{"id":149830,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149830"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:33:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:33:16","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149830\" class=\"elementor elementor-149830 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, osniva\u010d budizma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama je kao povijesna osoba osniva\u010d budizma. Religijsko-znanstveno je potrebno razlikovati biografski utemeljenu u\u010diteljsku osobu od kasnije mitsko-religijske nadgradnje.<\/p><p>Dok se klju\u010dne to\u010dke njegova djelovanja mogu smjestiti u sjeveroisto\u010dnu Indiju 5. stolje\u0107a prije na\u0161e ere, njegov \u017eivotopis u kanonskim tekstovima ve\u0107 je sna\u017eno hagiografski oblikovan. Suvremena istra\u017eivanja stoga slijede dvostruko tuma\u010denje, koje odvojeno tretira povijesnu vjerodostojnost i religijsko zna\u010denje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ Bo\u017eica: Personificirana najvi\u0161a mo\u0107 u panteonu jedne kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 sile prirode, sudbina, rat, plodnost. \u0160tuju se kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/budizam\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budisti\u010dka tradicija s bodhisattvama, za\u0161titni\u010dkim bo\u017eanstvima, glad-duhovima i \u010duvarima pakla.\">Budizam<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151419\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - bo\u017eanstva iz budisti\u010dke tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povijesna osoba i datiranje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dugo je tzv. \u201eduga kronologija\u201d s okvirnim datumima 563. do 483. prije na\u0161e ere vrijedila kao standard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert je od 1980-ih u nizu svezaka (\u201eDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u201d, G\u00f6ttingen 1991. do 1997.) kriti\u010dki preispitao izvore i poja\u010dao naznake koje govore u prilog \u201ekratkoj kronologiji\u201d s \u017eivotnim datumima oko 480. do 400. prije na\u0161e ere.<\/p><p>Me\u0111unarodna istra\u017eivanja od tada su naklonjena datumu smrti izme\u0111u 410. i 380. prije na\u0161e ere. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u201eDer historische Buddha\u201d, K\u00f6ln 1982.) prije toga je jo\u0161 branio dulje datume.<\/p><p>Ova rasprava nije zaklju\u010dena, ali je metodolo\u0161ki pokazala da datiranje ovisi o kronologiji vladara dinastije Maurya, posebno A\u0161oke, te da stoga nije apsolutno, ve\u0107 relativno utvr\u0111eno.<\/p>\n<p>Kao biografska jezgra vrijedi: Siddhartha je ro\u0111en na podru\u010dju plemena Shakya u Lumbiniju na ju\u017enom rubu Himalaje, njegov otac Suddhodana bio je aristokrat ili izabrani plemenski vo\u0111a, a ne nasljedni kralj u kasnijem smislu. Lumbini se nalazi u dana\u0161njem Nepalu, blizu indijske granice.<\/p><p>Identifikacija mjesta temelji se na A\u0161okinu stupu u Lumbiniju, podignutom u 3. stolje\u0107u prije na\u0161e ere, koji poimence ozna\u010dava mjesto ro\u0111enja. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u201eBuddhismus\u201d, Stuttgart 2002.) ocjenjuje ovaj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u tvrdu podlogu.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> kao najraniji arheolo\u0161ki dokaz koji Buddhu povezuje s konkretnim mjestom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017divotopis u Pali kanonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najopse\u017eniji kanonski izvor o kraju \u017eivota je Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Opisuje posljednje mjesece, put od Rajagrihe do Kushinagare i smrt izme\u0111u dva sala-stabla. Tekst se smatra kompozicijski slo\u017eenim, jer povezuje putnu kroniku s propovijedima i opisom pogrebnih obreda.<\/p><p>Drugi tekstovi, kao Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), u prvom licu izvje\u0161tavaju o traganju za spoznajom, odlasku iz roditeljskog doma i raskidu s asketskim u\u010diteljima Alarom Kalamom i Uddakom Ramaputtom.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, sanskrtski tekst iz 3. do 4. stolje\u0107a na\u0161e ere, ove izvje\u0161taje razvija u razra\u0111enu hagiografiju s kozmi\u010dkim \u010dudima.<\/p>\n<p>Poznata \u201e\u010detiri izlaska\u201d, u kojima mladi Siddhartha vidi starca, bolesnika, mrtvaca i lutaju\u0107eg asketa, u najstarijem slojevitom materijalu kanona nisu potvr\u0111ena u ovom zatvorenom obliku.<\/p><p>Ona zgusnuto prikazuju teolo\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> koji suo\u010davanje s prolazno\u0161\u0107u tuma\u010di kao povod za odlazak. Edward Conze (\u201eDer Buddhismus\u201d, Stuttgart 1953.) upozorio je da se radi o narativnoj kompoziciji koja preuzima starije pripovjedne obrasce iz predbudisti\u010dke asketske knji\u017eevnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">U\u010denje i \u010cetiri plemenite istine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Propovijed u Sarnathu, Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formulira \u010detiri \u201eplemenite istine\u201d: postojanje je obilje\u017eeno patnjom (dukkha), patnja ima uzrok u \u017eudnji (tanha), prestanak patnje je mogu\u0107 (nirodha), postoji put do toga, osmerostruki put (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Osam \u010dlanova su ispravno gledi\u0161te, ispravna odluka, ispravan govor, ispravno djelovanje, ispravno zara\u0111ivanje za \u017eivot, ispravan napor, ispravna svjesnost i ispravna usredoto\u010denost. Ova podjela vi\u0161e je puta potvr\u0111ena u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kao obvezuju\u0107a priznata zbirka svetih spisa jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> i smatra se najstarijom sustavnom jezgrom u\u010denja koja se s vjerojatno\u0161\u0107u mo\u017ee pripisati povijesnom Buddhi.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u201eGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u201d, Reinbek 1996.) svrstava \u010cetiri istine u staroindijsku medicinsku dijagnostiku: simptom, uzrok, izlje\u010divost, terapija. Ova medicinska pozadina vi\u0161e je puta izrijekom izra\u017eena u Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kao obvezuju\u0107a priznata zbirka svetih spisa jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span>, primjerice kada se Buddha sam nazove \u201elije\u010dnikom\u201d. U\u010denje time nije spekulativno, nego usmjereno na prakti\u010dno oslobo\u0111enje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha i djelatnost u\u010ditelja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nakon prosvjetljenja u Bodh Gayi zapo\u010dela je u\u010diteljska djelatnost koja je trajala 45 godina, usmjerena na podru\u010dje Magadhe, Kosale i Videhe. Najstarije mona\u0161ke zajednice nastale su u Sarnathu, Rajagrihi (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti \u0161umski nasad koji je slu\u017eio kao kultno mjesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">gaj<\/span>) i Shravastiju (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti \u0161umski nasad koji je slu\u017eio kao kultno mjesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">gaj<\/span>). Posljednji je, prema predaji, redu darovao trgovac Anathapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha se dijelila na \u010detiri skupine: monahe (bhikkhu), monahinje (bhikkhuni) te mu\u0161ke i \u017eenske sljedbenike laike. Prihva\u0107anje \u017eena, posredovano preko Anande i pomajke Mahapajapati, zapisano je u Cullavagi (Vinaya-Pitaka). Istra\u017eivanja u tome vide korak neobi\u010dan za staroindijsku religijsku povijest, \u010dija je povijesna pouzdanost ipak sporna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli, ikonografija i relikvije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najranija buddhisti\u010dka umjetnost, primjerice reljefi Sanchija i Bharhuta (2. do 1. stolje\u0107e prije na\u0161e ere), ne poznaje antropomorfni prikaz Buddhe.<\/p><p>U\u010ditelj se simbolizira praznim prijestoljima, otiscima stopala, kolom u\u010denja (dharmacakra), stablom Bodhi i stupama. Tek gandharska \u0161kola, od 1. do 3. stolje\u0107a na\u0161e ere, pod utjecajem helenisti\u010dkog kiparstva, razvija ikonografiju u ljudskom obli\u010dju.<\/p><p>Trideset i dva \u00abglavna obilje\u017eja\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) iz kasnijih tekstova, me\u0111u njima ushnisha (izbo\u010dina na tjemenu), urna (dlaka na \u010delu), izdu\u017eeni u\u0161ne resice i otisci lotosa na tabanima, formaliziraju prikaz. Rukoznaci (mudra) kodiraju pojedine situacije pou\u010davanja: dodir zemlje (bhumisparsha), gestu neustra\u0161ivosti (abhaya), gestu pou\u010davanja (dharmacakra) i gestu meditativnog usredi\u0161tenja (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Nakon parinirvane, pepeo i ostaci kostiju podijeljeni su me\u0111u osam kraljevstava i polo\u017eeni u stupe. Ashoka je, prema predaji, u 3. stolje\u0107u prije na\u0161e ere te stupe ponovno otvorio i relikvije raspodijelio na 84.000 novih gra\u0111evina.<\/p><p>Ta brojka je simboli\u010dna, ali arheolo\u0161ki nalazi upu\u0107uju na znatno \u0161irenje kulta stupa u vrijeme Maurya dinastije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Djelovanje i religijska nadgradnja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U mahayana-buddhizmu, koji se razvija od 1. stolje\u0107a prije na\u0161e ere, uz povijesnog Buddhu javlja se nauk o \u00abtri tijela\u00bb (trikaya): pretvorbeno tijelo (nirmanakaya), u kojemu se Siddhartha pojavio kao povijesna osoba, tijelo bla\u017eenstva (sambhogakaya) i tijelo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U indijskim religijama nauk i pravilan poredak djelovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharme<\/span> (dharmakaya) kao bezvremenska istina.<\/p><p>U Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i buddhizmu kratki tekst nauka.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutri<\/span> (Lotos-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i buddhizmu kratki tekst nauka.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, oko 1. stolje\u0107a na\u0161e ere) Shakyamuni je samo jedan od pojavnih oblika bi\u0107a koje je prosvijetljeno ve\u0107 od nezamislivo davnih vremena. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) prikazuje taj pomak kao religijsko-povijesnu generalizaciju, u kojoj pojedina\u010dna osoba prerasta u kozmi\u010dku funkciju.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell i Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) pokazuju da se povijesno-kriti\u010dko prou\u010davanje Buddhe i religijsko \u0161tovanje Buddhe u modernom azijskom buddhizmu odvijaju uglavnom paralelno.<\/p><p>Zapadne akademske rasprave o datiranju, poput Bechertove, dosad su u tradicionalnim samostanima \u0160ri Lanke, Tajlanda ili Tibeta nai\u0161le na tek malen odjek. Znanstveno gledano, sama ta napetost predmet je istra\u017eivanja i otvara pitanje odnosa izme\u0111u biografske stvarnosti i religijskog zna\u010denja u procesu predaje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prihvat u Europi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Europsko poznavanje Buddhe po\u010dinje prijevodima s palija i sanskrta u 19. stolje\u0107u. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf postavio je temelje djelom \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Pariz 1844). Hermann Oldenberg je u djelu \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berlin 1881) povezao filologiju i povijest religija.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer je buddhisti\u010dke motive primio posredno, iz druge ruke, i time utjecao daleko izvan okvira akademske indologije. U 20. stolje\u0107u theravadinski monah Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) obilje\u017eava njema\u010dko govorno podru\u010dje sustavnim prijevodima s palija. Ta se linija utjecaja nastavlja sve do dana\u0161njih akademskih i meditacijsko-prakti\u010dnih rasprava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primarni izvori: Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i buddhizmu kratki tekst nauka.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (Lotos-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"U hinduizmu i buddhizmu kratki tekst nauka.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekundarna literatura:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (ur.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 sveska, G\u00f6ttingen 1991. do 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell i Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rana mona\u0161ka zajednica i formiranje \u0161kola<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhino pou\u010davanje ve\u0107 je za njegova \u017eivota dovelo do stvaranja razmjerno heterogene zajednice. Ve\u0107 u prvom nara\u0161taju nakon parinirvane pojavile su se razli\u010dite prakse tuma\u010denja, koje su na drugom saboru u Vaishaliju (otprilike 100 godina nakon parinirvane) dovele do prvog raskola.<\/p><p>Theravadini (\u00abu\u010denici starijih\u00bb) i mahasanghike (\u00abvelika zajednica\u00bb) razi\u0161li su se, a sporna pitanja odnosila su se na deset disciplinskih pitanja, me\u0111u njima na postupanje s novcem i tuma\u010denje pravila vinaye.<\/p><p>Iz mahasanghika su tijekom vi\u0161e stolje\u0107a nastali prete\u010de mahayane, dok se linija theravade konsolidirala prije svega na \u0160ri Lanki. Heinz Bechert je u nekoliko radova pokazao da se taj rani raskol \u0161kola metodolo\u0161ki doti\u010de najva\u017enijeg problema datiranja rane buddhisti\u010dke povijesti, jer daje relativnu referentnu to\u010dku za \u017eivotne datume Buddhe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashokini stupovi kao povijesni pokazatelji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Natpisi carevine Maurya, cara A\u0161oke (vladao je pribli\u017eno od 268. do 232. godine prije na\u0161e ere), najstariji su nesporni povijesni izvori budisti\u010dke povijesti.<\/p><p>Spominju Buddhu po imenu, opisuju hodo\u010da\u0161\u0107a do njegovih rodnih mjesta i mjesta pou\u010davanja, te dokumentiraju carsko poticanje sanghe. Stup u Lumbiniju (Rummindei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrst nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span>, 250. godine prije na\u0161e ere) obilje\u017eava mjesto ro\u0111enja.<\/p><p>Drugi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili uklesan u \u010dvrst nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> u Nigali Sagaru odnosi se na ranijeg Buddhu po imenu Konagamana, \u0161to pokazuje da je A\u0161oku ve\u0107 zanimao niz Buddha, u koji je \u0160akjamuni uklopljen.<\/p><p>Ovi natpisi metodolo\u0161ki su klju\u010dni, jer pouzdano potvr\u0111uju postojanje organizirane budisti\u010dke zajednice i budisti\u010dke geografije u 3. stolje\u0107u prije na\u0161e ere. Time je osigurano i postojanje osobe Buddhe prije toga datuma, no bez da je time utvr\u0111eno njegovo to\u010dno \u017eivotno razdoblje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhino u\u010denje o bogovima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pitanje koje je u modernim istra\u017eivanjima \u010desto podcijenjeno odnosi se na Buddhin stav prema bogovima (deva) vedske tradicije. Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirka svetih spisa neke religije priznata kao obvezuju\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> ne prikazuje bogove kao nepostoje\u0107e, ve\u0107 ih smje\u0161ta u hijerarhijski ure\u0111en kozmos u kojem su i oni podlo\u017eni ponovnom ro\u0111enju, a time i patnji.<\/p><p>Indra (na paliju Sakka), Brahma, ni\u017ea bo\u017eanstva i bi\u0107a vi\u0161ih svjetova pojavljuju se u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirka svetih spisa neke religije priznata kao obvezuju\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> vi\u0161e puta kao sugovornici Buddhe.<\/p><p>Nisu mu nadre\u0111eni, ve\u0107 ga priznaju kao svog u\u010ditelja. Taj odnos je religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki osobit, budizam nije ni ateisti\u010dki ni teisti\u010dki u uobi\u010dajenom smislu. Klaus-Josef Notz opisao je tu konstelaciju u djelu \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb kao \u00abateisti\u010dku religiju s panteonom bogova\u00bb. Bogovi imaju funkcije, ali nisu krajnje referentne to\u010dke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya i mona\u0161ki red<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplinska pravila (Vinaya), koja ure\u0111uju svakodnevni \u017eivot monaha i redovnica, pripisuju se samom Buddhi. Zapravo je Vinaya-pitaka zbirka koja je nastajala u slojevima, \u010dija najstarija jezgra se\u017ee u doba Buddhinog u\u010denja. 227 pravila Patimokkha za monahe (311 za redovnice) ure\u0111uju odje\u0107u, prehranu, stanovanje, seksualnu apstinenciju i odnos prema laicima.<\/p><p>Recitiraju se dvaput mjese\u010dno na skupu Uposatha, \u010dime se osigurava kontinuirano osvje\u0161tavanje discipline. Ova praksa dokumentirano je kontinuirana od 3. stolje\u0107a prije na\u0161e ere i predstavlja jedan od najstarijih religijskih disciplinarnih oblika u svijetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prvi sabori i kodifikacija u\u010denja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neposredno nakon parinirvane, prema <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i predaja kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predaji<\/span>, u Rad\u017eagrihi je odr\u017ean prvi budisti\u010dki sabor, koji je sazvao Mahaka\u0161japa. Ananda je izrekao govore (Sutta-pitaka), a Upali disciplinska pravila (Vinaya-pitaka).<\/p><p>Ta se predaja prenosi u Culavagi. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) ocjenjuje sabornu tradiciju kao naknadnu legitimiziraju\u0107u pri\u010du, koja ipak sadr\u017ei povijesno vjerojatnu jezgru: osiguranje usmeno preno\u0161enog u\u010denja putem standardiziranih recitacija.<\/p><p>Drugi sabor u Vai\u0161aliju (oko 380. godine prije na\u0161e ere) bavio se deset osporavanih disciplinskih pitanja. Tre\u0107i sabor u Pataliputri pod A\u0161okom (oko 250. godine prije na\u0161e ere) u theravadskoj tradiciji smatra se zavr\u0161etkom kanonizacije Tipitake.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika linija ne poznaje ovaj tre\u0107i skup u tom obliku, \u0161to ve\u0107 u ranoj fazi svjedo\u010di o \u0161kolsko-specifi\u010dnom pisanju povijesti.<\/p>\n<p>Kona\u010dno pismeno utvr\u0111ivanje pali kanona dogodilo se tek na \u0160ri Lanki pod kraljem Vattagamani Abhajom u 1. stolje\u0107u prije na\u0161e ere. Na \u010detvrtom saboru u Aluvihari tekstovi su prvi put zapisani na palminom li\u0161\u0107u.<\/p><p>Ova prekretnica religijsko-povijesno je zna\u010dajna, obilje\u017eava prijelaz iz \u010diste kulture memoriranja u kulturu pisma. Do tada su specijalizirane skupine monaha (bhanaka) pojedine skupine tekstova prenosile napamet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha u usporedbi sa suvremenim u\u010diteljima<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha je \u017eivio i djelovao u religijski pluralnom razdoblju, koje se u pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirka svetih spisa neke religije priznata kao obvezuju\u0107a.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> opisuje kao vrijeme \u00ab\u0161est drugih u\u010ditelja\u00bb. Me\u0111u njima su Mahavira, osniva\u010d d\u017eainizma, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali i Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samanjafala-sutta (Digha Nikaja 2) daje usporedni prikaz njihovih u\u010denja.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanja su ova vrela iskoristila za rekonstrukciju duhovno-povijesnog profila osovinskog doba Indije. Karl Jaspers je ovu konstelaciju u svom djelu \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) svrstao u globalno osovinsko doba, u kojem su istodobno u Kini, Indiji, Iranu i Gr\u010dkoj nastali novi filozofski pokreti.<\/p>\n<p>Blizina Mahaviri posebno je uo\u010dljiva. Oboje su podu\u010davali u istoj regiji, oboje su privla\u010dili sljedbenike iz k\u0161atrijske aristokracije, oboje su kritizirali vedski \u017ertveni kult. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) sustavno je razradio sli\u010dnosti i razlike.<\/p><p>Dok su \u0111ainisti zastupali strogu askezu i kvazi-materijalnu doktrinu karme, Buddha je formulirao \u00absrednji put\u00bb izme\u0111u \u010dulnog u\u017eitka i samomu\u010denja i zamijenio doktrinu o substancijalnoj du\u0161i principom anatta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dvanaest glavnih motiva Buddhine hagiografije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kasnija hagiografija sa\u017eela je Buddhin \u017eivot u dvanaest normativnih glavnih doga\u0111aja, koji su poznati kao \u00abdvanaest djela\u00bb (mdzad pa bcu gnyis), posebno kodificirani u tibetanskoj tradiciji.<\/p><p>Obuhva\u0107aju silazak iz Tushita neba, za\u010de\u0107e, ro\u0111enje, vje\u0161tine mladosti, brak i bogatstvo, odlazak, askezu, pobjedu nad Marom, postizanje prosvjetljenja, pou\u010davanje i parinirvanu.<\/p><p>Ta standardizacija u mahayani i vajrayani nastala je tek nakon 7. stolje\u0107a na\u0161e ere. Lalitavistara donosi najopse\u017eniji predlo\u017eak. Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, Cambridge 1982) pokazao je da ta kodifikacija ima religijsko-sociolo\u0161ku funkciju: stvara meditativni obrazac vizualizacije koji se mo\u017ee reproducirati u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Utvr\u0111eni poredak bogoslu\u017eja neke religijske zajednice.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgiji<\/span> i samostanskoj nastavi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha kao u\u010ditelj bogova i ljudi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirka svetih spisa neke religije koja se smatra obvezuju\u0107om.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> Buddha nosi naslov \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00abu\u010ditelj bogova i ljudi\u00bb. Ovaj naslov odra\u017eava kozmolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj prosvijetljenoga unutar indijskog modela \u0161est podru\u010dja (bogovi, polubogovi, ljudi, \u017eivotinje, gladni duhovi, bi\u0107a pakla). I Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati te ni\u017ea bo\u017eanstva smatraju se Buddhinim u\u010denicima.<\/p><p>Ta hijerarhizacija ne slu\u017ei polemici protiv vedskog panteona, nego njegovu uklapanju u budisti\u010dki okvir. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, Tokyo 1991) upu\u0107uje na strategiju \u00abinkluzivizma\u00bb, tipi\u010dnu za ranu indijsku religijsku konkurenciju.<\/p><p>I Mara, zavodljivi protivnik pod stablom bodhi, ne tuma\u010di se kao ontolo\u0161ki zlo bi\u0107e, nego kao psihi\u010dko-kozmi\u010dka personifikacija zapletenosti u kota\u010d postajanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhina smrt i pitanje Cunde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutta izvje\u0161tava da je Buddha pred smrt kod kova\u010da Cunde uzeo jelo koje se naziva \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>Prijevod je sporan: \u00abnje\u017ena svinjetina\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00abgljive koje iskopavaju svinje\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00abmladi bambusovi izdanci\u00bb. Istra\u017eivanja se sla\u017eu da je Buddha nakon toga obroka do\u017eivio te\u0161ko trbu\u0161no stanje, vjerojatno bakterijsko trovanje hranom ili epizodu mezenterijalne infarkcije.<\/p><p>Buddha je javno branio Cundu, rekav\u0161i da su darovani obrok koji prethodi prosvjetljenju i obrok pred parinirvanu dva najvi\u0161a zasluga.<\/p><p>Ovaj gest privukao je veliku pa\u017enju u istra\u017eivanjima jer simboli\u010dki prebacuje odgovornost za u\u010diteljevu smrt i rastere\u0107uje pitanje krivnje. Hellmuth Hecker u nekoliko rasprava o Cundi obradio je medicinski i religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki aspekt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010cesto postavljana pitanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kada je \u017eivio povijesni Buddha?<\/strong> Starija istra\u017eivanja datirala su ga u razdoblje od 563. do 483. godine prije na\u0161e ere.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanja Heinza Becherta pokazala su da \u00abkratka kronologija\u00bb s \u017eivotnim datumima oko 480. do 400. godine prije na\u0161e ere bolje odgovara stanju izvora. Me\u0111unarodna istra\u017eivanja danas se prete\u017eno priklanjaju datumu smrti izme\u0111u 410. i 380. godine prije na\u0161e ere.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gdje je ro\u0111en Buddha?<\/strong> U Lumbiniju, u dana\u0161njem ju\u017enom Nepalu. Mjesto je poimeni\u010dno identificirano zahvaljuju\u0107i Ashokinom stupu iz 3. stolje\u0107a prije na\u0161e ere.<\/p>\n<p>Koja je razlika izme\u0111u povijesnog Buddhe i Buddhe u mahayani? U theravada budizmu Shakyamuni je povijesni u\u010ditelj ovoga svjetskog doba. U mahayani on je jedna od mnogih manifestacija kozmi\u010dki shva\u0107enog Buddha-principa. Oba shva\u0107anja postoje paralelno i u znanstvenim istra\u017eivanjima razmatraju se odvojeno.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kojim je jezikom govorio Buddha?<\/strong> Vrlo je vjerojatno govorio staroindoarijskim narodnim jezikom, pretpostavlja se blisko srodnim dana\u0161njem magadhiju. Pali, na kojem je sa\u010duvan najstariji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zbirka svetih spisa neke religije koja se smatra obvezuju\u0107om.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span>, knji\u017eevno je ugla\u0111en oblik koji nije istovjetan magadhiju, ali je s njim srodan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 osniva\u010d budizma | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, povijesni Buddha, osniva\u010d budizma, \u010cetiri plemenite istine i Osmerostruki put. \u017divot, u\u010denje i utjecaj.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-149830","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buddha Gautama \u2013 osniva\u010d budizma | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siddhartha Gautama, povijesni Buddha, osniva\u010d budizma, \u010cetiri plemenite istine i Osmerostruki put. \u017divot, u\u010denje i utjecaj.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/buddha-gautama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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