\u00e1si hat\u00e1ron \u00e1t\u00edvelve meg\u0151rzik saj\u00e1t geneal\u00f3gi\u00e1jukat. Az ilyen v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 istenek ritk\u00e1n dokument\u00e1ltak olyan tiszt\u00e1n, mint Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Khormusta a mongolisztika kutat\u00e1s\u00e1nak t\u00e1rgya Walther Heissign\u00e9l, Klaus Sagastern\u00e9l (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christopher Atwoodan\u00e1l (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004), valamint az orosz iskol\u00e1ban N. L. Zsukovszkaj\u00e1n\u00e1l. A mai mong\u00f3liai buddhizmusban tov\u00e1bbra is \u00e9l\u0151 alaknak sz\u00e1m\u00edt; a neo-tengrizmus irodalm\u00e1ban ezzel szemben n\u00e9ha \u201et\u00fal buddhistak\u00e9nt&#8221; marginaliz\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00d6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si ir\u00e1ny foglalkozik a Khormusta-Gesz\u00e1r-hagyom\u00e1nnyal mint sz\u00f3beli \u00e9s \u00edr\u00e1sos eposzi form\u00e1val. A Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-eposzt Bruno Gallinucci 1716-ban eml\u00edtette el\u0151sz\u00f6r eur\u00f3pai \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sben, 1839 \u00f3ta (Schmidt) ford\u00edtj\u00e1k szisztematikusan; Walther Heissig kutat\u00f3csoportja \u00faj megvil\u00e1g\u00edt\u00e1sba helyezte viszony\u00e1t Khormust\u00e1hoz.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A mai Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban Khormust\u00e1t Dzsingisz k\u00e1n 800. \u00e9vfordul\u00f3j\u00e1nak \u00e1llami \u00fcnneps\u00e9gein (2006) ism\u00e9t \u201emongol f\u0151istenk\u00e9nt&#8221; sz\u00f3l\u00edtj\u00e1k meg &#8211; ez szeml\u00e9letes p\u00e9lda arra, hogyan fon\u00f3dik \u00f6ssze vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net \u00e9s identit\u00e1spolitika a 21. sz\u00e1zadban.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kutat\u00e1si vit\u00e1k \u00e9s nyitott k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A legfontosabb kutat\u00e1si vita a r\u00e9tegek sorrendj\u00e9t \u00e9rinti: Khormusta el\u00f3bb az ir\u00e1ni Hormizd volt-e, majd beker\u00fclt a tengri-rendszerbe, \u00e9s v\u00e9g\u00fcl a buddhizmus azonos\u00edtotta Indr\u00e1val? Vagy l\u00e9tezik egy r\u00e9gebbi, autochton r\u00e9teg, amelybe az ir\u00e1ni n\u00e9v ut\u00f3lag sz\u00f6v\u00f3d\u00f6tt bele?<\/p><p>Egy m\u00e1sik vita a \u201e99 tengri&#8221; k\u00e9pzete k\u00f6r\u00fcl forog: vajon ez a sz\u00e1m autochton-mongol, vagy buddhista import? Walther Heissig egy el\u0151buddhistai gy\u00f6k\u00e9r mellett \u00e9rvelt; \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1sok (P. K. Kozin) k\u00e9ts\u00e9gbe vonj\u00e1k ezt.<\/p><p>V\u00e9g\u00fcl: hogyan viszonyul Khormusta a szib\u00e9riai s\u00e1m\u00e1nvall\u00e1shoz? A burj\u00e1tokn\u00e1l er\u0151teljesen jelen van, a tuv\u00e1kn\u00e1l \u00e9s az altaiakn\u00e1l alig. Ez a f\u00f6ldrajzi aszimmetria vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg tanuls\u00e1gos, \u00e9s szisztematikus vizsg\u00e1latra v\u00e1r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta a Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3lia vall\u00e1s\u00e1ban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n tanulm\u00e1nyt \u00e9rdemel Khormusta helyzete Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban (ma a K\u00ednai N\u00e9pk\u00f6zt\u00e1rsas\u00e1g tartom\u00e1nya). Itt a legeroteljesebb a buddhista befoly\u00e1s, ugyanakkor k\u00ednai-taoista hat\u00e1sok is \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fclnek. Khormust\u00e1t t\u00f6bb belso-mong\u00f3liai kolostorban (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Wudangzhao) a taoista J\u00fc-Huang Shangdival azonos\u00edtj\u00e1k &#8211; ez egy h\u00e1romszoros <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 vall\u00e1si hagyom\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 k\u00e9pzetek vagy istens\u00e9gek \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">szinkretizmus<\/span>, amelyet t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg alig lehet fel\u00fclm\u00falni.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Christopher Atwood az <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004) c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben rekonstru\u00e1lta ezt a t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r\u00f6s azonos\u00edt\u00e1st, \u00e9s megmutatta, hogyan v\u00e1lt Khormusta h\u00eddd\u00e1 h\u00e1rom vall\u00e1si vil\u00e1gk\u00e9p k\u00f6z\u00f6tt: ir\u00e1ni-zoroasztri\u00e1nus, indiai-buddhista \u00e9s k\u00ednai-taoista k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ez a h\u00eddfunkci\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyosan egyed\u00fcl\u00e1ll\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><p>A mai mongol identit\u00e1spolitik\u00e1ban Khormust\u00e1t r\u00e9szben \u201efigyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 szinkretist\u00e1nak&#8221; \u00fcnneplik, r\u00e9szben \u201eaz autentikus Tengri buddhista fel\u00fcl\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1nak&#8221; tekintik kritikusan. Mindk\u00e9t \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg megragadhat\u00f3 \u00e9s politikailag tanuls\u00e1gos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s kapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1s a kultur\u00e1lis hubhoz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aki a Khormusta-komplexust a maga teljess\u00e9g\u00e9ben k\u00edv\u00e1nja tanulm\u00e1nyozni, a <a href=\"\/hu\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Szib\u00e9riai-tengrizmus hagyom\u00e1ny<\/a> \u00e1ttekint\u0151 oldal\u00e1n tal\u00e1lja meg a legfontosabb keresztutal\u00e1sokat a rokon alakokhoz: <a href=\"\/hu\/tengri\/\">Tengrihez<\/a> (r\u00e9gebbi r\u00e9teg), <a href=\"\/hu\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgenhez<\/a> (d\u00e9l-szib\u00e9riai p\u00e1rhuzam) \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/asbuiga\/\">Asbuig\u00e1hoz<\/a> (als\u00f3bb seg\u00edt\u0151szellem-r\u00e9teg).<\/p><p>Walther Heissig <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) \u00e9s Klaus Sagaster <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) c. m\u00fcvei a n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen alapmunk\u00e1k. A Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-hagyom\u00e1nyhoz Walther Heissig Brill-k\u00f6tete (1983) a k\u00f6zponti forr\u00e1s.<\/p><p>N. L. Zsukovszkaja <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988) c. m\u00fcve a legfontosabb orosz szint\u00e9zist k\u00edn\u00e1lja. Caroline Humphrey 1990-es \u00e9s 2000-es \u00e9vekbeli etnogr\u00e1fiai munk\u00e1i kort\u00e1rs m\u00e9lys\u00e9ggel eg\u00e9sz\u00edtik ki a k\u00e9pet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta a Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta szerepe a Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-eposzban k\u00fcl\u00f6n alapos vizsg\u00e1latot \u00e9rdemel, hiszen ez az egyik legmonument\u00e1lisabb sz\u00f3beli h\u0151sk\u00f6ltem\u00e9ny Bels\u0151-\u00c1zsi\u00e1ban. Az eposz mongol, tibeti \u00e9s burj\u00e1t v\u00e1ltozatban is fennmaradt; \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban t\u00f6bb ezer verset \u00f6lel fel, \u00e9s t\u00f6bb el\u0151ad\u00e1si \u00e9jszak\u00e1n \u00e1t \u00e9neklik.<\/p><p>Minden v\u00e1ltozatban Khormusta a mennyei megb\u00edz\u00f3, aki Gesz\u00e1r h\u0151st a f\u00f6ldre k\u00fcldi, hogy egy gonosz l\u00e9nyek \u00e1ltal megzavart vil\u00e1got rendbe hozzon. Ez az elbesz\u00e9loi funkci\u00f3 tipol\u00f3giailag megfelel Indra szerep\u00e9nek az indiai avat\u00e1ra-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekben.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig t\u00f6bb k\u00f6tetben kritikailag kiadta a Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n-eposzt; Brill-k\u00f6tete (1983) a standard kiad\u00e1s. A 21. sz\u00e1zadban az eposz renesz\u00e1nsz\u00e1t \u00e9li Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban, ahol a mongol kultur\u00e1lis identit\u00e1s k\u00f6zponti elemek\u00e9nt \u00e1polj\u00e1k.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f3dszertani reflexi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Khormusta-kutat\u00e1sban t\u00f6bb m\u00f3dszertani probl\u00e9ma mer\u00fcl fel. El\u00f3sz\u00f6r: a t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r\u00f6s vall\u00e1si r\u00e9tegzetts\u00e9g (ir\u00e1ni, indiai, mongol, k\u00ednai) megnehez\u00edti az egy\u00e9rtelmu geneal\u00f3gia meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti nyelv\u00e9szet n\u00e9h\u00e1ny fog\u00f3dz\u00f3t ny\u00fajt, \u00e1m sok \u00e1tmenet spekulat\u00edv marad.<\/p><p>M\u00e1sodszor: a buddhista r\u00e9teg j\u00f3l dokument\u00e1lt (kolostori sz\u00f6vegek, ikonogr\u00e1fia), az el\u0151buddhistai r\u00e9teg csak k\u00f6zvetve rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3. Walther Heissig r\u00e9tegmodellj\u00e9t ma r\u00e9szben fel\u00fclvizsg\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Harmadszor: a mai Khormusta-gyakorlat Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban \u00e9s Bels\u0151-Mong\u00f3li\u00e1ban k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 politikai \u00e9s vall\u00e1si kontextusban zajlik; egys\u00e9ges le\u00edr\u00e1s m\u00f3dszertanilag problematikus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta a mai mongol identit\u00e1spolitik\u00e1ban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A mai mongol identit\u00e1spolitika Khormust\u00e1t tudatosan \u201ekozmopolita f\u0151istenk\u00e9nt&#8221; hasznos\u00edtja, aki az Ir\u00e1n, India \u00e9s Kelet-\u00c1zsia k\u00f6z\u00f6tti mongol h\u00eddfunkci\u00f3t szimboliz\u00e1lja. Ezt az \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9st a Mongol Kultur\u00e1lis Miniszt\u00e9rium hivatalos kiadv\u00e1nyai a 2010-es \u00e9vek \u00f3ta propag\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyosan ez az identit\u00e1spolitika tanuls\u00e1gos: Khormust\u00e1t egy \u201emongol kozmopolisz&#8221; megtestes\u00edt\u0151j\u00e9v\u00e9 teszi, amelyben a vall\u00e1si pluralit\u00e1s nem probl\u00e9mak\u00e9nt, hanem er\u00f3k\u00e9nt jelenik meg. Ez a szeml\u00e9let ellent\u00e9tben \u00e1ll a monotheista identit\u00e1smodellekkel.<\/p><p>Caroline Humphrey t\u00f6bb tanulm\u00e1ny\u00e1ban r\u00e1mutatott arra, hogy Khormusta politikai kisaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1sa maga is vall\u00e1si gyakorlat &#8211; a vil\u00e1gi tisztelet egy form\u00e1ja, amely koexiszt\u00e1l a kolostori hagyom\u00e1nnyal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta mint m\u00f3dszertani tank\u00f6nyvi p\u00e9lda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1ny<\/span> sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra rendk\u00edv\u00fcli m\u00f3dszertani tank\u00f6nyvi p\u00e9lda. Megmutatja, hogyan k\u00e9pes egy vall\u00e1si fogalom k\u00e9t \u00e9vezreden \u00e1t h\u00e1rom nyelvi \u00e9s h\u00e1rom vall\u00e1si kontextust bej\u00e1rni an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy elvesz\u00edten\u00e9 funkcion\u00e1lis s\u00falypontjait: f\u0151isten, teremt\u0151, a vil\u00e1grend garant\u00e1l\u00f3ja. Az ilyen stabilit\u00e1s vall\u00e1sfenom\u00e9nol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l ritka.<\/p><p>Ugyanakkor l\u00e9nyege is \u00e1talakul: az ir\u00e1ni-zoroasztri\u00e1nus Hormizd-b\u00f3l indiai-buddhista Indra-ekvivalens Khormusta lesz, amely v\u00e9g\u00fcl \u00f6sszeolvad a mongol-tengrizmus Tengri-komplexummal. Ez az egyidej\u00fa stabilit\u00e1s-\u00e9s-v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s-dinamika vall\u00e1santropol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l els\u0151rend\u00fa esettanulm\u00e1ny.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster ezt a dinamik\u00e1t a <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) c. m\u0171ben a \u201evall\u00e1si transzfer&#8221; modelljek\u00e9nt elemezte. Christopher Atwood enciklop\u00e9di\u00e1j\u00e1ban (2004) tov\u00e1bb pontos\u00edtotta a meg\u00e1llap\u00edt\u00e1sokat. Fiatal kutat\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra Khormusta h\u00e1l\u00e1s tanulm\u00e1nyi t\u00e1rgy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta a mongol kolostori irodalomban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elm\u00e9ly\u00edtett vizsg\u00e1latot \u00e9rdemel a 17-19. sz\u00e1zadi mongol kolostori irodalom, amelyben Khormusta liturgikus sz\u00f6vegek sokas\u00e1g\u00e1ban jelenik meg. A Pekingb\u0151l, Urg\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9s Lh\u00e1sz\u00e1b\u00f3l val\u00f3 nyomtatv\u00e1nyok Khormusta-sang-sz\u00f6vegeket, Khormusta-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kreisf\u00f6rmiges Diagramm, das in Hinduismus und Buddhismus den Kosmos abbildet.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>-le\u00edr\u00e1sokat \u00e9s tibeti ford\u00edt\u00e1sb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt Khormusta-tantra-sz\u00f6vegeket tartalmaznak.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster habilit\u00e1ci\u00f3s \u00e9rtekez\u00e9s\u00e9ben (1976) kritikai kiad\u00e1st k\u00f6z\u00f6lt a legfontosabb mongol Khormusta-sz\u00f6vegekb\u0151l. Ez a kiad\u00e1s ma a mongolisztikai vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi kutat\u00e1s egyik leg\u00e9rt\u00e9kesebb seg\u00e9deszk\u00f6ze, \u00e9s minden komoly Khormusta-tanulm\u00e1nyhoz n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen.<\/p><p>A sz\u00f6vegek megmutatj\u00e1k, hogyan v\u00e1lt az eredetileg ir\u00e1ni-buddhista Khormusta a mongol kolostori hagyom\u00e1nyban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 alakk\u00e1, saj\u00e1t liturgi\u00e1kkal, gyakorlatokkal \u00e9s ikonogr\u00e1fiai konvenci\u00f3kkal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Egy osi \u00e9gistens\u00e9g buddhista \u00e1tform\u00e1l\u00e1sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <em>Khormusta<\/em> (mongolul <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em> alakban is) n\u00e9v egyike a legvil\u00e1gosabb bizony\u00edt\u00e9koknak arra, hogy a mongol vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net nem z\u00e1rt egys\u00e9get alkot, hanem k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 eredetu r\u00e9tegeket halmoz egym\u00e1sra.<\/p><p>Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyilag a n\u00e9v az ir\u00e1ni <em>Ahura Mazd\u00e1<\/em>-ra vezethet\u0151 vissza, a szogdon \u00e9s az ujguron kereszt\u00fcl k\u00f6zvet\u00edtve. A k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai manicheus \u00e9s buddhista sz\u00f6vegek r\u00e9v\u00e9n a megnevez\u00e9s eljutott a t\u00fcrk-mongol vil\u00e1gba, ahol egy m\u00e1r megl\u00e9v\u0151 legf\u0151bb \u00e9gi\u00far-k\u00e9pzethez csatlakozott.<\/p><p>A mong\u00f3lia buddhista irodalm\u00e1ban Khormusta \u00f6sszeolvad Indr\u00e1val, az indiai pantheon istenkir\u00e1ly\u00e1val, aki ott a <em>Trayastrimsha<\/em>-\u00e9g urak\u00e9nt \u00e9s a tan v\u00e9dolmek\u00e9nt jelenik meg.<\/p><p>Ennek eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt egy \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9gb\u0151l<\/span> a buddhista kozmoszmodellbe illesztett istenfejedelem lett, aki ugyan magas rang\u00fa, de a Buddha \u00e9s a bodhiszattv\u00e1k al\u00e1 rendel\u00f3dik. Ez a beilleszt\u00e9s nem mell\u00e9khat\u00e1s, hanem vall\u00e1spoliti kailag sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kolt volt: a tibeti buddhizmus 16. sz\u00e1zadi terjeszked\u00e9se nem kiszor\u00edtani, hanem hierarchikusan al\u00e1rendelni k\u00edv\u00e1nta a r\u00e9gebbi \u00e9gistens\u00e9geket.<\/p><p>Forr\u00e1skritikailag hangs\u00falyozand\u00f3, hogy Khormust\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 szinte minden \u00edr\u00e1sos eml\u00e9k buddhista k\u00f6zegb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmazik, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Gesz\u00e1r-eposz foh\u00e1szaib\u00f3l vagy ritu\u00e1lis k\u00e9ziratokb\u00f3l. A figura el\u0151buddhistai alakja ebbol csak k\u00f6zvetve rekonstru\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig \u00e9s m\u00e1s kutat\u00f3k r\u00e1mutattak, hogy az eposzban eml\u00edtett negyvenkilenc vagy harminch\u00e1rom tengri, amelyek \u00e9l\u00e9n Khormusta \u00e1ll, m\u00e1sodlagos rendszerez\u00e9st k\u00e9pvisel, amely val\u00f3sz\u00ednuleg csak az indiai-buddhista isteni sz\u00e1mrendszerrel val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s nyom\u00e1n alakult ki.<\/p><p>A szib\u00e9riai-tengrizmus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak<\/span> meg\u00e9rt\u00e9se szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l ez azt jelenti: Khormusta szeml\u00e9letes p\u00e9ld\u00e1n mutatja, hogy a <a href=\"\/hu\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">tengrizmus<\/a> nem volt statikus rendszer, hanem \u00e1tereszto terep, amely befogadta az idegen neveket \u00e9s fogalmakat, \u00e9s \u00f6sszekapcsolta saj\u00e1t k\u00e9pzeteivel. Aki az alakot z\u00e1rt mongol jelens\u00e9gk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezi, figyelmen k\u00edv\u00fcl hagyja a nev\u00e9ben m\u00e1ig l\u00e1that\u00f3 k\u00f6z\u00e9p-\u00e1zsiai k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st\u00f6rt\u00e9netet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster: <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood: <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja: <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey: <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Khormust\u00e1val kapcsolatos <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istenekr\u0151l, eredetekr\u0151l \u00e9s a vil\u00e1g rendj\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hagyom\u00e1nyos elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00edtosz<\/span><\/strong> tengrizmus-beli \u00e9gi elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9seket k\u00f6t \u00f6ssze buddhista r\u00e9tegekkel; a legfontosabb <strong>forr\u00e1sok<\/strong> mongol kr\u00f3nik\u00e1k, Gesz\u00e1r-eposzok \u00e9s tibeti hat\u00e1s\u00fa ritu\u00e1lis sz\u00f6vegek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Khormusta Qormusta Tngri Gesz\u00e1r-k\u00e1n Ahura Mazda Indra mongol f\u0151isten.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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.jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoter\u00e1pi\u00e1s kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyi tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlati aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Khormusta, a mongolok buddhista-tengrizmus f\u0151istene Khormusta (mongolul Qormusta Tngri, tibetiben brGya-byin) a mongol tengrizmusban \u00e9s annak buddhista \u00e1tform\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ban a 99 tengri-\u00e9gi l\u00e9ny legf\u0151bbike, valamint a 33 nyugati \u201efeh\u00e9r&#8221; tengri vez\u00e9re. Teremt\u0151Szib\u00e9ria \/ TengrizmusF\u0151istens\u00e9g Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k Khormusta buddhista-tengrizmus f\u0151istenk\u00e9nt ismert a mongol \u00e9s tibeti szinkretizmusokban. Besorol\u00e1s \u00e9s r\u00f6vid profil Khormusta a k\u00e9s\u0151-mongol vall\u00e1s egyik legjobban dokument\u00e1lt alakja. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2863,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khormusta mongol f\u0151isten","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khormusta - Mongol f\u0151isten, m\u00edtosz \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khormusta a mongolok legf\u0151bb \u00e9gistene, ir\u00e1ni-buddhista \u00e9s tengrizmus r\u00e9tegek \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa. M\u00edtosz \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52439","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khormusta - Mongol f\u0151isten, m\u00edtosz \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khormusta a mongolok legf\u0151bb \u00e9gistene, ir\u00e1ni-buddhista \u00e9s tengrizmus r\u00e9tegek \u00f6sszeolvad\u00e1sa. 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