{"id":52375,"date":"2026-07-30T14:17:29","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:17:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tupilak-a-groenlandi-inuitok-mesterseges-bosszuszelleme\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:17:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:17:52","slug":"tupilak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/tupilak\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; A gr\u00f6nlandi inuitok mesters\u00e9ges bossz\u00faszelleme"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52375\" class=\"elementor elementor-52375 elementor-2657\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - A gr\u00f6nlandi hagyom\u00e1ny mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott bossz\u00faszelleme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi inuit hagyom\u00e1nyban mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott, c\u00e9ltudatosan alkalmazott l\u00e9ny, amelyet \u00e1llati \u00e9s emberi maradv\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l alkottak, \u00e9s amellyel egy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span> ellens\u00e9g\u00e9t meg akarta k\u00e1ros\u00edtani vagy meg akarta \u00f6lni. Ma a fogalom els\u0151sorban csontb\u00f3l vagy k\u0151b\u0151l faragott figur\u00e1k\u00e9nt ismert nemzetk\u00f6zileg. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a mesters\u00e9gesen l\u00e9trehozott agresszi\u00f3szellemek ritka oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1ba tartozik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Szellem az inuit hagyom\u00e1nyb\u00f3l.\">Szellem<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/inuit-vallas\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Az inuit hagyom\u00e1ny mitol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mesters\u00e9gesen alkotott k\u00e1rosszellem.\">Mesters\u00e9ges k\u00e1rosszellem<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2881\" alt=\"Tupilak - Geister aus der Inuit-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Besorol\u00e1s \u00e9s r\u00f6vid profil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos oszt\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sban a mesters\u00e9gesen l\u00e9trehozott szellemi l\u00e9nyek ritka csoportj\u00e1ba tartozik.<\/p><p>Ellent\u00e9tben <a href=\"\/hu\/sedna\/\">Sedn\u00e1val<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/sila-inuit\/\">Sil\u00e1val<\/a> vagy <a href=\"\/hu\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssukkal<\/a>, akiket adott kozmikus vagy seg\u00edt\u0151 hatalmaknak tekintenek, a Tupilak tudatosan l\u00e9trehozott konstrukci\u00f3, amely egy konkr\u00e9t c\u00e9lt szolg\u00e1l: egy ellens\u00e9g megk\u00e1ros\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ez a konstrukt\u00edv dimenzi\u00f3 alapvet\u0151en megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti az inuit panteont alkot\u00f3 \u00f6sszes t\u00f6bbi t\u00e9telt\u0151l.<\/p><p>A Tupilakra vonatkoz\u00f3 forr\u00e1sok Gr\u00f6nlandra \u00f6sszpontosulnak, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a keleti partra \u00e9s a Disko-\u00f6b\u00f6lre, \u00e9s a 18. sz\u00e1zadi Hans Egede-t\u0151l Henrik Rinken \u00e1t a 20. sz\u00e1zadi William Thalbitzerig \u00e9s Robert Petersenig terjednek.<\/p><p>A kanadai Arktisz k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 r\u00e9sz\u00e9n is adatoltak rokon fogalmak, mint a <em>tupilaq<\/em> vagy a <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, azonban ott r\u00e9szben elt\u00e9r\u0151 jelent\u00e9ssel. A region\u00e1lis saj\u00e1toss\u00e1g tudom\u00e1nyosan tanuls\u00e1gos.<\/p><p>Ma a Tupilak k\u00e9t r\u00e9tegben p\u00e1rhuzamosan l\u00e9tezik: mint egy t\u00e9nylegesen elk\u00e9sz\u00edtett \u00e9s m\u00e1gikusan megeleven\u00edtett k\u00e1rl\u00e9ny t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti fogalma, valamint mint a f\u00f3kacsontb\u00f3l, r\u00e9nszarvasagancsb\u00f3l \u00e9s csontb\u00f3l faragott figur\u00e1k elnevez\u00e9se, amelyek az 1880-as \u00e9vek \u00f3ta gr\u00f6nlandi k\u00e9zm\u0171ves formak\u00e9nt fejl\u0151dtek ki. Ez a kett\u0151s r\u00e9teg m\u00f3dszertanilag ig\u00e9nyess\u00e9 tesz minden Tupilakkal kapcsolatos t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1st, \u00e9s gondos megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9st k\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p><p>A Tupilak eset\u00e9ben az \u00fajabb kutat\u00e1s kib\u0151v\u00edtette m\u00f3dszertani eszk\u00f6zt\u00e1r\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00f6tv\u00f6zi az etnogr\u00e1fiai pontoss\u00e1got, a nyelvi forr\u00e1skritik\u00e1t \u00e9s az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 perspekt\u00edv\u00e1t. Ez a finom\u00edt\u00e1s itt k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges, mivel a kor\u00e1bbi nyugati \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sok a mesters\u00e9gesen l\u00e9trehozott k\u00e1rl\u00e9nyt sokszor szenzacionalista m\u00f3don mutatt\u00e1k be; az inuit tud\u00e1sk\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g, amely ma maga is r\u00e9szt vesz a kutat\u00e1sban, korrig\u00e1lja ezeket a r\u00e9szben gyarmati szeml\u00e9let\u0171 megnevez\u00e9seket.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimol\u00f3gia \u00e9s sz\u00f3t\u00f6rt\u00e9net<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimol\u00f3giailag a <em>tupilak<\/em> vagy <em>tupilaq<\/em> a <em>tupi-<\/em> t\u0151b\u0151l ered, amely t\u00f6bb inuit nyelvben \u0151s vagy elhunyt lelk\u00e9t jelenti. A Tupilak teh\u00e1t sz\u00f3 szerint k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl \u0151salakot vagy szellemteremtm\u00e9nyt jelentene. Robert Petersen sz\u00f3t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti tanulm\u00e1nyaiban kimutatta a rokons\u00e1got az elhunyt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem\u00e9re<\/span> utal\u00f3 fogalmakkal, ezzel nyelvi hidat teremtve az inuitok hal\u00e1lvil\u00e1g\u00e1hoz.<\/p><p>A gr\u00f6nlandi nyelvben l\u00e9tezik a <em>tupilait<\/em> t\u00f6bbes sz\u00e1m is, amely e l\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszess\u00e9g\u00e9t jel\u00f6li. A modern nyelvhaszn\u00e1latban a jelent\u00e9s kib\u0151v\u00fclt, \u00e9s a sz\u00f3t gyakran r\u00e9malakk\u00e9nt vagy gonosz <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellemk\u00e9nt<\/span> ford\u00edtj\u00e1k, ami ler\u00f6vid\u00edti az eredeti jelent\u00e9st, \u00e9s elv\u00e9sz bel\u0151le a specifikus konstrukci\u00f3s dimenzi\u00f3. Tudom\u00e1nyosan ezt a ler\u00f6vid\u00edt\u00e9st kritikusan kell kezelni.<\/p><p>Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, hogy a Tupilak etimol\u00f3giailag nem hordoz negat\u00edv konnot\u00e1ci\u00f3t. A negat\u00edv \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s a funkci\u00f3b\u00f3l fakad, nem mag\u00e1b\u00f3l a sz\u00f3b\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A Tupilak term\u00e9szet\u00e9n\u00e9l fogva nem gonosz, hanem agresszi\u00f3 c\u00e9lj\u00e1ra alkalmazz\u00e1k. A sz\u00f3 \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban vett etikai semlegess\u00e9ge tudom\u00e1nyosan \u00e9rdekes, mert megmutatja, hogy az erk\u00f6lcsi \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s csak a sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kos haszn\u00e1lat r\u00e9v\u00e9n j\u00f6n l\u00e9tre.<\/p><p>Kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9sk\u00e9ppen \u00e9rdemes vall\u00e1sszociol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l vizsg\u00e1lni azt a szerepet, amelyet a Tupilak a hagyom\u00e1nyos inuit k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g t\u00e1rsadalmi rendj\u00e9ben j\u00e1tszott.<\/p><p>Mivel egy ilyen l\u00e9nyt c\u00e9lzottan egy ellens\u00e9g ellen ir\u00e1ny\u00edtottak, rajta k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen j\u00f3l leolvashat\u00f3, hogy a vall\u00e1si strukt\u00fara nem volt elv\u00e1lasztva a t\u00e1rsadalmi gyakorlatt\u00f3l, hanem szorosan \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dott azzal. Ez az \u00f6sszefon\u00f3d\u00e1s \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 vall\u00e1santropol\u00f3giai kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet alkot, amelyet els\u0151sorban Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand \u00e9s Jarich Oosten dolgozott fel rendszeresen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s a hagyom\u00e1nyos gyakorlatban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az etnogr\u00e1fiai forr\u00e1sok, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen Henrik Rink \u00e9s William Thalbitzer le\u00edr\u00e1sai r\u00e9szletesen ismertetik a Tupilak elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9si folyamat\u00e1t. Az a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span>, aki ellens\u00e9g\u00e9t meg akarta k\u00e1ros\u00edtani, titokban \u00f6sszegy\u0171jt\u00f6tte az alkot\u00f3elemeket: k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le \u00e1llatok csontjait, hajat, inakat, n\u00e9ha holttestekr\u0151l vagy mag\u00e1nak az ellens\u00e9gnek a ruh\u00e1zat\u00e1b\u00f3l vett darabokat.<\/p><p>Ezeket az alkot\u00f3elemeket egy f\u00e9lrees\u0151 helyen, gyakran sziklahasad\u00e9kban vagy barlangban illesztett\u00e9k \u00f6ssze egyetlen figur\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p><p>A figura felett \u00e9nekeket \u00e9s r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sokat v\u00e9geztek. A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span> h\u00f3nalj\u00e1b\u00f3l vagy \u00f6l\u00e9b\u0151l szoptatta meg a l\u00e9nyt, \u00e9s \u00e9leter\u0151t vitt \u00e1t r\u00e1. Ezut\u00e1n a figur\u00e1t v\u00edzbe vagy h\u00f3ba bocs\u00e1tott\u00e1k, hogy megkeresse \u00e9s meg\u00f6lje az ellens\u00e9get.<\/p><p>Ha maga az ellens\u00e9g is hatalmas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span> volt, el tudta h\u00e1r\u00edtani a Tupilakot, s\u0151t vissza is ir\u00e1ny\u00edthatta annak alkot\u00f3j\u00e1ra, ami jelent\u0151s kock\u00e1zatot adott a gyakorlatnak.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyosan az\u00e9rt \u00e9rdekes ez a gyakorlat, mert a szervetlen \u00e9s szerves maradv\u00e1nyok megeleven\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9nek elm\u00e9let\u00e9n alapul, amely \u00f6sszefon\u00f3dik a s\u00e1m\u00e1ni seg\u00edt\u0151szellem-tan\u00edt\u00e1ssal. A Tupilak a konstrukt\u00edv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Olyan gyakorlatok, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges cselekm\u00e9nyek vagy formul\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00e1nnak beavatkozni az esem\u00e9nyek menet\u00e9be.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span> egyik form\u00e1ja, amely az inuit kozmoszban egyszerre engedett \u00e9s etikailag terhelt. Vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l a konstrukt\u00edv m\u00e1gia \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span>-megeleven\u00edt\u00e9s kever\u00e9kform\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l van sz\u00f3.<\/p><p>Maga az elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s vesz\u00e9lyes cselekm\u00e9ny volt. Akit rajta kaptak, az t\u00e1rsadalmi kik\u00f6z\u00f6s\u00edt\u00e9st, az ellens\u00e9g csal\u00e1dj\u00e1nak megtorl\u00e1s\u00e1t vagy saj\u00e1t Tupilakj\u00e1t\u00f3l val\u00f3 hal\u00e1lt kock\u00e1ztatott. Ez a kock\u00e1zati strukt\u00fara stabiliz\u00e1lta a t\u00e1rsadalmi rendet, \u00e9s a Tupilak alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t kiv\u00e9tell\u00e9 tette a szab\u00e1llyal szemben, m\u00e9g ha az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek egy gyakoribb gyakorlat benyom\u00e1s\u00e1t keltik is.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s inuit s\u00e1m\u00e1ni gyakorlatokhoz k\u00e9pest a Tupilak elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se rendk\u00edv\u00fcl r\u00e9szletesen le van \u00edrva, mivel vesz\u00e9lyes anom\u00e1li\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott, \u00e9s az etnogr\u00e1fusok ez\u00e9rt k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9st keltettek adatk\u00f6zl\u0151ikben. Ezt a forr\u00e1sbeli torz\u00edt\u00e1st tudom\u00e1nyosan reflekt\u00e1lni kell, mivel a Tupilak-gyakorlatot az \u00e9szlel\u00e9sben esetleg nagyobbnak mutatja a val\u00f3s\u00e1gosn\u00e1l.<\/p><p>Az \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tudom\u00e1ny, amely a vall\u00e1sokat \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dszerrel \u00e9s felekezeti k\u00f6t\u00f6tts\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl kutatja.\" tabindex=\"0\">vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyban<\/span> a Tupilakot annak a cirkumpol\u00e1ris vall\u00e1si topogr\u00e1fi\u00e1nak r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezik, amely t\u00f6bb ezer kilom\u00e9teren \u00e1t meglep\u0151en egys\u00e9ges szerkezetben ism\u00e9tl\u0151dik. Ez a struktur\u00e1lis stabilit\u00e1s vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l a tudom\u00e1ny\u00e1g egyik legfigyelemrem\u00e9lt\u00f3bb lelete, \u00e9s m\u00e1ig vitatott t\u00e9m\u00e1ja a kutat\u00e1snak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotropaikus ellenpraktik\u00e1k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak ellen kialakult egy bevett apotropaikus praktikak\u00e9szlet. Aki sejtette, hogy Tupilak k\u00f6zeledik fel\u00e9je, s\u00e1m\u00e1nhoz fordult, aki Tornait nev\u0171 seg\u00edt\u0151szellemei seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel el tudta fogni, azonos\u00edtani \u00e9s visszak\u00fcldeni a Tupilakot.<\/p><p>Ha a Tupilak visszat\u00e9rt alkot\u00f3j\u00e1hoz, az el\u0151ir\u00e1nyzott hal\u00e1lt hozta r\u00e1. Ez a reciprocit\u00e1s vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 mint\u00e1zat.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s v\u00e9delmi praktik\u00e1k apotropaikus amulettek visel\u00e9s\u00e9ben, az iglu bej\u00e1rat\u00e1nak meghat\u00e1rozott r\u00edtusokkal val\u00f3 lez\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1ban \u00e9s az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos tabuszab\u00e1lyok betart\u00e1s\u00e1ban \u00e1lltak, amelyek megtart\u00e1sa a Tupilakot meggyeng\u00edtette volna. E m\u00f3dszerek hat\u00e9konys\u00e1ga k\u00f6zponti hit- \u00e9s tapasztalati t\u00e9m\u00e1t alkotott, amelyet a gr\u00f6nlandi elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalom r\u00e9szletesen t\u00e1rgyal, \u00e9s amely a sz\u00f3beli korpusz jelent\u0151s r\u00e9sz\u00e9t teszi ki.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyosan figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, hogy a Tupilak-gyakorlat egyszerre hozott l\u00e9tre fenyeget\u00e9si \u00e9s v\u00e9delmi diskurzusokat. Az agressz\u00edv felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge n\u00f6velte a s\u00e1m\u00e1nok t\u00e1rsadalmi jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t v\u00e9delmi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt, \u00e9s egy\u00fattal stabiliz\u00e1lta a t\u00e1rsadalmi rendet, mivel a ny\u00edlt konfliktusokat \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban ker\u00fclt\u00e9k. A Tupilak-fenyeget\u00e9s e t\u00e1rsadalompolitikai funkci\u00f3ja vall\u00e1sszociol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si t\u00e1rgy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitol\u00f3giai \u00e9s legend\u00e1s Tupilak-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A kelet-gr\u00f6nlandi elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalom sz\u00e1mos Tupilak-t\u00f6rt\u00e9netet ismer, amelyekben a Tupilak visszat\u00e9r alkot\u00f3j\u00e1hoz, mert a v\u00e1lasztott ellens\u00e9g t\u00fal er\u0151s volt. Egy ismert elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s arr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l, hogy egy s\u00e1m\u00e1n Tupilakot ir\u00e1ny\u00edtott egy vet\u00e9lyt\u00e1rsa ellen, aki azonban felismerte annak erej\u00e9t, elh\u00e1r\u00edtotta, \u00e9s visszak\u00fcldte a felad\u00f3nak. Az alkot\u00f3 ezut\u00e1n a saj\u00e1t igluj\u00e1ban halt meg.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek t\u00e9ved\u00e9sb\u0151l \u00e1rtatlanokat \u00e9rt Tupilakokr\u00f3l sz\u00f3lnak, vagy olyanokr\u00f3l, amelyek kiker\u00fclnek alkot\u00f3juk ellen\u0151rz\u00e9se al\u00f3l, \u00e9s v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 k\u00e1rosszellemekk\u00e9nt j\u00e1rj\u00e1k a tundr\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Ezek az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nem csup\u00e1n sz\u00f3rakoztat\u00f3k, hanem etikai figyelmeztet\u00e9sk\u00e9nt is szolg\u00e1lnak: aki Tupilakokat k\u00e9sz\u00edt, saj\u00e1t \u00e9let\u00e9t kock\u00e1ztatja. Az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek didaktikus dimenzi\u00f3ja vall\u00e1soktat\u00e1si szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 toposz.<\/p><p>A Tupilak-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek a nagy gr\u00f6nlandi gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyekben, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Henrik Rinkn\u00e9l \u00e9s Mathias Storchn\u00e1l, sokszorosan adatoltak. Az inuit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hagyom\u00e1nyos n\u00e9pi kult\u00fara szok\u00e1sokkal, elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekkel \u00e9s dalokkal.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkl\u00f3ron<\/span> bel\u00fcl \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 m\u0171fajt alkotnak, \u00e9s fontos forr\u00e1skorpuszt k\u00e9peznek a hagyom\u00e1nyos s\u00e1m\u00e1ngyakorlat \u00e9s etikai diskurzus\u00e1nak tudom\u00e1nyos rekonstrukci\u00f3j\u00e1hoz.<\/p><p>Az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek egy specifikus alcsoportja \u00e1llat-hibrid jelleg\u0171 Tupilakokat t\u00e1rgyal, amelyek az \u00e1llat \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span> hat\u00e1r\u00e1n m\u0171k\u00f6dnek.<\/p><p>A Tupilak e hibrid jellege vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 jelens\u00e9g, \u00e9s \u00f6sszek\u00f6ti a Tupilak-k\u00e9pzetet az inuitok \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos transzform\u00e1ci\u00f3s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az istenr\u0151l \u00e9s egy vall\u00e1s hit\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos tan\u00edt\u00e1s.\" tabindex=\"0\">teol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1val<\/span>, amelyben az ember, az \u00e1llat \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem<\/span> hat\u00e1rai \u00e1tj\u00e1rhat\u00f3k. Itt \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si k\u00e9rd\u00e9s rejlik a hibrid l\u00e9nyek konstrukci\u00f3j\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3an.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A k\u00e1rosszellemt\u0151l a faragott figur\u00e1ig<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak-fogalom egyik jelent\u0151s \u00e1talakul\u00e1sa az 1880-as \u00e9vekben kezd\u0151d\u00f6tt Kelet-Gr\u00f6nlandon. Eur\u00f3pai l\u00e1togat\u00f3k megk\u00e9rdezt\u00e9k a s\u00e1m\u00e1nokat, hogyan n\u00e9z ki a Tupilak. Mivel az igazi Tupilak l\u00e1thatatlan vagy alaktalan volt, \u00e9s feladat\u00e1nak teljes\u00edt\u00e9se ut\u00e1n azonnal sz\u00e9tesett, a s\u00e1m\u00e1nok f\u00f3kacsontb\u00f3l, r\u00e9nszarvasagancsb\u00f3l \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb k\u0151b\u0151l faragtak modelleket. Ezek a modellek szeml\u00e9ltet\u0151 t\u00e1rgyak voltak, nem m\u00e1gikusan hat\u00e9kony Tupilak-figur\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Ezekb\u0151l a modellekb\u0151l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 k\u00e9zm\u0171ves hagyom\u00e1ny bontakozott ki. A mai gr\u00f6nlandi Tupilak-faragv\u00e1nyok torz\u00edtott, hibrid l\u00e9nyeket \u00e1br\u00e1zolnak emberi, \u00e1llati \u00e9s fantasztikus von\u00e1sokkal. Gr\u00f6nland sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra fontos gazdas\u00e1gi t\u00e9nyez\u0151t jelentenek, \u00e9s minden turistakereskedelemben jelen vannak. Az eszt\u00e9tikai v\u00e1ltozatoss\u00e1g nagy, \u00e9s az egyes farag\u00f3k egy\u00e9ni kreativit\u00e1s\u00e1t t\u00fckr\u00f6zi.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyosan ez az \u00e1talakul\u00e1s tank\u00f6nyvi p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja egy vall\u00e1si kateg\u00f3ria profaniz\u00e1l\u00f3d\u00e1s\u00e1nak. A Tupilak mint szellemi l\u00e9ny a k\u00e9pzetben nagyr\u00e9szt elt\u0171nt, a Tupilak mint faragott figura vil\u00e1gszerte ismert. Ezt a k\u00e9t r\u00e9teget pontosan el kell v\u00e1lasztani egym\u00e1st\u00f3l, ha az inuitok vall\u00e1s\u00e1t meg akarjuk \u00e9rteni. Ezt a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get a mai gr\u00f6nlandi iskol\u00e1kban \u00e9s m\u00fazeumokban kifejezetten is k\u00f6zvet\u00edtik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Tupilak \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sa m\u00e1s k\u00e1rl\u00e9nyekkel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tudom\u00e1nyos \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sban a Tupilak a konstru\u00e1lt agresszi\u00f3szellemek kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1j\u00e1ba tartozik, amelyek sok kult\u00far\u00e1ban adatoltak. Struktur\u00e1lisan rokon a h\u00e9ber G\u00f3lem, a j\u00e1vai <em>tuju<\/em>, a haiti <em>zonbi<\/em>-komplexum, \u00e9s bizonyos \u00e9rtelemben az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">antik<\/span> <em>katadesmos<\/em>-\u00e1tokt\u00e1bla is. Mindegyikben k\u00f6z\u00f6s a hat\u00e9kony l\u00e9ny c\u00e9lzott anyagi megkonstru\u00e1l\u00e1sa.<\/p><p>A cirkumpol\u00e1ris \u00f6vezeten bel\u00fcl p\u00e1rhuzamok tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k a csukcs \u00e9s a jupik hagyom\u00e1nyban, amelyek szint\u00e9n ismernek mesters\u00e9ges agresszi\u00f3szellemeket, de m\u00e1s anyagi \u00e9s ritu\u00e1lis saj\u00e1toss\u00e1gokkal. A <a href=\"\/hu\/sami-istenek\/\">sz\u00e1mi<\/a> n\u00e9pekn\u00e9l a Tupilak struktur\u00e1lisan megfelel azoknak a faragott szellemi l\u00e9nyeknek, amelyek a sz\u00e1mi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si rendszer, amelyben szak\u00e9rt\u0151k \u00e9rintkeznek a szellemvil\u00e1ggal.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1nizmusban<\/span> szerepet j\u00e1tszottak, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy k\u00f6zvetlen t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti rokons\u00e1got kellene felt\u00e9telezni.<\/p><p>A Tupilak-gyakorlat abban k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik a fekete <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Olyan gyakorlatok, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges cselekm\u00e9nyek vagy formul\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00e1nnak beavatkozni az esem\u00e9nyek menet\u00e9be.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span> nyugati k\u00e9pzeteit\u0151l, hogy els\u0151dlegesen nem tekintik etikailag elvetend\u0151nek. Kock\u00e1zatos, de az inuit \u00e9rt\u00e9krendszeren bel\u00fcl legitim, ha vesz\u00e9lyes is, lehet\u0151s\u00e9g konfliktus eset\u00e9n. Ez az etikai \u00e1ll\u00e1spont vall\u00e1sfiloz\u00f3fiai szempontb\u00f3l \u00e9rdekess\u00e9 teszi a Tupilak-gyakorlatot, \u00e9s \u00e9lesen megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti a k\u00e1ros <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Olyan gyakorlatok, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges cselekm\u00e9nyek vagy formul\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00e1nnak beavatkozni az esem\u00e9nyek menet\u00e9be.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gi\u00e1r\u00f3l<\/span> alkotott kereszt\u00e9ny-erk\u00f6lcsi k\u00e9pzetekt\u0151l.<\/p><p>Kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9sk\u00e9ppen \u00e9rdemes utalni a mezopot\u00e1miai Lamashtu-r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sokkal val\u00f3 p\u00e1rhuzamra, amelyekben szint\u00e9n megragadhat\u00f3 a k\u00e1rkonstrukci\u00f3 \u00e9s az apotropaikus gyakorlat kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3ja, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl hogy t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti kapcsolatot kellene felt\u00e9telezni.<\/p><p>Ezek a struktur\u00e1lis anal\u00f3gi\u00e1k a k\u00e1rom\u00e1gi\u00e1ra vonatkoz\u00f3 univerz\u00e1lis mint\u00e1kr\u00f3l foly\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos vit\u00e1ban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fcletet alkotnak, \u00e9s bizony\u00edt\u00e9kai az ilyen praktik\u00e1k kult\u00far\u00e1kon \u00e1t\u00edvel\u0151 struktur\u00e1lis \u00e1lland\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1nak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misszi\u00f3, tilalom \u00e9s eml\u00e9kezet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hans Egede \u00e1ltal 1721-ben Nyugat-Gr\u00f6nlandon megkezdett, majd a morva \u00e9s a d\u00e1n-luther\u00e1nus egyh\u00e1zak \u00e1ltal folytatott misszi\u00f3val a Tupilak-gyakorlat er\u0151s nyom\u00e1s al\u00e1 ker\u00fclt. \u00d6rd\u00f6ginek min\u0151s\u00edtett\u00e9k, az egyh\u00e1z megtiltotta, \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalmilag megb\u00e9lyegezt\u00e9k. Kelet-Gr\u00f6nlandon, ahol a misszion\u00e1l\u00e1s csak a 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9n v\u00e1lt intenz\u00edvv\u00e9, a gyakorlat tartotta mag\u00e1t a legtov\u00e1bb.<\/p><p>Tudom\u00e1nyosan neh\u00e9z pontosan meghat\u00e1rozni, mikor sz\u0171nt meg az igazi Tupilak-k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s. William Thalbitzer 1923-ban m\u00e9g olyan szem\u00e9lyekr\u0151l sz\u00e1mol be, akik ifj\u00fakorukban Tupilakokat k\u00e9sz\u00edtettek, vagy legal\u00e1bbis azt \u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k, hogy tett\u00e9k. A 20. sz\u00e1zad m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9ben a Tupilak m\u00e1r csak a farag\u00f3m\u0171v\u00e9szetben \u00e9s az elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 irodalomban \u00e9l tov\u00e1bb.<\/p><p>Gr\u00f6nland iskol\u00e1iban \u00e9s m\u00fazeumaiban a Tupilak-hagyom\u00e1nyt ma didaktikai gondoss\u00e1ggal k\u00f6zvet\u00edtik. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Olyan gyakorlatok, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges cselekm\u00e9nyek vagy formul\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00e1nnak beavatkozni az esem\u00e9nyek menet\u00e9be.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e1gia<\/span> \u00e9s a kort\u00e1rs m\u0171v\u00e9szet k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get kifejezetten jelzik, hogy megel\u0151zz\u00e9k a f\u00e9lre\u00e9rt\u00e9seket. Ez a pedag\u00f3giai gyakorlat vall\u00e1sdidaktikai szempontb\u00f3l \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 kutat\u00e1si ter\u00fclet, \u00e9s p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja a gyarmatviszonyok \u00e1ltal \u00e1talak\u00edtott vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9nek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai kutat\u00e1s \u00e9s recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilakkal kapcsolatos jelenlegi kutat\u00e1s els\u0151sorban mag\u00e1ban Gr\u00f6nlandon zajlik, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a nuuki Greenland National Museum and Archivesban \u00e9s a d\u00e1n egyetemek etnol\u00f3giai int\u00e9zeteiben. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne \u00e9s Jens Rosing alapvet\u0151 tanulm\u00e1nyokat tett k\u00f6zz\u00e9 a Tupilak-gyakorlatr\u00f3l \u00e9s k\u00e9pt\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9r\u0151l, amelyeket a nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1si diskurzus elismer.<\/p><p>A nemzetk\u00f6zi recepci\u00f3 megosztott. M\u00edg a tudom\u00e1nyos szakirodalom a Tupilakot t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti-ritu\u00e1lis kateg\u00f3riak\u00e9nt kezeli, a popul\u00e1ris kult\u00far\u00e1ban ezoterikus vagy dekorat\u00edv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumk\u00e9nt<\/span> val\u00f3 haszn\u00e1lata domin\u00e1l. Ez az elt\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 tudom\u00e1nyos reflexi\u00f3 t\u00e1rgya az \u0151shonos vall\u00e1sok gyarmati kisaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s az ilyen kisaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1sok etikai problematik\u00e1ja kapcs\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Az inuit diaszp\u00f3r\u00e1n bel\u00fcl a Tupilak identit\u00e1sszimb\u00f3lum maradt an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy m\u00e1gikus gyakorlatk\u00e9nt revitaliz\u00e1ln\u00e1k. Ez a kett\u0151s hozz\u00e1\u00e1ll\u00e1s, a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jel, amely egy k\u00e9pzetet vagy jelent\u00e9st helyettes\u00edtve k\u00e9pvisel.\" tabindex=\"0\">szimb\u00f3lum<\/span> meg\u0151rz\u00e9se, de a gyakorlat tudatos elhagy\u00e1sa, tudom\u00e1nyosan tanuls\u00e1gos, \u00e9s megmutatja a hagyom\u00e1nyos fogalmak szelekt\u00edv elsaj\u00e1t\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t a modern \u0151shonos identit\u00e1s\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9sben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lexikoni kapcsol\u00f3d\u00e1sok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 t\u00e9telek: <a href=\"\/hu\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/sedna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/sila-inuit\/\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/anguta\/\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/nanook\/\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/pinga\/\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/igaluk\/\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/hu\/malina\/\">Malina<\/a> \u00e9s <a href=\"\/hu\/qailertetang\/\">Qailertetang<\/a>. A <a href=\"\/hu\/inuit-vallas\/\">Inuit hagyom\u00e1ny<\/a> kultur\u00e1lis csom\u00f3pontja foglalja keretbe a vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netet. Struktur\u00e1lisan hasonl\u00f3 konstru\u00e1lt szellemek tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k a <a href=\"\/hu\/sami-istenek\/\">sz\u00e1mi<\/a> t\u00e9telsorban \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s hagyom\u00e1nyban szerte a vil\u00e1gon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Tupilak elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se az elbesz\u00e9l\u0151 hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi inuit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/span> nem sz\u00fcletett, hanem alkotott l\u00e9ny.<\/p><p>Azok szerint a le\u00edr\u00e1sok szerint, amelyek t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt Knud Rasmussen \u00f6t\u00f6dik Thule-exped\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1nak feljegyz\u00e9seib\u0151l \u00e9s r\u00e9gebbi \u00fatle\u00edr\u00e1sokb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaznak, az a szem\u00e9ly, aki egy m\u00e1sik embert meg akart k\u00e1ros\u00edtani, titokban k\u00fcl\u00f6nf\u00e9le anyagokb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00edtette el a teremtm\u00e9nyt. Csontokat, \u00e1llatr\u00e9szeket, pr\u00e9mdarabokat, inakat \u00e9s alkalmank\u00e9nt egy gyermek vagy elhunyt szem\u00e9ly test\u00e9b\u0151l vett valamit is felhaszn\u00e1ltak.<\/p><p>Ezeket az alkot\u00f3elemeket kis, sokszor alaktalan figur\u00e1v\u00e1 illesztett\u00e9k \u00f6ssze. \u00c9nekek, r\u00e1olvas\u00e1sok \u00e9s egyes le\u00edr\u00e1sok szerint a k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 saj\u00e1t test\u00e9vel val\u00f3 \u00e9rintkez\u00e9s r\u00e9v\u00e9n \u00e9letet leheltek a figur\u00e1ba. A Tupilak \u00edgy a k\u00e1ross\u00e1rk\u00e1ny eszk\u00f6ze lett: a tengerbe k\u00fcldt\u00e9k, hogy megkeressen \u00e9s meg\u00f6lj\u00f6n egy meghat\u00e1rozott <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatot<\/span>.<\/p><p>A <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny<\/span> azonban hangs\u00falyozza, hogy a Tupilak vesz\u00e9lyes volt saj\u00e1t alkot\u00f3j\u00e1ra n\u00e9zve is. Ha a kiszemelt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozat<\/span> er\u0151sebb term\u00e9szetfeletti er\u0151kkel rendelkezett, vagy maga is <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span> volt, el tudta h\u00e1r\u00edtani a Tupilakot \u00e9s visszak\u00fcldhette. A visszat\u00e9r\u0151 Tupilak ekkor meg\u00f6lte azt, aki elk\u00e9sz\u00edtette.<\/p><p>Az elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s ez\u00e9rt fokozottan kock\u00e1zatos \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalmilag el\u00edt\u00e9lt cselekm\u00e9nynek sz\u00e1m\u00edtott. E k\u00e9pzetek forr\u00e1sai kiv\u00e9tel n\u00e9lk\u00fcl k\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l gy\u0171jt\u00f6tt feljegyz\u00e9sek, amelyeket exped\u00edci\u00f3 tagjai, lelk\u00e9szek \u00e9s utaz\u00f3k r\u00f6gz\u00edtettek, \u00e9s amelyek els\u0151sorban Kelet- \u00e9s Nyugat-Gr\u00f6nlandra vonatkoznak. Ebb\u0151l nem vonhat\u00f3 le egys\u00e9ges gyakorlat az eg\u00e9sz inuit vil\u00e1g eg\u00e9sz\u00e9re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A faragott Tupilak-figur\u00e1k \u00e9s a gyarmati m\u0171t\u00e1rgyakon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A ma legismertebb Tupilak-t\u00e1rgyak fogt\u00f3l, csontb\u00f3l, agancst\u00f3l vagy f\u00e1b\u00f3l faragott kis figur\u00e1k, amelyek groteszk kever\u00e9k- \u00e9s grimaszalakokat \u00e1br\u00e1zolnak. Ezek a figur\u00e1k azonban nem azonosak a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/span> le\u00edrt k\u00e1ross\u00e1rk\u00e1ny-teremtm\u00e9nyekkel. Az eredeti Tupilak rejtett, titokban k\u00e9sz\u00edtett t\u00e1rgy volt, amelyet senki sem l\u00e1thatott, \u00e9s amelyet haszn\u00e1lat ut\u00e1n nem \u0151riztek meg.<\/p><p>A faragott figur\u00e1k csak az eur\u00f3paiakkal val\u00f3 kapcsolatban j\u00f6ttek l\u00e9tre. Utaz\u00f3k, misszion\u00e1riusok \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb turist\u00e1k meg akart\u00e1k tudni, hogyan n\u00e9z ki egy Tupilak, \u00e9s a gr\u00f6nlandiak ez\u00e9rt l\u00e1that\u00f3 k\u00e9pm\u00e1sokat alkottak annak, ami addig csak k\u00e9pzetk\u00e9nt l\u00e9tezett.<\/p><p>Ebb\u0151l az tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sb\u00f3l a 19. sz\u00e1zad v\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l, \u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a 20. sz\u00e1zadban \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 farag\u00f3m\u0171v\u00e9szet fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt ki, f\u0151leg Kelet-Gr\u00f6nlandon, Ammassalik k\u00f6rny\u00e9k\u00e9n. A Tupilak-figur\u00e1k a gr\u00f6nlandi k\u00e9zm\u0171vess\u00e9g \u00e1lland\u00f3 r\u00e9sz\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1ltak, \u00e9s ma is k\u00e9sz\u00fclnek.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra ez a fejlem\u00e9ny a gyarmati szeml\u00e9let\u0171 t\u00e1rgyt\u00f6rt\u00e9net tanuls\u00e1gos esete. Ami m\u00fazeumokban \u00e9s gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyekben Tupilakk\u00e9nt szerepel, az t\u00f6bbnyire a kontaktuskor term\u00e9ke, nem az el\u0151gyarmati ritu\u00e1lis gyakorlat tan\u00fabizonys\u00e1ga. Olyan etnol\u00f3gusok, mint William Thalbitzer, aki Kelet-Gr\u00f6nlandot a 20. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9n vizsg\u00e1lta, kor\u00e1n megnevezt\u00e9k a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get az \u00e1t\u00f6r\u00f6kl\u00f6tt fogalom \u00e9s a l\u00e1that\u00f3 figura k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>A faragott Tupilak azonban nem puszta hamis\u00edtv\u00e1ny, hanem \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 m\u0171v\u00e9szeti hagyom\u00e1ny, amely a r\u00e9gi fogalmat \u00faj, anyagi form\u00e1ba vezette \u00e1t. Minden Tupilak-t\u00e1rggyal kapcsolatos kijelent\u00e9sn\u00e9l ez\u00e9rt meg kell k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztetni, hogy az \u00e1t\u00f6r\u00f6kl\u00f6tt k\u00e9pzetr\u0151l vagy a farag\u00f3m\u0171v\u00e9szetr\u0151l van-e sz\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irodalom (v\u00e1logat\u00e1s)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1nyban<\/span> mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott <strong>bossz\u00faszellemnek<\/strong> sz\u00e1m\u00edt, amelyet egy <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si szak\u00e9rt\u0151, akinek az emberek \u00e9s a szellemvil\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9st tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00e1m\u00e1n<\/span> vagy Angakkoq csontokb\u00f3l, \u00e1llatmaradv\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l \u00e9s b\u0151rb\u0151l form\u00e1lt meg, hogy egy meghat\u00e1rozott ellenfelet el\u00e9rjen.<\/p><p>C\u00e9ltudatosan l\u00e9trehozott bossz\u00faszellemk\u00e9nt a Tupilak k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik az inuit hagyom\u00e1ny szabadon v\u00e1ndorl\u00f3 szellemi l\u00e9nyeit\u0151l, mivel egy konkr\u00e9t szem\u00e9lyre ir\u00e1nyul, \u00e9s a forr\u00e1sok szerint visszafordulhat saj\u00e1t alkot\u00f3ja ellen, mihelyt a megt\u00e1madott c\u00e9l az elv\u00e1rtn\u00e1l er\u0151sebben v\u00e9dett.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 kulcsfogalmak: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait k\u00e1rosszellem faragott figura Kelet-Gr\u00f6nland f\u00f3kacsont Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u00e9s v\u00e9d\u0151hagyom\u00e1nyok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Az iWell Guard kapcsol\u00f3dik a hordozhat\u00f3 v\u00e9d\u0151t\u00e1rgyak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti hagyom\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz, az <a href=\"\/hu\/inuit-vallas\/\">inuit<\/a> \u00e9s sok m\u00e1s kult\u00fara nyom\u00e1n. 41 r\u00e9teg, sz\u00ednarany, platina, ez\u00fcst, N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. 30 napos visszak\u00fcld\u00e9si jog.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">B\u0151vebben az iWell Guard-r\u00f3l<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az egy\u00e9ni tapasztalatok elt\u00e9rhetnek egym\u00e1st\u00f3l. Nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z. Nem tartalmaz gy\u00f3gyhat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 \u00edg\u00e9retet.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Az iWell Guard <strong>nem orvostechnikai eszk\u00f6z<\/strong>, \u00e9s nem helyettes\u00edti az orvosi vagy pszichoterapeutai kezel\u00e9st. A vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos tartalmak kult\u00fart\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9sek, nem spiritu\u00e1lis gyakorlatra vonatkoz\u00f3 aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sok.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tupilak &#8211; A gr\u00f6nlandi hagyom\u00e1ny mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott bossz\u00faszelleme A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi inuit hagyom\u00e1nyban mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott, c\u00e9ltudatosan alkalmazott l\u00e9ny, amelyet \u00e1llati \u00e9s emberi maradv\u00e1nyokb\u00f3l alkottak, \u00e9s amellyel egy s\u00e1m\u00e1n ellens\u00e9g\u00e9t meg akarta k\u00e1ros\u00edtani vagy meg akarta \u00f6lni. Ma a fogalom els\u0151sorban csontb\u00f3l vagy k\u0151b\u0151l faragott figur\u00e1k\u00e9nt ismert nemzetk\u00f6zileg. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l a mesters\u00e9gesen l\u00e9trehozott agresszi\u00f3szellemek ritka [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak inuit bossz\u00faszellem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - Bossz\u00faszellem \u00e9s faragott figura az inuitokn\u00e1l","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi inuitok mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott bossz\u00faszelleme, k\u00e9s\u0151bb faragott figura. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s \u00e9s forr\u00e1sok.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52375","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tupilak - Bossz\u00faszellem \u00e9s faragott figura az inuitokn\u00e1l<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A Tupilak a gr\u00f6nlandi inuitok mesters\u00e9gesen el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edtott bossz\u00faszelleme, k\u00e9s\u0151bb faragott figura. 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