{"id":52135,"date":"2026-07-30T13:59:38","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T13:59:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/buddha-gautama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T14:00:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T14:00:10","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hu\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"52135\" class=\"elementor elementor-52135 elementor-3035\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sziddh\u00e1rtha Gautama mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szem\u00e9ly a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get kell tenni a biografikusan megragadhat\u00f3 tan\u00edt\u00f3i alak \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi mitikus-vall\u00e1si \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/p><p>B\u00e1r tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek sarokpontjai az id\u0151sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sunk el\u0151tti 5. sz\u00e1zadi \u00c9szakkelat-Indi\u00e1ban lokaliz\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, \u00e9letle\u00edr\u00e1sa a kanonikus sz\u00f6vegekben m\u00e1r er\u0151sen hagiografikus jelleg\u0171. A mai kutat\u00e1s ez\u00e9rt kett\u0151s olvasatot k\u00f6vet, amely a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9get \u00e9s a vall\u00e1si jelent\u00e9stulajdon\u00edt\u00e1st k\u00fcl\u00f6n kezeli.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Isten \/ Istenn\u0151: Egy kult\u00fara panteonj\u00e1nak megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edtett legf\u0151bb hatalma, j\u00f3l meghat\u00e1rozott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00f6kkel: term\u00e9szeti er\u0151k, sors, h\u00e1bor\u00fa, term\u00e9kenys\u00e9g. Kultuszok, \u00e1ldozatok \u00e9s templomi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyek r\u00e9v\u00e9n tisztelik.\">Isten<\/span><a href=\"\/hu\/buddhizmus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhista hagyom\u00e1ny b\u00f3dhiszattv\u00e1kkal, v\u00e9d\u0151istens\u00e9gekkel, \u00e9hes szellemekkel \u00e9s pokol\u0151r\u00f6kkel.\">Buddhizmus<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Ezen az oldalon nem tal\\u00e1lhat\\u00f3 c\\u00edmsor.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTartalomjegyz\u00e9k\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3273\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szem\u00e9ly \u00e9s dat\u00e1l\u00e1s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sok\u00e1ig az \u00fagynevezett &#8222;hossz\u00fa kronol\u00f3gia&#8221; sz\u00e1m\u00edtott standardnak, amelynek sarokadatai i. e. 563 \u00e9s 483 voltak.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert az 1980-as \u00e9vekt\u0151l kezdve t\u00f6bb k\u00f6tetben (&#8222;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, G\u00f6ttingen 1991-1997) kritikusan \u00fajra\u00e9rt\u00e9kelte a forr\u00e1sokat, \u00e9s meger\u0151s\u00edtette a &#8222;r\u00f6vid kronol\u00f3gia&#8221; melletti \u00e9rveket, amely i. e. 480 \u00e9s 400 k\u00f6r\u00fcli \u00e9lettartamot val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00edt.<\/p><p>A nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1s az\u00f3ta i. e. 410 \u00e9s 380 k\u00f6z\u00e9 teszi a hal\u00e1l d\u00e1tum\u00e1t. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (&#8222;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982) kor\u00e1bban m\u00e9g a hosszabb adatokat v\u00e9delmezte.<\/p><p>Ez a vita nem z\u00e1rult le, m\u00f3dszertanilag azonban megmutatta, hogy a dat\u00e1l\u00e1s a Maurja-kir\u00e1lyok, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen As\u00f3ka kronol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg, \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt relat\u00edvan, nem abszol\u00fat m\u00f3don biztos.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9letrajzi magk\u00e9nt elfogadott: Sziddh\u00e1rtha a S\u00e1kja t\u00f6rzs ter\u00fclet\u00e9n, a Himal\u00e1ja d\u00e9li l\u00e1b\u00e1n\u00e1l fekv\u0151 Lumbiniban sz\u00fcletett; apja, Szuddhodana arisztokrata vagy v\u00e1lasztott t\u00f6rzsf\u0151n\u00f6k volt, nem \u00f6r\u00f6k\u00f6s kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben. Lumbini a mai Nep\u00e1lban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, k\u00f6zel az indiai hat\u00e1rhoz.<\/p><p>A helysz\u00edn azonos\u00edt\u00e1sa az i. e. 3. sz\u00e1zadban \u00e1ll\u00edtott lumbinii As\u00f3ka-oszlopra vezethet\u0151 vissza, amely n\u00e9vszerint jel\u00f6li meg a sz\u00fclet\u00e9si helyet. Klaus-Josef Notz (&#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002) ezt a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba v\u00e9sett vagy metszett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">feliratot<\/span> tartja a legkor\u00e1bbi r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti bizony\u00edt\u00e9knak, amely Buddh\u00e1t konkr\u00e9t helyhez k\u00f6ti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az \u00e9letle\u00edr\u00e1s a p\u00e1li k\u00e1nonban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az \u00e9let\u00fat lez\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1nak legr\u00e9szletesebb kanonikus forr\u00e1sa a Mah\u00e1parinibb\u00e1na-szutta (D\u00edgha Nik\u00e1ja 16). Le\u00edrja az utols\u00f3 h\u00f3napokat, a R\u00e1dzsagrih\u00e1b\u00f3l Kusin\u00e1gar\u00e1ba vezet\u0151 utat \u00e9s a k\u00e9t sz\u00e1lafa k\u00f6z\u00f6tt bek\u00f6vetkez\u0151 hal\u00e1lt. A sz\u00f6veget \u00f6sszetett kompoz\u00edci\u00f3k\u00e9nt \u00e9rt\u00e9kelik: v\u00e1ndorl\u00e1sikr\u00f3nik\u00e1t \u00f6tv\u00f6z tan\u00edt\u00f3besz\u00e9dekkel \u00e9s a temet\u00e9si szertart\u00e1s le\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1val.<\/p><p>M\u00e1s sz\u00f6vegek, mint az \u00c1riyapariy\u00e9szan\u00e1-szutta (Maddzshima Nik\u00e1ja 26), egyes sz\u00e1m els\u0151 szem\u00e9lyben sz\u00e1molnak be a megismer\u00e9s keres\u00e9sr\u0151l, a sz\u00fcl\u0151i h\u00e1zb\u00f3l val\u00f3 elvonul\u00e1sr\u00f3l \u00e9s az aszketikus tan\u00edt\u00f3kkal, \u00c1l\u00e1ra K\u00e1l\u00e1m\u00e1val \u00e9s Uddaka R\u00e1maputt\u00e1val val\u00f3 szak\u00edt\u00e1sr\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A Lalitavisztara, egy i. sz. 3-4. sz\u00e1zadi szanszkrit sz\u00f6veg, kozmikus csod\u00e1kkal d\u00edsz\u00edtett hagiogr\u00e1fi\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u0151v\u00edti ezeket a tud\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sokat.<\/p>\n<p>A h\u00edres &#8222;n\u00e9gy kir\u00e1ndul\u00e1s&#8221;, amelynek sor\u00e1n az ifj\u00fa Sziddh\u00e1rtha egy aggot, egy beteget, egy holtat \u00e9s egy v\u00e1ndor aszk\u00e9t\u00e1t pillant meg, a k\u00e1non legr\u00e9gibb r\u00e9teganyag\u00e1ban nem ebben az \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u0151 form\u00e1ban adatolhat\u00f3.<\/p><p>Ezek egy teol\u00f3giai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tartalmi elem a m\u0171v\u00e9szetben vagy az elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sben.\" tabindex=\"0\">mot\u00edvumot<\/span> s\u0171r\u00edtenek \u00f6ssze, amely a muland\u00f3s\u00e1ggal val\u00f3 szembes\u00fcl\u00e9st az elvonul\u00e1s kiv\u00e1lt\u00f3jak\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezi. Edward Conze (&#8222;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953) r\u00e1mutatott, hogy narrat\u00edv kompoz\u00edci\u00f3r\u00f3l van sz\u00f3, amely r\u00e9gebbi elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9smint\u00e1kat vesz \u00e1t a buddhizmus el\u0151tti aszk\u00e9ta-irodalomb\u00f3l.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tan\u00edt\u00e1s \u00e9s a N\u00e9gy Nemes Igazs\u00e1g<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A sz\u00e1rnathi pr\u00e9dik\u00e1ci\u00f3, a Dhammacakkappavattana-szutta (Szamjutta Nik\u00e1ja 56.11), megfogalmazza a n\u00e9gy &#8222;Nemes Igazs\u00e1got&#8221;: a l\u00e9t szenved\u00e9ssel teli (dukkha), a szenved\u00e9snek oka van a v\u00e1gyakoz\u00e1sban (tanh\u00e1), a szenved\u00e9s megsz\u00fcntet\u00e9se lehets\u00e9ges (nir\u00f3dha), \u00e9s van egy oda vezet\u0151 \u00fat, a nyolcr\u00e9szes \u00f6sv\u00e9ny (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>A nyolc tag a helyes szeml\u00e9let, a helyes sz\u00e1nd\u00e9k, a helyes besz\u00e9d, a helyes cselekedet, a helyes meg\u00e9lhet\u00e9s, a helyes er\u0151fesz\u00edt\u00e9s, a helyes \u00e9bers\u00e9g \u00e9s a helyes elm\u00e9ly\u00fcl\u00e9s. Ez a feloszt\u00e1s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonban<\/span> t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is adatolhat\u00f3, \u00e9s a legr\u00e9gebbi rendszeres tan\u00edt\u00e1si magnak sz\u00e1m\u00edt, amely a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Buddh\u00e1nak plausibilisan tulajdon\u00edthat\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (&#8222;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996) a N\u00e9gy Igazs\u00e1got az \u00f3kori indiai orvosi diagnosztika keret\u00e9be helyezi: t\u00fcnet, ok, gy\u00f3gy\u00edthat\u00f3s\u00e1g, ter\u00e1pia. Ezt az orvosi h\u00e1tteret a p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> t\u00f6bb helyen is explicitt\u00e9 teszi, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul amikor Buddha \u00f6nmag\u00e1t &#8222;orvosk\u00e9nt&#8221; jel\u00f6li meg. A tan\u00edt\u00e1s teh\u00e1t nem spekulat\u00edv jelleg\u0171, hanem a gyakorlati felszabadul\u00e1sra ir\u00e1nyul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Szangha \u00e9s a tan\u00edt\u00f3i tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A B\u00f3dh Gaj\u00e1ban szerzett megvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s ut\u00e1n 45 \u00e9ves tan\u00edt\u00f3i tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g k\u00f6vetkezett, amely Magadha, K\u00f3szala \u00e9s Videha ter\u00fclet\u00e9re \u00f6sszpontosult. A legr\u00e9gebbi szerzetesi k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gek Sz\u00e1rnatban, R\u00e1dzsagrih\u00e1ban (Veluvan\u00e1-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szent fa\u00e1llom\u00e1ny, amely kultuszhelyk\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt.\" tabindex=\"0\">liget<\/span>) \u00e9s Sr\u00e1vasztiban (Dzs\u00e9tavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szent fa\u00e1llom\u00e1ny, amely kultuszhelyk\u00e9nt szolg\u00e1lt.\" tabindex=\"0\">liget<\/span>) j\u00f6ttek l\u00e9tre. Az ut\u00f3bbit \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3lag An\u00e1thapindika keresked\u0151 adom\u00e1nyozta a rendnek.<\/p><p>A Szangha n\u00e9gy csoportra tagol\u00f3dott: szerzetesek (bhikkhu), ap\u00e1c\u00e1k (bhikkhuni), f\u00e9rfi \u00e9s n\u0151i vil\u00e1gi k\u00f6vet\u0151k. A n\u0151k befogad\u00e1sa, amelyet \u00c1nanda \u00e9s a nevel\u0151anya, Mah\u00e1padzs\u00e1g\u00e1pati k\u00f6zvet\u00edtett, a Cullavagga (Vinaja-Pitaka) r\u00e9v\u00e9n maradt r\u00e1nk. A kutat\u00e1s ezt az \u00f3kori indiai vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9net szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l szokatlan l\u00e9p\u00e9snek tekinti, amelynek t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti megb\u00edzhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga azonban vitatott.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Szimb\u00f3lumok, ikonogr\u00e1fia \u00e9s erekly\u00e9k<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A legkor\u00e1bbi buddhista m\u0171v\u00e9szet, \u00edgy a Szancsi \u00e9s Bharhut reliefek (i. e. 2-1. sz\u00e1zad), nem ismer antropomorf Buddha-\u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1st.<\/p><p>A tan\u00edt\u00f3t \u00fcres tr\u00f3nok, l\u00e1bnyomok, a Tan\u00edt\u00e1s Kereke (dharmacakra), a B\u00f3dhi-fa \u00e9s a szt\u00fapa szimboliz\u00e1lja. Csak a gandh\u00e1rai iskola az i. sz. 1-3. sz\u00e1zadban, a hellenisztikus szobr\u00e1szat hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra, dolgozta ki az emberi alak\u00fa ikonogr\u00e1fi\u00e1t.<\/p><p>A k\u00e9s\u0151bbi sz\u00f6vegek harminck\u00e9t &#8222;f\u0151ismertet\u0151jegye&#8221; (mah\u00e1puruszalakszana), k\u00f6zt\u00fck az usn\u00edsa (koponyakiemelked\u00e9s), az urna (homlokhaj), a megny\u00falt f\u00fclcimp\u00e1k \u00e9s a talpak l\u00f3tuszlenyomatai formaliz\u00e1lj\u00e1k az \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1st. A k\u00e9zmozdulatok (mudr\u00e1k) tan\u00edt\u00e1si helyzeteket k\u00f3dolnak: a f\u00f6ld meg\u00e9rint\u00e9se (bh\u00famisparsa), a f\u00e9lelem n\u00e9lk\u00fclis\u00e9g gesztusa (abhaja), a tan\u00edt\u00e1s gesztusa (dharmacakra) \u00e9s az elm\u00e9ly\u00fcl\u00e9s gesztusa (dhj\u00e1na).<\/p>\n<p>A parinirv\u00e1na ut\u00e1n a hamut \u00e9s a csontmaradv\u00e1nyokat nyolc kir\u00e1lys\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tt osztott\u00e1k fel, \u00e9s szt\u00fap\u00e1kban helyezt\u00e9k el. \u00c1ll\u00edt\u00f3lag As\u00f3ka az i. e. 3. sz\u00e1zadban \u00fajra felnyitotta ezeket a szt\u00fap\u00e1kat, \u00e9s az erekly\u00e9ket 84 000 \u00faj \u00e9p\u00edtm\u00e9nyre osztotta sz\u00e9t.<\/p><p>Ez a sz\u00e1m szimbolikus, a r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti leletek azonban a szt\u00fapa-kultusz jelent\u0151s b\u0151v\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re utalnak a Maurja-korban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hat\u00e1s \u00e9s vall\u00e1si \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A mah\u00e1j\u00e1na buddhizmusban, amely i. e. 1. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l kezdve alakul ki, a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Buddha mell\u00e9 egy &#8222;h\u00e1romtest\u0171&#8221; tan (trik\u00e1ja) l\u00e9p: az \u00e1talakul\u00e1si test (nirmanak\u00e1ja), amelyben Sziddh\u00e1rtha mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szem\u00e9ly jelent meg, az \u00e9lvezeti test (szambh\u00f3gak\u00e1ja) \u00e9s a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Az indiai vall\u00e1sokban a tan\u00edt\u00e1s \u00e9s a helyes cselekv\u00e9s rendje.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>-test (dharmak\u00e1ja) mint id\u0151tlen igazs\u00e1g.<\/p><p>A Szaddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatr\u00e1ban<\/span> (L\u00f3tusz-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatra<\/span>, kb. i. sz. 1. sz\u00e1zad) S\u00e1kjamuni csup\u00e1n egy v\u00e9gtelen id\u0151k el\u0151tt megvil\u00e1gosodott l\u00e9ny egyik megjelen\u00e9si form\u00e1ja. Donald Lopez (&#8222;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001) ezt az eltol\u00f3d\u00e1st vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos\u00edt\u00e1sk\u00e9nt mutatja be, amelynek sor\u00e1n az egyedi szem\u00e9ly kozmikus funkci\u00f3v\u00e1 v\u00e1lik.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell \u00e9s Donald Lopez (&#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014) r\u00e1mutatnak, hogy a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti-kritikai Buddha-kutat\u00e1s \u00e9s a vall\u00e1si Buddha-tisztelet a modern \u00e1zsiai buddhizmusban nagyr\u00e9szt p\u00e1rhuzamosan halad.<\/p><p>A nyugati akad\u00e9miai dat\u00e1l\u00e1si vit\u00e1k, mint a Bechert\u00e9, eddig alig tal\u00e1ltak visszhangra Sr\u00ed Lanka, Thaif\u00f6ld vagy Tibet hagyom\u00e1nyos kolostorainak k\u00f6r\u00e9ben. Tudom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l maga ez a fesz\u00fclts\u00e9g is kutat\u00e1s t\u00e1rgya, \u00e9s a k\u00e9rd\u00e9st veti fel, hogy a biogr\u00e1fiai val\u00f3s\u00e1g \u00e9s a vall\u00e1si jelent\u00e9s hogyan viszonyul egym\u00e1shoz a hagyom\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s folyamat\u00e1ban.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3 Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Az eur\u00f3pai Buddha-ismeret a 19. sz\u00e1zadi p\u00e1li \u00e9s szanszkrit ford\u00edt\u00e1sokkal veszi kezdet\u00e9t. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf az &#8222;Introduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien&#8221; (P\u00e1rizs 1844) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9vel fektette le az alapokat. Hermann Oldenberg a &#8222;Buddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221; (Berlin 1881) r\u00e9v\u00e9n \u00f6tv\u00f6zte a filol\u00f3gi\u00e1t \u00e9s a vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9netet.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer k\u00f6zvetett \u00faton vette \u00e1t a buddhista mot\u00edvumokat, \u00e9s hat\u00e1sa j\u00f3val t\u00falmutatott az akad\u00e9miai indol\u00f3gi\u00e1n. A 20. sz\u00e1zadban Nyanatiloka therav\u00e1da szerzetes (Anton Gueth) rendszeres p\u00e1li ford\u00edt\u00e1saival alak\u00edtja a n\u00e9met nyelv\u0171 Buddha-tan\u00edt\u00e1st. Ez a hagyom\u00e1ny a mai akad\u00e9miai \u00e9s medit\u00e1ci\u00f3s gyakorlati vit\u00e1kig hat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi irodalom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Els\u0151dleges forr\u00e1sok: Mah\u00e1parinibb\u00e1na-szutta (D\u00edgha Nik\u00e1ja 16); \u00c1riyapariy\u00e9szan\u00e1-szutta (Maddzshima Nik\u00e1ja 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-szutta (Szamjutta Nik\u00e1ja 56.11); Vinaja-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavisztara; Szaddharmapundar\u00edka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatra<\/span> (L\u00f3tusz-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"A hinduizmusban \u00e9s a buddhizmusban t\u00f6m\u00f6r form\u00e1j\u00fa tan\u00edt\u00f3sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">sz\u00fatra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1sodlagos irodalom:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (Hg.), &#8222;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, 3 B\u00e4nde, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, &#8222;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, &#8222;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, &#8222;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, &#8222;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, &#8222;Buddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221;, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A korai szerzetesi k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g \u00e9s az iskol\u00e1k kialakul\u00e1sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha tan\u00edt\u00f3i tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9ge m\u00e1r \u00e9let\u00e9ben viszonylag heterog\u00e9n k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g kialakul\u00e1s\u00e1hoz vezetett. A parinirv\u00e1na ut\u00e1ni els\u0151 nemzed\u00e9ken bel\u00fcl m\u00e1r k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9si gyakorlatok rajzol\u00f3dtak ki, amelyek az \u00fagynevezett m\u00e1sodik, vaisz\u00e1lii zsinaton (kb. 100 \u00e9vvel a parinirv\u00e1na ut\u00e1n) az els\u0151 szakad\u00e1shoz vezettek.<\/p><p>A therav\u00e1d\u00e1k (&#8222;az id\u0151sek tan\u00edt\u00f3i&#8221;) \u00e9s a mah\u00e1sz\u00e1nghik\u00e1k (&#8222;nagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g&#8221;) elv\u00e1ltak egym\u00e1st\u00f3l; a vitatott pontok t\u00edz fegyelmi k\u00e9rd\u00e9st \u00e9rintettek, k\u00f6zt\u00fck a p\u00e9nzzel val\u00f3 b\u00e1n\u00e1sm\u00f3dot \u00e9s a Vinaja-szab\u00e1lyok \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p><p>A mah\u00e1sz\u00e1nghik\u00e1kb\u00f3l t\u00f6bb \u00e9vsz\u00e1zad alatt a mah\u00e1j\u00e1na el\u0151form\u00e1i alakultak ki, m\u00edg a therav\u00e1da-vonal f\u0151k\u00e9nt Sr\u00ed Lank\u00e1n szil\u00e1rdult meg. Heinz Bechert t\u00f6bb tanulm\u00e1ny\u00e1ban bemutatta, hogy ez a korai iskolai szakad\u00e1s m\u00f3dszertanilag a korai buddhista t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem legfontosabb dat\u00e1l\u00e1si probl\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1t \u00e9rinti, mivel relat\u00edv vonatkoz\u00e1si pontot ny\u00fajt Buddha \u00e9letadataihoz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az As\u00f3ka-oszlopok mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti markerek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Maurja-cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r As\u00f3ka feliratai (i. e. kb. 268-232 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt uralkodott) a buddhista t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem legr\u00e9gebbi vitathatlan t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti bizonys\u00e1gai.<\/p><p>N\u00e9vszerint eml\u00edtik Buddh\u00e1t, le\u00edrnak zar\u00e1ndoklatokat sz\u00fclet\u00e9si \u00e9s tan\u00edt\u00e1si helyeihez, \u00e9s dokument\u00e1lj\u00e1k a Szangha cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ri t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t. A lumbinii oszlop (Rummindei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba v\u00e9sett vagy metszett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">felirat<\/span>, i. e. 250) megjel\u00f6li a sz\u00fclet\u00e9si helyet.<\/p><p>Egy tov\u00e1bbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Szil\u00e1rd hordoz\u00f3ba v\u00e9sett vagy metszett sz\u00f6veg.\" tabindex=\"0\">felirat<\/span> Nigali Szagarban egy Konagamana nev\u0171 kor\u00e1bbi Buddh\u00e1ra utal, ami azt mutatja, hogy As\u00f3ka m\u00e1r egy Buddha-sorban gondolkodott, amelybe S\u00e1kjamuni be\u00e1gyaz\u00f3dik.<\/p><p>Ezek a feliratok m\u00f3dszertanilag kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00faak, mert bizony\u00edtj\u00e1k egy szervezett buddhista k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g \u00e9s egy Buddha-geogr\u00e1fia l\u00e9tez\u00e9s\u00e9t az i. e. 3. sz\u00e1zadi Indi\u00e1ban. Ezzel Buddha szem\u00e9ly\u00e9nek l\u00e9tez\u00e9se e d\u00e1tum el\u0151tt is biztos\u00edtott, b\u00e1r a pontos \u00e9letkor ez \u00e1ltal nem hat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 meg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha tan\u00edt\u00e1sa az istenekr\u0151l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A modern kutat\u00e1sban gyakran al\u00e1becs\u00fclt k\u00e9rd\u00e9s Buddha viszonyul\u00e1sa a v\u00e9dikus hagyom\u00e1ny isteni l\u00e9nyeihez (d\u00e9va). A p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> nem \u00e1ll\u00edtja az istenek neml\u00e9tez\u00e9s\u00e9t; sokkal ink\u00e1bb egy hierarchikusan tagolt kozmoszba helyezi \u0151ket, amelyben \u0151k maguk is \u00fajj\u00e1sz\u00fclet\u00e9snek, \u00e9s ez\u00e1ltal szenved\u00e9snek vannak al\u00e1vetve.<\/p><p>Indra (p\u00e1li nev\u00e9n Szakka), Brahma, az alacsonyabb istens\u00e9gek \u00e9s a magasabb vil\u00e1gok l\u00e9nyei t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is megjelennek a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonban<\/span> Buddha besz\u00e9lget\u0151partnereik\u00e9nt.<\/p><p>Nem \u00e1llnak felette, hanem tan\u00edt\u00f3jukk\u00e9nt ismerik el. Ez a viszony vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giailag saj\u00e1tos: a buddhizmus nem ateista \u00e9s nem teista a szok\u00e1sos \u00e9rtelemben. Klaus-Josef Notz ezt az \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00e1st a &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221; c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben &#8222;ateista vall\u00e1sk\u00e9nt istenek vil\u00e1g\u00e1val&#8221; \u00edrta le. Az isteneknek funkci\u00f3juk van, de nem v\u00e9gs\u0151 vonatkoz\u00e1si pontok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaja \u00e9s a szerzetesi rend<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A fegyelmi szab\u00e1lyokat (Vinaja), amelyek a szerzetesek \u00e9s ap\u00e1c\u00e1k mindennapi \u00e9let\u00e9t rendezik, mag\u00e1ra Buddh\u00e1ra vezetik vissza. A Vinaja-Pitaka val\u00f3j\u00e1ban r\u00e9tegesen n\u00f6vekedett gy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny, amelynek legr\u00e9gibb magja Buddha tan\u00edt\u00f3i kor\u00e1ra ny\u00falik vissza. A szerzetesek 227 p\u00e1timokkh\u00e1-szab\u00e1lya (ap\u00e1c\u00e1k\u00e9 311) rendezi az \u00f6lt\u00f6zetet, az \u00e9tkez\u00e9st, a lakhat\u00e1st, a nemi \u00f6nmegtart\u00f3ztat\u00e1st \u00e9s a vil\u00e1gi h\u00edvekh\u00f6z val\u00f3 viszonyt.<\/p><p>Ezeket havonta k\u00e9tszer olvass\u00e1k fel az up\u00f3szatha-\u00f6sszej\u00f6vetelen, ami folyamatos tudatoss\u00e1got biztos\u00edt a fegyelemmel kapcsolatban. Ez a gyakorlat az i. e. 3. sz\u00e1zad \u00f3ta folyamatosan adatolhat\u00f3, \u00e9s ezzel a vil\u00e1g egyik legr\u00e9gibb vall\u00e1si fegyelmez\u00e9si form\u00e1j\u00e1nak tekinthet\u0151.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Az els\u0151 zsinatok \u00e9s a tan\u00edt\u00e1s kodifik\u00e1l\u00e1sa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A parinirv\u00e1na ut\u00e1n k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tud\u00e1s \u00e9s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9sek nemzed\u00e9keken \u00e1t t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 tov\u00e1bbad\u00e1sa.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagyom\u00e1ny<\/span> szerint R\u00e1dzsagrih\u00e1ban tartott\u00e1k az els\u0151 buddhista zsinatot, amelyet Mah\u00e1kasszapa h\u00edvott \u00f6ssze. \u00c1nanda recit\u00e1lta a tan\u00edt\u00f3besz\u00e9deket (Szutta-Pitaka), Up\u00e1li a fegyelmi szab\u00e1lyokat (Vinaja-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Ezt a hagyom\u00e1nyt a Cullavagga \u0151rizte meg. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (&#8222;Histoire du bouddhisme indien&#8221;, Louvain 1958) a zsinati hagyom\u00e1nyt ut\u00f3lagos legitim\u00e1ci\u00f3s elbesz\u00e9l\u00e9snek \u00e9rt\u00e9keli, amely azonban t\u00f6rt\u00e9netileg plauzibilis magot tartalmaz: a sz\u00f3ban hagyom\u00e1nyozott tan\u00edt\u00e1s biztos\u00edt\u00e1sa szabv\u00e1nyos\u00edtott recit\u00e1ci\u00f3k r\u00e9v\u00e9n.<\/p><p>A m\u00e1sodik vaisz\u00e1lii zsinat (kb. i. e. 380) t\u00edz vitatott fegyelmi pontot t\u00e1rgyalt. A Pataliputr\u00e1ban As\u00f3ka alatt tartott harmadik zsinat (kb. i. e. 250) a therav\u00e1da hagyom\u00e1nyban a Tipitaka kanoniz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1nak lez\u00e1r\u00e1sak\u00e9nt sz\u00e1m\u00edt.<\/p><p>A mah\u00e1sz\u00e1nghika-vonal nem ismeri ezt a harmadik gy\u0171l\u00e9st ebben a form\u00e1ban, ami m\u00e1r a korai f\u00e1zisban dokument\u00e1lja az iskolaspecifikus t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00edr\u00e1st.<\/p>\n<p>A p\u00e1li k\u00e1non v\u00e9gleges \u00edr\u00e1sbeli r\u00f6gz\u00edt\u00e9se csak Sr\u00ed Lank\u00e1n, Vattag\u00e1mani Abhaja kir\u00e1ly alatt val\u00f3sult meg az i. e. 1. sz\u00e1zadban. Az aluvih\u00e1r\u00e1i negyedik zsinaton \u00edrt\u00e1k le el\u0151sz\u00f6r p\u00e1lmalevelekre a sz\u00f6vegeket.<\/p><p>Ez a cez\u00fara vall\u00e1st\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szempontb\u00f3l jelent\u0151s: a tiszt\u00e1n memori\u00e1lis kult\u00far\u00e1b\u00f3l az \u00edr\u00e1sbelis\u00e9g kult\u00far\u00e1j\u00e1ba val\u00f3 \u00e1tmenetet jel\u00f6li. Addig szakosodott szerzetesi csoportok (bhanaka) sz\u00e1jhagyom\u00e1ny \u00fatj\u00e1n hagyom\u00e1nyozt\u00e1k az egyes sz\u00f6vegcsoportokat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sa kort\u00e1rs tan\u00edt\u00f3kkal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha egy vall\u00e1silag plur\u00e1lis korban \u00e9lt \u00e9s tev\u00e9kenykedett, amelyet a p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> a &#8222;hat m\u00e1sik tan\u00edt\u00f3&#8221; korak\u00e9nt \u00edr le. K\u00f6z\u00e9j\u00fck tartozott Mah\u00e1v\u00edra, a dzsainizmus alap\u00edt\u00f3ja, Makkhali G\u00f3sz\u00e1la (\u00c1dzs\u00edvika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kacc\u00e1jana, Adzsita K\u00e9sakambali \u00e9s Szandzsaja Belatthiputta. A Sz\u00e1mmannaphala-szutta (D\u00edgha Nik\u00e1ja 2) \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00f3 bemutat\u00e1st ad tan\u00edt\u00e1saikr\u00f3l.<\/p><p>A kutat\u00e1s ezeket a forr\u00e1sokat felhaszn\u00e1lta az India tengelykori szellemi profilj\u00e1nak rekonstru\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1hoz. Karl Jaspers a &#8222;Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte&#8221; (1949) c. m\u0171v\u00e9ben ezt az egy\u00fctt\u00e1ll\u00e1st a glob\u00e1lis tengelykoris\u00e1gba sorolta, amelynek sor\u00e1n K\u00edn\u00e1ban, Indi\u00e1ban, Ir\u00e1nban \u00e9s G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1gban egyidej\u0171leg \u00faj filoz\u00f3fiai mozgalmak keletkeztek.<\/p>\n<p>Mah\u00e1v\u00edr\u00e1val val\u00f3 k\u00f6zels\u00e9g k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen felt\u0171n\u0151. Mindketten ugyanabban a r\u00e9gi\u00f3ban tan\u00edtottak, mindketten a kszatrija arisztokr\u00e1ci\u00e1b\u00f3l toboroztak k\u00f6vet\u0151ket, mindketten b\u00edr\u00e1lt\u00e1k a v\u00e9dikus \u00e1ldozati kultuszt. Padmanabh Jaini (&#8222;The Jaina Path of Purification&#8221;, Berkeley 1979) rendszeresen kidolgozta a hasonl\u00f3s\u00e1gokat \u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9geket.<\/p><p>M\u00edg a dzsain\u00e1k szigor\u00fa aszk\u00e9zist \u00e9s kv\u00e1zi-anyagi karmafelfog\u00e1st k\u00e9pviseltek, Buddha az \u00e9rz\u00e9ki \u00e9lvezet \u00e9s az \u00f6nk\u00ednz\u00e1s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt egy &#8222;k\u00f6z\u00e9putat&#8221; fogalmazott meg, \u00e9s a szubsztanci\u00e1lis l\u00e9lektant az anatta-elvvel v\u00e1ltotta fel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Buddha-hagiogr\u00e1fia tizenk\u00e9t f\u0151mot\u00edvuma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A k\u00e9s\u0151i hagiogr\u00e1fia tizenk\u00e9t normat\u00edv f\u0151esem\u00e9nybe s\u0171r\u00edtette Buddha \u00e9let\u00e9t, amelyeket &#8222;tizenk\u00e9t tettk\u00e9nt&#8221; (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a tibeti hagyom\u00e1nyban kodifik\u00e1ltak.<\/p><p>Ezek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik az ereszked\u00e9s a Tusita-\u00e9gb\u0151l, a fogantat\u00e1s, a sz\u00fclet\u00e9s, az ifj\u00fakori \u00fcgyess\u00e9g, a h\u00e1zass\u00e1g \u00e9s a gazdags\u00e1g, az elvonul\u00e1s, az aszk\u00e9zis, a M\u00e1ra feletti gy\u0151zelem, a megvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1s elnyer\u00e9se, a tan\u00edt\u00f3i tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g \u00e9s a parinirv\u00e1na.<\/p><p>Ez a szabv\u00e1nyos\u00edt\u00e1s a mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u00e1ban \u00e9s a vadzsraj\u00e1n\u00e1ban csak az i. sz. 7. sz\u00e1zad ut\u00e1n zajlott le. A Lalitavisztara adja a legr\u00e9szletesebb mint\u00e1t. Steven Collins (&#8222;Selfless Persons&#8221;, Cambridge 1982) kimutatta, hogy ez a kodifik\u00e1ci\u00f3 vall\u00e1sszociol\u00f3giai funkci\u00f3t t\u00f6lt be: meditat\u00edv vizualiz\u00e1ci\u00f3s keretet teremt, amely a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Meghat\u00e1rozott vall\u00e1si cselekv\u00e9si rendhez tartoz\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgi\u00e1ban<\/span> \u00e9s a kolostori oktat\u00e1sban reproduk\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha mint az istenek \u00e9s emberek tan\u00edt\u00f3ja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A p\u00e1li <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1nonban<\/span> Buddha a &#8222;szatthad\u00e9vamanussz\u00e1nam&#8221;, vagyis &#8222;az istenek \u00e9s emberek tan\u00edt\u00f3ja&#8221; c\u00edmet viseli. Ez a c\u00edm a megvil\u00e1gosodott kozmol\u00f3giai helyzet\u00e9t t\u00fckr\u00f6zi az indiai hat-birodalom-modellen bel\u00fcl (istenek, f\u00e9listen, emberek, \u00e1llatok, \u00e9hes szellemek, pokollak\u00f3k). Indra (Szakka), Brahma Szahampati \u00e9s alacsonyabb istens\u00e9gek szint\u00e9n Buddha tan\u00edtv\u00e1nyainak sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak.<\/p><p>Ez a hierarchiz\u00e1l\u00e1s nem a v\u00e9dikus isteni \u00e9g ellen ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 pol\u00e9mia, hanem annak beilleszt\u00e9se a buddhista s\u00e9m\u00e1ba. Lambert Schmithausen (&#8222;Buddhism and Nature&#8221;, Tokyo 1991) az &#8222;inkluzivizmus&#8221;-strat\u00e9gi\u00e1ra utal, amely tipikus volt a korai indiai vall\u00e1si verseng\u00e9sben.<\/p><p>M\u00e1ra, a B\u00f3dhi-fa alatt k\u00eds\u00e9rt\u0151 antagonista sem \u00e9rtend\u0151 ontol\u00f3giailag gonosz l\u00e9nynek, hanem a l\u00e9tt\u00e9 v\u00e1l\u00e1sba val\u00f3 belekeveredetts\u00e9g pszichikus-kozmikus megszem\u00e9lyes\u00edt\u00e9sek\u00e9nt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha hal\u00e1la \u00e9s a Cunda-k\u00e9rd\u00e9s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Mah\u00e1parinibb\u00e1na-szutta szerint Buddha hal\u00e1la el\u0151tt \u00e9telt fogadott el Cunda kov\u00e1cst\u00f3l, amelyet &#8222;szuk\u00e1ra-maddava&#8221;-nak neveznek.<\/p><p>A ford\u00edt\u00e1s vitatott: &#8222;puha diszn\u00f3h\u00fas&#8221; (Rhys Davids), &#8222;diszn\u00f3k \u00e1ltal ki\u00e1sott gomb\u00e1k&#8221; (Walpola Rahula), &#8222;fiatal bambuszhajt\u00e1sok&#8221;. A kutat\u00e1s egybehangz\u00f3 abban, hogy Buddha ezt az \u00e9tkez\u00e9st k\u00f6vet\u0151en s\u00falyos hasi v\u00e1ls\u00e1gba esett, feltehet\u0151leg bakteri\u00e1lis \u00e9telm\u00e9rgez\u00e9s vagy b\u00e9lfodori infarktus-epiz\u00f3d k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben.<\/p><p>Buddha nyilv\u00e1nosan v\u00e9delm\u00e9be vette Cund\u00e1t, mondv\u00e1n, hogy az adom\u00e1ny\u00e9tel, amely egy megvil\u00e1gosod\u00e1st el\u0151z meg, \u00e9s a parinirv\u00e1na el\u0151tti \u00e9tkez\u00e9s egyar\u00e1nt a legf\u0151bb \u00e9rdemek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik.<\/p><p>Ez a gesztus sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 figyelmet kapott a kutat\u00e1sban, mert szimbolikusan \u00e1thelyezi a felel\u0151ss\u00e9get a tan\u00edt\u00f3 hal\u00e1l\u00e1\u00e9rt, \u00e9s mentes\u00edti a b\u0171n\u00f6ss\u00e9g k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9t. Hellmuth Hecker t\u00f6bb Cund\u00e1val foglalkoz\u00f3 tanulm\u00e1ny\u00e1ban dolgozta ki az orvosi \u00e9s vall\u00e1sfenomonol\u00f3giai szempontot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyakran ism\u00e9telt k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mikor \u00e9lt a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Buddha?<\/strong> A kor\u00e1bbi kutat\u00e1s i. e. 563-t\u00f3l 483-ig dat\u00e1lta.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert vizsg\u00e1latai megmutatt\u00e1k, hogy a &#8222;r\u00f6vid kronol\u00f3gia&#8221;, amely i. e. 480 \u00e9s 400 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e9lettartamot val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00edt, jobban illik a forr\u00e1sokhoz. A nemzetk\u00f6zi kutat\u00e1s ma i. e. 410 \u00e9s 380 k\u00f6z\u00e9 teszi a hal\u00e1l id\u0151pontj\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hol sz\u00fcletett Buddha?<\/strong> A mai d\u00e9l-Nep\u00e1lban fekv\u0151 Lumbiniban. A helyet egy i. e. 3. sz\u00e1zadi As\u00f3ka-oszlop nevezi meg.<\/p>\n<p>Mi a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Buddha \u00e9s a mah\u00e1j\u00e1na Buddh\u00e1ja k\u00f6z\u00f6tt? A therav\u00e1da buddhizmusban S\u00e1kjamuni a jelen vil\u00e1gkorszak t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti tan\u00edt\u00f3ja. A mah\u00e1j\u00e1n\u00e1ban \u0151 egy kozmikusan \u00e9rtett Buddha-elv sz\u00e1mos megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1s\u00e1nak egyike. Mindk\u00e9t felfog\u00e1s p\u00e1rhuzamosan \u00e9l, \u00e9s a tudom\u00e1nyos kutat\u00e1sban k\u00fcl\u00f6n t\u00e1rgyalj\u00e1k \u0151ket.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Milyen nyelven besz\u00e9lt Buddha?<\/strong> Nagy val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9ggel egy \u00f3indo-\u00e1rja n\u00e9pnyelven, feltehet\u0151leg a mai magadhihoz k\u00f6zel rokon dialektusban. A p\u00e1li, amelyen a legr\u00e9gibb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Egy vall\u00e1s k\u00f6telez\u0151 \u00e9rv\u00e9ny\u0171nek elismert szent\u00edr\u00e1sainak gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nye.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00e1non<\/span> fennmaradt, irodalmilag csiszolt forma, amely a magadhival nem azonos, de rokon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Buddha Gautama, a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja Sziddh\u00e1rtha Gautama mint t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti szem\u00e9ly a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja. Vall\u00e1studom\u00e1nyos szempontb\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get kell tenni a biografikusan megragadhat\u00f3 tan\u00edt\u00f3i alak \u00e9s a k\u00e9s\u0151bbi mitikus-vall\u00e1si \u00e1t\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. B\u00e1r tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek sarokpontjai az id\u0151sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sunk el\u0151tti 5. sz\u00e1zadi \u00c9szakkelat-Indi\u00e1ban lokaliz\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, \u00e9letle\u00edr\u00e1sa a kanonikus sz\u00f6vegekben m\u00e1r er\u0151sen hagiografikus jelleg\u0171. A mai kutat\u00e1s ez\u00e9rt kett\u0151s olvasatot k\u00f6vet, amely [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama - a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Sziddh\u00e1rtha Gautama, a t\u00f6rt\u00e9neti Buddha: a buddhizmus megalap\u00edt\u00f3ja, a N\u00e9gy Nemes Igazs\u00e1g \u00e9s a Nemes Nyolcr\u00e9t\u0171 \u00d6sv\u00e9ny. \u00c9lete, tan\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s hat\u00e1sa.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-52135","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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