{"id":52161,"date":"2026-07-30T14:01:41","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gilgamesh-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:02:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:02:06","slug":"gilgamesh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/gilgamesh\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgamesh"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52161\" class=\"elementor elementor-52161 elementor-3021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgamesh, Uruk kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s eposz h\u0151se<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh Uruk kir\u00e1lya, \u00e9s eposz h\u0151sk\u00e9nt az \u00e9k\u00edr\u00e1sban fennmaradt legr\u00e9gebbi nagyszab\u00e1s\u00fa emberi eposz k\u00f6zponti alakja. Gilgames az \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny minden bizonnyal legh\u00edresebb irodalmi h\u0151se.<\/p><p>Uruk mes\u00e9s kir\u00e1lyak\u00e9nt a kir\u00e1lyi list\u00e1k szerint mintegy 126 \u00e9vig uralkodik, majd f\u00e9listeni alakk\u00e1 v\u00e1lik, akinek a halhatatlans\u00e1g keres\u00e9se a r\u00f3la elnevezett eposz f\u0151t\u00e9m\u00e1ja.<\/p><p>A Gilgames-eposz kanonikus, tizenk\u00e9t t\u00e1bl\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 standardverzi\u00f3ja a vil\u00e1girodalom legkor\u00e1bbi fennmaradt alkot\u00e1sai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik, \u00e9s az emberi l\u00e9t alapvet\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9seit t\u00e1rgyalja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten \/ Istenn\u0151: Egy kult\u00fara panteonj\u00e1nak megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett legf\u0151bb hatalma, j\u00f3l meghat\u00e1rozott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel: term\u00e9szeti er\u0151k, sors, h\u00e1bor\u00fa, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g. Kultuszok, \u00e1ldozatok \u00e9s templomi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek r\u00e9v\u00e9n tisztelik.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/mezopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"A dokument\u00e1lt vall\u00e1s b\u00f6lcs\u0151je: Sumer, Akk\u00e1d, Babilon, Assz\u00edria (kb. Kr. e. 3500-t\u00f3l Kr. e. 330-ig).\">Mezopot\u00e1mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3250\" alt=\"Gilgamesh - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00edtosz \u00e9s eredet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgames t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg visszavezethet\u0151 Uruk egyik kir\u00e1ly\u00e1ra a Kr. e. 3. \u00e9vezred elej\u00e9nek koradynasztikus korszak\u00e1ban. Neve a sumer kir\u00e1lyi list\u00e1kon Uruk els\u0151 dinaszti\u00e1j\u00e1nak \u00f6t\u00f6dik kir\u00e1lyak\u00e9nt szerepel, olyan uralkod\u00f3k sor\u00e1ban, akik r\u00e9szben f\u00e9listeni jelleget hordoznak.<\/p><p>A r\u00e9gi sumer hagyom\u00e1nyban m\u00e1r f\u00e9listeninek tekintett\u00e9k, mivel anyja, Ninsun, egy kisebb istenn\u0151, Lugalband\u00e1val, egy szint\u00e9n isten\u00edtett uralkod\u00f3val \u00e1llt kapcsolatban.<\/p>\n<p>A Gilgamesr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 r\u00e9gi sumer elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nem egys\u00e9ges reg\u00e9ny, hanem egyedi dalok sorozata. Ezek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik a \u201eGilgames \u00e9s Aga&#8221;, a \u201eGilgames \u00e9s Huvava&#8221;, a \u201eGilgames \u00e9s az \u00c9gi Bika&#8221;, \u201eGilgames hal\u00e1la&#8221; \u00e9s \u201eGilgames, Enkidu \u00e9s az Alvil\u00e1g&#8221;.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Az \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni korban, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 1800 k\u00f6r\u00fcl, ezeket a dalokat egy els\u0151 \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 kompoz\u00edci\u00f3ba gy\u0171jt\u00f6tt\u00e9k \u00f6ssze, imm\u00e1r akk\u00e1d nyelven. A k\u00f6z\u00e9passz\u00edr korban, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 1200 k\u00f6r\u00fcl, elk\u00e9sz\u00fclt a tizenk\u00e9t t\u00e1bl\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 k\u00e9sei standardverzi\u00f3, amelyet Sin-leqi-unninni papnak tulajdon\u00edtanak.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Az eposz eleinte a f\u00e9kevesztett Gilgames kir\u00e1ly k\u00f6veti sors\u00e1t, aki \u00f6nhitt k\u00f6vetel\u00e9sekkel sanyargatja alattval\u00f3it. Az istenek megteremtik Enkidut, egy vadon \u00e9l\u0151 f\u00e9rfit, aki er\u0151ben m\u00e9lt\u00f3 ellenfele. Mindketten bar\u00e1tok lesznek, \u00e9s egy\u00fctt indulnak el, hogy legy\u0151zz\u00e9k a c\u00e9druserd\u0151 \u0151r\u00e9t, Humbab\u00e1t.<\/p><p>E gy\u0151zelem ut\u00e1n Gilgames megs\u00e9rti Istar istenn\u0151t, aki b\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00fcl az \u00c9gi Bik\u00e1t k\u00fcldi a v\u00e1rosra. Mindk\u00e9t h\u0151s meg\u00f6li a bik\u00e1t, mire az istenek b\u00fcntet\u00e9sk\u00e9ppen betegs\u00e9get bocs\u00e1tanak Enkidura. Hal\u00e1la m\u00e9ly \u00e9letv\u00e1ls\u00e1gba tasz\u00edtja Gilgamest, \u00e9s a halhatatlans\u00e1g keres\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00f6szt\u00f6nzi.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgames Utnapistimhez utazik, a nagy \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz t\u00fal\u00e9l\u0151j\u00e9hez, aki elmes\u00e9li neki az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9t, \u00e9s pr\u00f3bat\u00e9teleket szab el\u00e9, amelyeken Gilgames elbukik. A vissza\u00faton tal\u00e1l egy n\u00f6v\u00e9nyt, amely visszaford\u00edtan\u00e1 az \u00f6reged\u00e9st, \u00e1m azt egy k\u00edgy\u00f3 ellopja.<\/p><p>Gilgames visszat\u00e9r Urukba, \u00e9s b\u00fcszk\u00e9n szeml\u00e9li v\u00e1rosa falait: ez az \u0151 maradand\u00f3 dics\u0151s\u00e9ge. Ez a z\u00e1r\u00f3kompoz\u00edci\u00f3 az antik irodalom egyik legmegrend\u00edt\u0151bb befejez\u0151 formul\u00e1jak\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szimb\u00f3lumok \u00e9s attrib\u00fatumok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamest a k\u00e9pz\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9szetben magas termet\u0171, szak\u00e1llas, g\u00f6nd\u00f6r haj\u00fa h\u0151sk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k. Legfontosabb attrib\u00fatumai a harci bunk\u00f3, gyakran k\u00e9tfej\u0171 kivitelben, \u00e9s az \u00edj. \u00dajassz\u00edr domborm\u0171veken n\u00e9ha egy oroszl\u00e1nnal a karj\u00e1ban jelenik meg, ami k\u00e9pszer\u0171en fejezi ki f\u00f6l\u00e9nyes testi erej\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<p>Egy ikonogr\u00e1fiai hagyom\u00e1ny k\u00e9t \u00e1gaskod\u00f3 oroszl\u00e1n k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00e1ll\u00f3 h\u00e9roszk\u00e9nt \u00e1br\u00e1zolja, egy olyan poz\u00edci\u00f3ban, amely az \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai k\u00e9pprogramban az \u201e\u00c1llatok Ur\u00e1t&#8221; jel\u00f6li. Ezt a poz\u00edci\u00f3t a panteon t\u00f6bb h\u0151sfigur\u00e1ja \u00e9s istene is osztja. II. Szargon palot\u00e1j\u00e1nak Khorsabadb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 domborm\u0171vei e poz\u00edci\u00f3ban mutatj\u00e1k \u0151t, ami al\u00e1h\u00fazza alakj\u00e1nak kult\u00fark\u00f6zi kisug\u00e1rz\u00f3 erej\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je, Enkidu \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 ikonogr\u00e1fiai t\u00edpus, akit gyakran hossz\u00fa hajjal, bund\u00e1s ruh\u00e1val \u00e9s vad\u00e1llati von\u00e1sokkal \u00e1br\u00e1zolnak. A k\u00e9t h\u0151s egy\u00fctt egy \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai p\u00e1r-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvum<\/span>, amely k\u00e9s\u0151bb hasonl\u00f3 form\u00e1ban g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s perzsa elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekben is visszat\u00e9r. A szoros heroikus bar\u00e1tp\u00e1r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvum\u00e1t<\/span> Friedrich Schiller \u00e9s az \u00fajkor sz\u00e1mos m\u00e1s szerz\u0151je is felhaszn\u00e1lta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultusz \u00e9s tisztelet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamest az antik vil\u00e1g sok h\u0151s\u00e9vel ellent\u00e9tben val\u00f3ban kultikusan tisztelt\u00e9k. Az \u00f3kori sumer \u00e9s \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni kori feliratok <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Istens\u00e9gnek adott adom\u00e1ny, h\u00e1la, k\u00e9r\u00e9s vagy tisztelet kifejez\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e1ldozatokat<\/span> igazolnak, amelyeket <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">szellem\u00e9nek<\/span> a halotti gy\u00e1sz h\u00f3napj\u00e1ban mutattak be. F\u0151k\u00e9nt az alvil\u00e1gi j\u00f3sl\u00e1s \u00e9s \u00edt\u00e9lkez\u00e9s istens\u00e9gek\u00e9nt invok\u00e1lt\u00e1k, ahol a halottakat kellett fogadnia \u00e9s utat mutatnia nekik.<\/p>\n<p>Fontos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy istens\u00e9g tisztelet\u00e9nek szentelt szakr\u00e1lis hely.\" tabindex=\"0\">szent\u00e9lye<\/span> volt az uruki Eturkalama, amelyet neki \u00e9s el\u0151deinek <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vall\u00e1si cselekm\u00e9ny r\u00e9v\u00e9n a szentnek \u00e1tadott, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal a h\u00e9tk\u00f6znapib\u00f3l kiemelked\u0151.\" tabindex=\"0\">szenteltek<\/span>. Nippurban \u00e9s Babilonban is nev\u00e9t h\u00edvt\u00e1k r\u00e1olvas\u00f3 sz\u00f6vegekben \u00e9s siralomliturgik\u00e1kban. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Testi forma n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9ny, amelynek a vil\u00e1gban val\u00f3 hat\u00e1st tulajdon\u00edtanak.\" tabindex=\"0\">Szelleme<\/span> k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen hat\u00e9konynak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott a j\u00f3sl\u00e1si gyakorlatokban, mivel h\u0151sk\u00e9nt k\u00e9tszer l\u00e9pett be az alvil\u00e1gba: egyszer Enkidu visszahozatal\u00e1\u00e9rt, egyszer saj\u00e1t hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Az \u00fajassz\u00edr korban irodalmi tekint\u00e9lye t\u00f6retlen maradt, de a kultikus aspektus halv\u00e1nyult. Assurbanip\u00e1l, a nagy k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1ros-kir\u00e1ly, t\u00f6bb p\u00e9ld\u00e1nyban \u0151riztette a Gilgames-eposzt k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r\u00e1ban.<\/p><p>A fennmaradt t\u00e1bl\u00e1k nagy sz\u00e1ma ebb\u0151l a ninivei kir\u00e1lyi gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmazik. A hettit\u00e1k f\u0151v\u00e1ros\u00e1ban, Hattus\u00e1ban is k\u00e9sz\u00fclt hettita ford\u00edt\u00e1s, ami az anyag nemzetk\u00f6zi terjed\u00e9s\u00e9t bizony\u00edtja.<\/p>\n<p>A k\u00e9s\u0151-babil\u00f3ni \u00e9s szeleukida korban az irodalmi hagyom\u00e1ny halv\u00e1nyodott. \u00c1m zsid\u00f3-ar\u00e1mi \u00e9s sz\u00edr forr\u00e1sokban m\u00e9g felbukkannak a Gilgames-anyag nyomai, amelyeket gyakran m\u00e1s h\u0151s\u00f6kre \u00e9rtelmeztek \u00e1t. A k\u00f6zvetlen hagyom\u00e1ny csak a mezopot\u00e1miai \u00edr\u00e1sbelis\u00e9g teljes eltemetkez\u00e9s\u00e9vel \u00e9rt v\u00e9get a Kr. u. 1. sz\u00e1zadban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fontos m\u00edtoszok<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A f\u0151m\u0171 a tizenk\u00e9t t\u00e1bl\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 standardverzi\u00f3j\u00fa Gilgames-eposz. Az I-II. t\u00e1bla a fiatal, hatalomv\u00e1gy\u00f3 Gilgamest \u00e9s Enkidu megteremt\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00edrja le Aruru istenn\u0151 \u00e1ltal. A k\u00e9t h\u0151s tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sa, harcuk \u00e9s ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151 bar\u00e1ts\u00e1guk vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg rendk\u00edv\u00fcli, mivel a v\u00e1ros \u00e9s a steppe k\u00f6z\u00f6tti klasszikus konfliktust szeretetsz\u00f6vets\u00e9gg\u00e9 v\u00e1ltoztatja.<\/p>\n<p>A III-V. t\u00e1bla a c\u00e9druserd\u0151be tett utaz\u00e1st \u00e9s Humbaba, az erd\u0151 \u0151r\u00e9vel folytatott harcot mutatja be. Ez az epiz\u00f3d vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, mert kozmikus f\u00f6ldrajzot k\u00f6t \u00f6ssze konkr\u00e9t fakereskedelemmel. A libanoni c\u00e9drusfa-kitermel\u00e9s mezopot\u00e1miai kir\u00e1lyok val\u00f3s gazdas\u00e1gi tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9ge volt, \u00e9s az eposz mitikusan legitim\u00e1lja azt.<\/p>\n<p>A VI-VIII. t\u00e1bla tartalmazza az Istarral kapcsolatos epiz\u00f3dot, az \u00c9gi Bika meg\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s Enkidu hal\u00e1l\u00e1t. Itt a legs\u0171r\u0171bbek a vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti t\u00e9m\u00e1k.<\/p><p>Gilgames vonakod\u00e1sa, hogy feles\u00e9g\u00fcl vegye Ist\u00e1rt, \u00e9s az istenn\u0151 kor\u00e1bbi szeret\u0151inek felsorol\u00e1sa ritka pol\u00e9mia egy hatalmas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9g<\/span> ellen. Az istenek reakci\u00f3ja, hogy Enkidut hal\u00e1lra \u00edt\u00e9lik, teol\u00f3giai m\u00e9lys\u00e9get ad az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9snek.<\/p>\n<p>A IX-XI. t\u00e1bla Gilgames k\u00e9ts\u00e9gbeesett \u00fatj\u00e1nak sz\u00f3l. \u00c1thalad a napisten alag\u00fatjain, \u00e1tkel a hal\u00e1l vizein, el\u00e9ri Utnapistimot, \u00e9s meghallgatja az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st.<\/p><p>A XI. t\u00e1bla r\u00e9szletes \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-besz\u00e1mol\u00f3ja vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fontos, mivel a bibliai \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-t\u00f6rt\u00e9net p\u00e1rhuzamak\u00e9nt olvast\u00e1k, \u00e9s a 19. sz\u00e1zadban m\u00e9lyen befoly\u00e1solta a Pentateuch irodalmi el\u0151t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9r\u0151l folytatott vit\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>A XII. t\u00e1bla, egy k\u00e9s\u0151bbi kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s, Gilgames Enkidu felett \u00e9rzett gy\u00e1sz\u00e1t \u00e9s Enkidu szellem\u00e9nek az alvil\u00e1gb\u00f3l val\u00f3 visszat\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9t mutatja be. Ez a r\u00e9sz val\u00f3j\u00e1ban a \u201eGilgames, Enkidu \u00e9s az Alvil\u00e1g&#8221; sumer dal ford\u00edt\u00e1sa, \u00e9s nincs beillesztve a standardverzi\u00f3 narrat\u00edv s\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1ba, ez\u00e9rt a kutat\u00e1s f\u00fcggel\u00e9kk\u00e9nt kezeli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kapcsolatok a panteonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgames mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti alak szorosan v\u00e9ve nem r\u00e9sze a panteonnak, de hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n f\u00e9listenk\u00e9nt \u00e9s az alvil\u00e1g b\u00edr\u00e1jak\u00e9nt tisztelt\u00e9k. Anyja, Ninsun, a b\u00f6lcsess\u00e9g \u00e9s az ist\u00e1ll\u00f3gazd\u00e1lkod\u00e1s istenn\u0151je, az uruki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s vagy kult\u00fara isteneinek \u00f6sszess\u00e9ge.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> tagja. Apja, Lugalbanda, Uruk tr\u00f3nj\u00e1nak isten\u00edtett el\u0151dje volt.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151je, Enkidu nem tekinthet\u0151 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1son bel\u00fcl istenik\u00e9nt tisztelt l\u00e9ny.\" tabindex=\"0\">istens\u00e9gnek<\/span>, hanem vadon \u00e9l\u0151 teremtm\u00e9nyfigur\u00e1nak, aki hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n Ereskigal birodalm\u00e1ba l\u00e9p. Inann\u00e1val (Ist\u00e1rral), Uruk v\u00e1ros\u00e1nak istenn\u0151j\u00e9vel Gilgames konfliktusos viszonyban \u00e1ll. Samassal, a napisten \u00e9s a jog isten\u00e9vel viszont v\u00e9delmez\u0151 kapcsolatban, mivel Samaas a harci feladatokban mellette \u00e1ll.<\/p>\n<p>Utnapistimmal \u00e9s feles\u00e9g\u00e9vel a vil\u00e1g v\u00e9g\u00e9n val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s k\u00f6ti \u00f6ssze, Sidur\u00edval, a hal\u00e1l viz\u00e9nek kocsm\u00e1rosn\u0151j\u00e9vel, az emberi l\u00e9tr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 filozofikus tan\u00edt\u00e1s. Ezek a tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sok gazdag teol\u00f3giai t\u00e1jat t\u00e1rnak fel, amelyben Gilgames egyre ink\u00e1bb az olvas\u00f3 tan\u00edt\u00f3j\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lik.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgamesnek anyja, Ninsun ir\u00e1nt \u00e9rzett viszonya alapvet\u0151 fontoss\u00e1g\u00fa. Ninsun, akinek neve \u201ea vadtehenek \u00farn\u0151j\u00e9t&#8221; jelenti, Uruk v\u00e1ros\u00e1nak istenn\u0151je, akit a h\u0151s tan\u00e1csad\u00f3jak\u00e9nt \u00e9s \u00e1lomfejt\u0151jek\u00e9nt mutatnak be.<\/p><p>Az I. t\u00e1bl\u00e1n megmagyar\u00e1zza Gilgames \u00e1lmait, amelyekben Enkidu j\u00f6v\u0151beli bar\u00e1tk\u00e9nt jelenik meg. Az isteni anya e funkci\u00f3ja archaikus elem, amely Mesopotamia m\u00e1s h\u0151sepoSzaiban is, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Lugalbanda \u00e9s Etana eset\u00e9ben szerepet j\u00e1tszik.<\/p>\n<p>Apja, Lugalbanda maga is h\u0151sfigura, akinek k\u00e9t \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 sumer elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st szenteltek. A Gilgames-Lugalbanda-Ninsun theogonikus vonal Uruk v\u00e1ros\u00e1t egy h\u00e1rom nemzed\u00e9ken \u00e1t\u00edvel\u0151 isteni-kir\u00e1lyi geneal\u00f3gi\u00e1val kapcsolja \u00f6ssze. Ezt a geneal\u00f3gi\u00e1t a Sumer Kir\u00e1lylista r\u00f6gz\u00edtette, \u00e9s Uruk v\u00e1ros\u00e1nak olyan teol\u00f3giai m\u00e9lt\u00f3s\u00e1got adott, amely t\u00falmutatott az egyszer\u0171 v\u00e1rost\u00f6rt\u00e9neten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 \u00e9s hat\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gilgames-eposzt 1872-ben fejtette meg George Smith a British Museumban, ami az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-t\u00e1bla tudom\u00e1nyos szenz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t v\u00e1ltotta ki. Az\u00f3ta tucatnyi nyelvre ford\u00edtott\u00e1k le, \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos kiad\u00e1sban jelent meg.<\/p><p>Reiner Maria Rilke \u201eaz emberi irodalom egyik legnagyobb alkot\u00e1s\u00e1nak&#8221; nevezte, Carl Gustav Jung archetipikus \u00e9rtelemben az \u00f6ntudatos \u00e9n m\u00e9lys\u00e9g fel\u00e9 tett utaz\u00e1sak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezte.<\/p>\n<p>A modern irodalomban a Gilgames-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumot<\/span> sokszor feldolgozt\u00e1k, t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt Hans Henny Jahnn, Stephan Grundy, Robert Silverberg \u00e9s Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Bohuslav Martinu zeneszerz\u0151 meg\u00edrta a \u201eThe Epic of Gilgamesh&#8221; c\u00edm\u0171 kant\u00e1t\u00e1t sz\u00f3list\u00e1kra, k\u00f3rusra \u00e9s zenekarra, amelyet 1958-ban mutattak be B\u00e1zelben. K\u00e9preg\u00e9nyekben, filmekben \u00e9s j\u00e1t\u00e9kokban a h\u0151s sokf\u00e9le adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3ban felbukkan, gyakran nagy szabads\u00e1ggal az antik anyaghoz k\u00e9pest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netben az eposz k\u00f6zponti szerepet t\u00f6lt be a h\u0151s, a hal\u00e1l \u00e9s az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 kutat\u00e1s\u00e1ban. A bibliai Genesissel val\u00f3 p\u00e1rhuzamok a felfedez\u00e9s \u00f3ta teol\u00f3giai \u00e9s tudom\u00e1nyos tank\u00f6nyvek \u00e1lland\u00f3 t\u00e9m\u00e1i. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti f\u00fcgg\u0151s\u00e9g vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6s eredet k\u00e9rd\u00e9se mind a mai napig vitatott.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>A modern vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netben a Gilgames-eposz alapvet\u0151en megv\u00e1ltoztatta a bibliai \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz eredet\u00e9r\u0151l folytatott vit\u00e1t. Hermann Gunkel a \u201eGenesis&#8221; (1901) c\u00edm\u0171 munk\u00e1j\u00e1ban fogalmazta meg azt a t\u00e9zist, hogy a mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny nyelvileg \u00e9s mot\u00edvumszer\u0171en meghat\u00e1rozza a bibliai elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st.<\/span><\/p><p>Ezt a t\u00e9zist Claus Westermann \u00e1tvette nagy Genesis-komment\u00e1rj\u00e1ban, \u00e9s ma m\u00e1r konszenzusnak sz\u00e1m\u00edt. A k\u00f6zvet\u00edt\u00e9s pontos form\u00e1ja, legyen az k\u00f6zvetlen a babil\u00f3ni fogs\u00e1g r\u00e9v\u00e9n vagy a K\u00f6zel-Kelet sz\u00f3beli hagyom\u00e1nyain kereszt\u00fcl, vitatott marad.<\/p>\n<p>A modern irodalomban Gilgames egy bar\u00e1t elveszt\u00e9se ut\u00e1ni \u00e9rtelemkeres\u00e9s jelk\u00e9p\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stefan Heym \u201eDas Buch von Gilgamesch&#8221; (1972), Joan London \u201eGilgamesh&#8221; (2001) \u00e9s Robert Silverberg \u201eGilgamesh the King&#8221; (1984) c\u00edm\u0171 reg\u00e9nye a legfontosabb irodalmi adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3k. A filmben Andrej Tarkovszkij \u201eStalker&#8221; (1979) c\u00edm\u0171 alkot\u00e1sa Gilgames-mot\u00edvumokkal \u00e1tsz\u0151tt, amelyet feljegyz\u00e9seiben kifejezetten megeml\u00edtett.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos besorol\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George \u201eThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221; kiad\u00e1s\u00e1ban rekonstru\u00e1lta a k\u00e9zirati hagyom\u00e1nyt, \u00e9s \u00f3kori keleti kontextus\u00e1ban elemezte az eposzt. Munk\u00e1ja alapm\u0171nek sz\u00e1m\u00edt, \u00e9s d\u00f6nt\u0151en meghat\u00e1rozta az anyag tudom\u00e1nyos meg\u00e9rt\u00e9s\u00e9t. Stefan Maul t\u00f6bb tanulm\u00e1ny\u00e1ban az eposz m\u00e1gikus-ritu\u00e1lis aspektusait elemezte.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen a Gilgames-anyagban a hal\u00e1lr\u00f3l \u00e9s a meghal\u00e1sr\u00f3l val\u00f3 reflexi\u00f3 \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai form\u00e1j\u00e1t l\u00e1tja. Felfog\u00e1sa szerint az eposz nem els\u0151sorban h\u0151si reg\u00e9ny, hanem a v\u00e9gess\u00e9g teol\u00f3giai megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9se. Jean Bott\u00e9ro a sz\u00f6veg t\u00e1rsadalmi funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t hangs\u00falyozza: m\u00e1sol\u00f3inasok iskolai foglalkoz\u00e1sokon m\u00e1solt\u00e1k le, \u00e9s \u00edgy az \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai elit m\u0171vel\u0151d\u00e9si alapj\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley \u00e9s Wilfred Lambert ford\u00edt\u00e1sokat \u00e9s komment\u00e1rokat tett k\u00f6zz\u00e9, amelyek a m\u0171vet sz\u00e9lesebb k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra tett\u00e9k hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9. Walther Sallaberger rekonstru\u00e1lta az \u00f3kori sumer el\u0151zm\u00e9nyeket. A kutat\u00e1s ma a Gilgames-eposzt az \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai magaskult\u00fara egyik legfontosabb \u00f6nvallom\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00e9s a haland\u00f3s\u00e1gr\u00f3l, bar\u00e1ts\u00e1gr\u00f3l \u00e9s dics\u0151s\u00e9gr\u0151l val\u00f3 korai magaskult\u00farabeli reflexi\u00f3 kulcssz\u00f6veg\u00e9nek tekinti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A standardverzi\u00f3 \u00e9s Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gilgames-eposz irodalmilag legismertebb form\u00e1ja az \u00fagynevezett standardverzi\u00f3, egy tizenk\u00e9t t\u00e1bl\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e1ll\u00f3 akk\u00e1d kompoz\u00edci\u00f3, amelyet a Kr. e. 2. \u00e9vezred k\u00f6zep\u00e9n \u00e1ll\u00edtottak \u00f6ssze \u201eSha naqba imuru&#8221;, vagyis \u201eAki mindent l\u00e1tott&#8221; c\u00edm alatt.<\/p><p>Az <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f3kori<\/span> hagyom\u00e1ny a szerkeszt\u00e9st Sin-leqi-unninni nev\u0171 babil\u00f3ni tud\u00f3snak tulajdon\u00edtja, egy var\u00e1zsl\u00f3nak \u00e9s \u00edrnoknak, aki val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg a k\u00f6z\u00e9pbabil\u00f3ni korban (Kr. e. 12. sz\u00e1zad) tev\u00e9kenykedett.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Neve ninivei \u00edrnoklajstromokban szerepel mint \u201eaz, aki \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00edtotta a t\u00e1bl\u00e1kat&#8221;. Andrew George monument\u00e1lis \u201eThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221; (Oxford, 2003) kiad\u00e1s\u00e1ban apr\u00f3l\u00e9kosan rekonstru\u00e1lta a sz\u00f6vegt\u00f6rt\u00e9netet, \u00e9s kollacion\u00e1lta a Niniv\u00e9b\u0151l, Sultantepe-b\u0151l, Babilonb\u00f3l, Urukb\u00f3l \u00e9s Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00e1b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 forr\u00e1sokat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A standardverzi\u00f3 tizenk\u00e9t t\u00e1bl\u00e1ra tagol\u00f3dik. Az I-II. t\u00e1bla Enkidu megteremt\u00e9s\u00e9vel \u00e9s Gilgamessel val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1s\u00e1val foglalkozik. A III-V. t\u00e1bla a c\u00e9druserd\u0151be tett utaz\u00e1st \u00e9s Humbab\u00e1val folytatott harcot mutatja be. A VI. t\u00e1bla az Ist\u00e1rral val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sr\u00f3l \u00e9s az \u00c9gi Bika meg\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A VII. t\u00e1bla tartalmazza Enkidu hal\u00e1l\u00e1t \u00e9s Gilgames gy\u00e1sz\u00e1t. A VIII-XI. t\u00e1bla Gilgames halhatatlans\u00e1g-keres\u00e9s\u00e9nek t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9t mes\u00e9li el, bele\u00e9rtve a mezopot\u00e1miai N\u00f3\u00e9val, Utnapistimmal val\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1st \u00e9s az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st. A XII. t\u00e1bla sumer kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s, amely f\u00fcggel\u00e9kk\u00e9nt a \u201eGilgames, Enkidu \u00e9s az Alvil\u00e1g&#8221; sz\u00f6veg\u00e9b\u0151l egy r\u00e9szletet k\u00f6z\u00f6l.<\/p>\n<p>A XI. t\u00e1bl\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s a vil\u00e1girodalom egyik legh\u00edresebb epiz\u00f3dja. Utnapistim elmes\u00e9li Gilgamesnek, hogyan figyelmeztette Enki a nagy \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edzre, amelyet Enlil isten m\u00e9rt az emberis\u00e9gre. Utnapistim b\u00e1rk\u00e1t \u00e9p\u00edtett, amelybe mentette csal\u00e1dj\u00e1t, az \u00f6sszes \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9nyt \u00e9s a tud\u00e1st.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz h\u00e9t napja ut\u00e1n a b\u00e1rka a Nisir-hegyen k\u00f6t\u00f6tt ki, \u00e9s az istenek halhatatlann\u00e1 tett\u00e9k Utnapistimot. Az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9st el\u0151sz\u00f6r 1872-ben publik\u00e1lta George Smith a Brit M\u00fazeumban, \u00e9s tudom\u00e1nyos \u00e9s teol\u00f3giai szenz\u00e1ci\u00f3t v\u00e1ltott ki, mivel a bibliai \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s lehets\u00e9ges mezopot\u00e1miai el\u0151k\u00e9p\u00e9re utalt.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d3kori babil\u00f3ni verzi\u00f3k \u00e9s a Bilgames-sz\u00f6vegek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A standardverzi\u00f3 el\u0151tt t\u00f6bb \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni v\u00e1ltozat l\u00e9tezett a Kr. e. 18. sz\u00e1zadb\u00f3l, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a Pennsylvania-t\u00e1bla \u00e9s a Yale-t\u00e1bla, amelyeket mindk\u00e9t esetben akad\u00e9miai tanul\u00f3k m\u00e1soltak le \u00edr\u00e1sgyakorlatk\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Ezek az \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni verzi\u00f3k r\u00e9szben lakonikusabbak \u00e9s liturgikusan mozg\u00e9konyabbak a standardverzi\u00f3n\u00e1l, \u00e9s olyan vari\u00e1ci\u00f3kat tartalmaznak, amelyek a Gilgames-Enkidu-kapcsolat szerencs\u00e9s v\u00e9g\u00e9t sejtetik. A Pennsylvania-t\u00e1bla Enkidu anyja, Ninsun \u00e1ltal tett \u00e1lomszer\u0171 el\u0151rejelz\u00e9s\u00e9vel kezd\u0151dik, egy jelenettel, amelyet a standardverzi\u00f3 ler\u00f6vid\u00edtve ad vissza.<\/p>\n<p>Az \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni verzi\u00f3k el\u0151tt l\u00e9tezik egy sumer hagyom\u00e1ny, amelyben Gilgames a Bilgames n\u00e9v alatt \u00f6t \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben szerepel.<\/p><p>Ezek a Bilgames-sz\u00f6vegek: a \u201eBilgames \u00e9s Aga&#8221;, Uruk ostrom\u00e1nak bemutat\u00e1sa a szomsz\u00e9dos Aga kir\u00e1ly \u00e1ltal; a \u201eBilgames \u00e9s Huvava&#8221;, a Humbaba-epiz\u00f3d el\u0151zm\u00e9nye; a \u201eBilgames \u00e9s az \u00c9gi Bika&#8221;; a \u201eBilgames, Enkidu \u00e9s az Alvil\u00e1g&#8221;; \u00e9s \u201eBilgames hal\u00e1la&#8221;.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ez az \u00f6t sumer sz\u00f6veg r\u00e9gebbi az akk\u00e1d hagyom\u00e1nyn\u00e1l, \u00e9s visszany\u00falik Ur harmadik dinaszti\u00e1j\u00e1nak kor\u00e1ba (Kr. e. 21. sz\u00e1zad). Teljes, angol ford\u00edt\u00e1st is tartalmaz\u00f3 kiad\u00e1st Andrew George tett k\u00f6zz\u00e9 a \u201eThe Epic of Gilgamesh&#8221; (Penguin Classics, 1999) k\u00f6tetben.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen fontos forr\u00e1s \u201eBilgames hal\u00e1la&#8221;, egy sz\u00f6veg, amely a h\u0151s hal\u00e1l\u00e1t \u00e9s temetkez\u00e9s\u00e9t mutatja be. Gilgamest az alvil\u00e1gban b\u00edr\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00e1ll\u00edtj\u00e1k be, egy olyan funkci\u00f3ban, amely k\u00e9s\u0151bb az r\u00e1olvas\u00f3 sz\u00f6vegekben is megjelenik.<\/p><p>Ez a kett\u0151s szerep mint a m\u00falt h\u0151se \u00e9s a halottak b\u00edr\u00e1ja mezopot\u00e1miai h\u0151sfigur\u00e1kra jellemz\u0151 konstrukci\u00f3. Aage Westenholz \u00e9s Antoine Cavigneaux t\u00f6bb tanulm\u00e1nyban elemezte e sz\u00f6veg jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t a mezopot\u00e1miai eszkatol\u00f3gia szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A kutat\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net \u00e9s a hat\u00e1svonalak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Gilgames-eposz felfedez\u00e9se 1853-ban kezd\u0151d\u00f6tt Hormuzd Rassam \u00e1sat\u00e1saival Assurbanip\u00e1l ninivei k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r\u00e1ban. Az agyagt\u00e1bl\u00e1kat a British Museumba sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k, ahol George Smith fejtette meg \u0151ket.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u201eThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge&#8221; c\u00edm\u0171 el\u0151ad\u00e1sa a Society of Biblical Archaeology el\u0151tt 1872. december 3-\u00e1n a Daily Telegraph t\u00e1rsfinansz\u00edroz\u00e1s\u00e1val zajlott, \u00e9s a modern assziriol\u00f3gia kezdetek\u00e9nt tartj\u00e1k sz\u00e1mon.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith ezut\u00e1n Niniv\u00e9be utazott, \u00e9s 1873-ban \u00fajabb t\u00f6red\u00e9keket tal\u00e1lt, amelyek kieg\u00e9sz\u00edtett\u00e9k a m\u0171vet. \u201eThe Chaldean Account of Genesis&#8221; (1876) kiad\u00e1sa a sz\u00e9les k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra tette hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 az eposzt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>A modern kiad\u00e1sok nagyr\u00e9szt Andrew George 2003-as munk\u00e1j\u00e1t k\u00f6vetik, a Sultantepe-b\u0151l (Jeffrey Tigay \u00e1ltal 1982-ben publik\u00e1lt), Ugaritb\u00f3l (Daniel Arnaud \u00e1ltal 2007-ben publik\u00e1lt) \u00e9s Hattus\u00e1b\u00f3l (Bogazk\u00f6y, hettita \u00e9s hurri ford\u00edt\u00e1sban) sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 leletekkel.<\/span><\/p><p>Ezek a r\u00e9gi\u00f3kon \u00e1t\u00edvel\u0151 leletek igazolj\u00e1k, hogy az eposz a Kr. e. 2. \u00e9vezredben t\u00f6bb nyelven \u00e9s a K\u00f6zel-Kelet sz\u00e1mos kult\u00far\u00e1j\u00e1ban keringett, a Levant\u00e9t\u0151l Anat\u00f3li\u00e1ig.<\/p>\n<p>A hat\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net szerte\u00e1gaz\u00f3. A bibliai kutat\u00e1sban a Gilgames \u00e9s a h\u00e9ber Biblia k\u00f6z\u00f6tti p\u00e1rhuzamokr\u00f3l folytatott vita George Smith \u00f3ta visszat\u00e9r\u0151 t\u00e9ma. Frank Moore Cross, John Day \u00e9s Othmar Keel a Gilgames-anyag nyomait azonos\u00edtotta az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben, J\u00f3bban \u00e9s a Zsolt\u00e1rokban.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A modern irodalomban Rainer Maria Rilke (levelekben), Jorge Luis Borges (elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sekben) \u00e9s Philip Roth (a \u201eThe Counterlife&#8221; c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171ben) recepcion\u00e1lta az eposzt. A n\u00e9met ford\u00edt\u00e1st Albert Schott \u00e9s Wolfram von Soden k\u00e9sz\u00edtette (Reclam, 1958), \u00e9s ez a m\u0171 a n\u00e9met nyelv\u0171 t\u00e9rs\u00e9gben meghonos\u00edtotta az alkot\u00e1st.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi irodalom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A g\u00f6r\u00f6g \u00e9s r\u00f3mai kult\u00fara korszaka, k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl Kr. e. 800-t\u00f3l Kr. u. 600-ig.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00d3kori<\/span> forr\u00e1sok: Sumer Gilgames-dalok (\u201eGilgames \u00e9s Huvava&#8221;, \u201eGilgames \u00e9s az \u00c9gi Bika&#8221;, \u201eGilgames hal\u00e1la&#8221;), \u00f3kori babil\u00f3ni t\u00f6red\u00e9kek, a Gilgames-eposz standardverzi\u00f3ja 12 t\u00e1bl\u00e1n, hattusai hettita ford\u00edt\u00e1s, Assurbanip\u00e1l k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r\u00e1b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 ninivei t\u00e1bl\u00e1k.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Kutat\u00e1si irodalom: Andrew George, \u201eThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221;, Oxford, 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u201eThe Treasures of Darkness&#8221;, New Haven, 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u201eMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago, 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Tov\u00e1bbi alapm\u0171vek az <a href=\"\/hu\/irodalom\/\">irodalomjegyz\u00e9kben<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gilgamesh, Uruk kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s eposz h\u0151se Gilgamesh Uruk kir\u00e1lya, \u00e9s eposz h\u0151sk\u00e9nt az \u00e9k\u00edr\u00e1sban fennmaradt legr\u00e9gebbi nagyszab\u00e1s\u00fa emberi eposz k\u00f6zponti alakja. Gilgames az \u00f3kori mezopot\u00e1miai hagyom\u00e1ny minden bizonnyal legh\u00edresebb irodalmi h\u0151se. Uruk mes\u00e9s kir\u00e1lyak\u00e9nt a kir\u00e1lyi list\u00e1k szerint mintegy 126 \u00e9vig uralkodik, majd f\u00e9listeni alakk\u00e1 v\u00e1lik, akinek a halhatatlans\u00e1g keres\u00e9se a r\u00f3la elnevezett eposz f\u0151t\u00e9m\u00e1ja. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgamesh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgamesh - Uruk kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s eposz h\u0151se | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgamesh a mezopot\u00e1miai h\u0151s \u00e9s Uruk kir\u00e1lya. A Gilgames-eposz f\u0151szerepl\u0151je, a halhatatlans\u00e1g keres\u00e9se, az \u00f6z\u00f6nv\u00edz-elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9s.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52161","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gilgamesh - Uruk kir\u00e1lya \u00e9s eposz h\u0151se | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gilgamesh a mezopot\u00e1miai h\u0151s \u00e9s Uruk kir\u00e1lya. 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