{"id":149816,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149816"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:32:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:32:54","slug":"gilgamesh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/gilgamesh\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgame\u0161"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149816\" class=\"elementor elementor-149816 elementor-3021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgame\u0161, kralj Uruka i junak epa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je kralj Uruka i kao junak epa sredi\u0161nji lik najstarijeg klinopisom sa\u010duvanog velikog epa \u010dovje\u010danstva. Gilgame\u0161 je vjerojatno najpoznatiji knji\u017eevni junak starome\u00adzopotamske tradicije.<\/p><p>Kao legendarni kralj Uruka, prema kraljevskim popisima vladao je oko 126 godina, a potom postao poluboanska figura \u010dija potraga za besmrtno\u0161\u0107u predstavlja glavnu temu epa nazvanog po njemu.<\/p><p>Ep o Gilgame\u0161u u svojoj kanonskoj standardnoj verziji od 12 plo\u010da ubraja se me\u0111u najstarija sa\u010duvana djela svjetske knji\u017eevnosti i bavi se klju\u010dnim pitanjima ljudskog postojanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ bo\u017eica: Personificirana najvi\u0161a mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 prirodne sile, sudbina, rat, plodnost. Po\u0161tovana kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/mezopotamija\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kolijevka dokumentirane religije \u2014 Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asirija (od oko 3500. pr. Kr. do 330. pr. Kr.).\">Mezopotamija<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151440\" alt=\"Gilgame\u0161 - bogovi iz mezopotamske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit i podrijetlo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 se povijesno vjerojatno mo\u017ee povezati s kraljem Uruka iz ra\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442i\u010dkog razdoblja po\u010detka 3. tisu\u0107lje\u0107a pr. Kr. Njegovo ime pojavljuje se u sumerskim kraljevskim popisima kao peti kralj prve dinastije Uruka, me\u0111u nizom vladara koji djelomi\u010dno imaju poluboanski karakter.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 u starosumerskoj tradiciji smatran je polubo\u017eanskim, jer je njegova majka Ninsun, manja bo\u017eica, bila povezana s Lugalbandom, tako\u0111er obo\u017eavanim vladarom.<\/p>\n<p>Starosumerske pri\u010de o Gilgame\u0161u nisu jedinstven roman, ve\u0107 niz pojedina\u010dnih pjesama. Me\u0111u njima su \u201eGilgame\u0161 i Aga\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161 i Huwawa\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161 i nebeski bik\u201c, \u201eGilgame\u0161ova smrt\u201c i \u201eGilgame\u0161, Enkidu i podzemni svijet\u201c.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>U starobabilonsko doba, oko 1800. pr. Kr., te su pjesme spojene u prvu povezanu kompoziciju, sada na akadskom jeziku. U srednjoasirsko doba, oko 1200. pr. Kr., nastala je kasnija standardna verzija u dvanaest plo\u010da, koja se pripisuje sve\u0107eniku Sin-leqi-unninniju.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ep najprije prati neobuzdanog kralja Gilgame\u0161a, koji svoje podanike mu\u010di preuzetnim zahtjevima. Bogovi stvaraju Enkidua, divlje \u017eivu\u0107eg \u010dovjeka, koji mu je jednak po snazi. Oboje postaju prijatelji i zajedno kre\u0107u pobijediti \u010duvara Cedrove \u0161ume, Humbabu.<\/p><p>Nakon te pobjede Gilgame\u0161 vrije\u0111a boginju I\u0161tar, koja mu za kaznu \u0161alje nebeskog bika na grad. Oba junaka ubijaju bika, nakon \u010dega bogovi Enkidua ka\u017enjavaju bole\u0161\u0107u kao \u017ertvenim otkupljenjem. Njegova smrt bac\u0430 Gilgame\u0161a u duboku \u017eivotnu krizu i poti\u010de ga na potragu za besmrtno\u0161\u0107u.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161 putuje do Utnapi\u0161tima, pre\u017eivjelog velikog potopa, koji mu pripovijeda pri\u010du o potopu i name\u0107e mu isku\u0161enja u kojima ne uspijeva. Na povratku pronalazi biljku koja bi trebala vratiti mladost, ali mu je krade zmija.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161 se vra\u0107a u Uruk i s ponosom promatra zidine svoga grada: to je njegova trajna slava. Ovaj zavr\u0161ni dio smatra se jednim od najdirljivijih zaklju\u010daka anti\u010dke knji\u017eevnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli i atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 se u likovnoj umjetnosti prikazuje kao visok junak s bradom i uvojcima kose. Njegovi najva\u017eniji atributi su ratna palica, \u010desto s dvostrukom glavom, i luk. Na novoasirskim reljefima ponekad se prikazuje s lavom pod rukom, \u0161to slikovito prenosi njegovu nadmo\u0107nu tjelesnu snagu.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna ikonografska tradicija prikazuje ga kao heroja izme\u0111u dva uspravljena lava, polo\u017eaj koji u staromesopotamskom slikovnom programu obilje\u017eava \u201egospodara \u017eivotinja\u201c. Taj polo\u017eaj dijele i drugi junaci i bogovi panteona. Reljefi iz pala\u010de Sargona II. u Khorsabadu prikazuju ga u tom polo\u017eaju, \u0161to nagla\u0161ava nadkulturnu snagu njegova lika.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov pratitelj Enkidu \u010dini vlastiti ikonografski tip, \u010desto prikazan s dugom kosom, odje\u0107om od ko\u017ee i divljim crtama. Njih dvojica zajedno predstavljaju staromesopotamski par-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, koji se poslije u sli\u010dnom obliku vra\u0107a u gr\u010dkim i perzijskim pripovijestima. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljaju\u0107i sadr\u017eajni element u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motiv<\/span> bliskog herojskog prijateljskog para preuzeli su Friedrich Schiller i mnogi drugi autori novoga doba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je, za razliku od mnogih junaka anti\u010dkog svijeta, zaista bio kultno \u0161tovan. Natpisi iz starosumerskog i starobabilonskog doba dokazuju <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu kojim se izra\u017eava zahvala, molba ili po\u0161tovanje.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u017ertve<\/span> koje su prino\u0161ene njegovu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezobli\u010dno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhu<\/span> u mjesecu \u017ealovanja za mrtvima. Prizivan je posebno kao bo\u017eanstvo proricanja i sudac u podzemlju, gdje je trebao do\u010dekivati mrtve i pokazivati im put.<\/p>\n<p>Va\u017eno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> bilo je Eturkalama u Uruku, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vjerskim obredom predano svetom i time izdvojeno iz svakodnevnog.\" tabindex=\"0\">posve\u0107eno<\/span> njemu i njegovim precima. I u Nippuru i Babilonu njegovo se ime prizivalo u tekstovima zaziva i \u017ealobnim liturgijama. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bezobli\u010dno bi\u0107e kojemu se pripisuje djelovanje u svijetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span> smatrao se posebno mo\u0107nim u praksama proricanja, jer se kao junak dvaput spustio u podzemlje: jednom da vrati Enkidua, jednom nakon svoje vlastite smrti.<\/p>\n<p>U novoasirsko doba njegov je knji\u017eevni ugled ostao neupitan, ali kultni aspekt je slabio. A\u0161urbanipal, veliki kralj-knji\u017eni\u010dar, \u010duvao je Ep o Gilgame\u0161u u vi\u0161e primjeraka u svojoj knji\u017enici.<\/p><p>Velik broj sa\u010duvanih plo\u010da potje\u010de upravo iz te kraljevske zbirke u Ninivi. I u Hatu\u0161i, glavnom gradu Hetita, izra\u0111en je hetitski prijevod, \u0161to pokazuje me\u0111unarodnu ra\u0448\u0438\u0440enost ove gra\u0111e.<\/p>\n<p>U kasnobabilonskom i seleukidskom razdoblju knji\u017eevna tradicija je blijedila. Ipak, u \u017eidovsko-aramejskim i sirijskim izvorima jo\u0161 se pojavljuju tragovi Gilgame\u0161ove pri\u010de, \u010desto pripisani drugim junacima. Neprekinuta predaja okon\u010dala se tek potpunim zatrpavanjem mesopotamske pismene kulture u 1. stolje\u0107u po. Kr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Va\u017eni mitovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno djelo je Ep o Gilgame\u0161u u standardnoj verziji od dvanaest plo\u010da. Plo\u010de I do II opisuju mladog, vlastodr\u017ea\u010dkog Gilgame\u0161a i stvaranje Enkidua od strane bo\u017eice Aruru. Susret dvaju junaka, njihova borba i naknadno prijateljstvo religijsko-povijesno su izuzetni, jer klasi\u010dni sukob izme\u0111u grada i stepe pretvaraju u savez ljubavi.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u010de III do V opisuju putovanje u Cedrovu \u0161umu i borbu protiv Humbabe, \u010duvara \u0161ume. Ova epizoda religijsko-povijesno je izrazito zanimljiva, jer povezuje kozmi\u010dku geografiju s konkretnom trgovinom drvom. Va\u0111enje cedrovine u Libanonu bilo je stvarna gospodarska djelatnost mezopotamskih kraljeva, a ep je to mitski legitimira.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u010de VI do VIII sadr\u017ee epizodu s I\u0161tar, ubijanje nebeskog bika i smrt Enkidua. Ovdje su religijsko-povijesne teme najgu\u0161\u0107e izra\u017eene.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161ovo odbijanje da uzme I\u0161tar za \u017eenu i njegovo nabrajanje biv\u0161ih ljubavnika bo\u017eice rijetka su polemika protiv mo\u0107nog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u okviru neke religije obo\u017eava kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstva<\/span>. Reakcija bogova, koji dopu\u0161taju da Enkidu umre, daje pri\u010di teolo\u0161ku dubinu.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u010de IX do XI posve\u0107ene su Gilgame\u0161ovu putu o\u010daja. On putuje kroz tunele sun\u010devog boga, prelazi vode smrti, dolazi do Utnapi\u0161tima i \u010duje pri\u010du o Potopu.<\/p><p>Plo\u010da XI, sa svojim detaljnim izvje\u0161tajem o potopu, povijesno je posebno va\u017ena, jer se \u010ditala kao paralela biblijskoj pri\u010di o Potopu i u 19. stolje\u0107u duboko utjecala na raspravu o knji\u017eevnoj predpovijesti Petoknji\u017eja.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u010da XII, kasniji dodatak, prikazuje Gilgame\u0161ovu tugu za Enkiduom i povratak Enkiduova duha iz podzemnog svijeta. Ovaj dio je zapravo prijevod sumerske pjesme \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu i podzemni svijet\u00bb i ne uklapa se u narativnu shemu standardne verzije, zbog \u010dega ga znanost smatra dodatkom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi u panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 kao povijesna osoba u strogom smislu nije dio panteona, ali se posthumno slavio kao polubog i sudac podzemnog svijeta. Njegova majka Ninsun, bo\u017eica mudrosti i staja, pripada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Uruka. Njegov otac Lugalbanda bio je obogotvoreni prethodnik na prijestolju Uruka.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov pratitelj Enkidu ne shva\u0107a se kao <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e koje se u okviru neke religije obo\u017eava kao bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>, nego kao divlje stvoreno bi\u0107e koje nakon smrti odlazi u kraljevstvo Ere\u0161kigal. S Inanom (I\u0161tar), gradskom bo\u017eicom Uruka, Gilgame\u0161 je u sukobljenom odnosu. Sa \u0160ama\u0161em, sun\u010devim bogom i bogom pravde, naprotiv, u za\u0161titni\u010dkom odnosu, jer mu \u0160ama\u0161 poma\u017ee u borbenim zadacima.<\/p>\n<p>S Utnapi\u0161timom i njegovom \u017eenom povezuje ga susret na kraju svijeta, a sa Siduri, kr\u010dmaricom na vodama smrti, filozofska pouka o ljudskom postojanju. Ti susreti razvijaju bogat teolo\u0161ki krajolik u kojem Gilgame\u0161 sve vi\u0161e postaje u\u010ditelj \u010ditatelja.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161ov odnos s majkom Ninsun od sredi\u0161nje je va\u017enosti. Ninsun, \u010dije ime zna\u010di \u00abgospodarica divljih krava\u00bb, bo\u017eica je grada Uruka i prikazana je kao savjetnica i tuma\u010dica snova junaka.<\/p><p>Ona u Plo\u010di I tuma\u010di Gilgame\u0161ove sne, u kojima se Enkidu pojavljuje kao budu\u0107i prijatelj. Ta funkcija bo\u017eanske majke arhai\u010dni je element koji se javlja i u drugim mezopotamskim herojskim epovima, primjerice kod Lugalbande i Etane.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov otac Lugalbanda sam je herojski lik, kojemu su posve\u0107ene dvije zasebne sumerske pri\u010de. Teogonijska linija Gilgame\u0161-Lugalbanda-Ninsun povezuje grad Uruk s bo\u017eansko-kraljevskom genealogijom koja obuhva\u0107a tri generacije. Ta genealogija zapisana je u Sumerskom kraljevskom popisu i dala je gradu Uruku teolo\u0161ko dostojanstvo koje nadilazi jednostavnu gradsku povijest.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija i utjecaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ep o Gilgame\u0161u 1872. godine de\u0161ifrirao je George Smith u British Museumu, \u0161to je izazvalo znanstvenu senzaciju oko plo\u010de o Potopu. Od tada je prevedeno na desetke jezika i objavljeno u brojnim izdanjima.<\/p><p>Rainer Maria Rilke nazvao ga je \u00abjednim od najve\u0107ih djela ljudske knji\u017eevnosti\u00bb, a Carl Gustav Jung ga je tuma\u010dio u arhetipskom smislu kao putovanje svjesnog ja u dubinu du\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>U modernoj knji\u017eevnosti Gilgame\u0161ov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Element sadr\u017eaja koji se ponavlja u umjetnosti ili pripovijedanju.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> preuzet je brojnim autorima, primjerice Hansom Hennyjem Jahnnom, Stephanom Grundyjem, Robertom Silverbergom i Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Skladatelj Bohuslav Martin\u016f napisao je \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb, kantatu za soliste, zbor i orkestar, praizvedenu 1958. u Baselu. U stripovima, filmovima i igrama junak se javlja u mnogim adaptacijama, \u010desto s velikim odmakom od anti\u010dke gra\u0111e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>U povijesti religije ep igra sredi\u0161nju ulogu u komparativnom istra\u017eivanju junaka, smrti i Potopa. Paralele s biblijskom Knjigom Postanka od otkri\u0107a su standardna tema teolo\u0161kih i znanstvenih ud\u017ebenika. Pitanje povijesne ovisnosti ili zajedni\u010dkog podrijetla raspravlja se i danas.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>U modernoj povijesti religije Ep o Gilgame\u0161u temeljito je promijenio raspravu o podrijetlu biblijskog Potopa. Hermann Gunkel u djelu \u00abGenesis\u00bb (1901.) formulirao je tezu da mezopotamska tradicija jezi\u010dno i motivski oblikuje biblijsku pri\u010du.<\/span><\/p><p>Tu je tezu preuzeo Claus Westermann u svom velikom komentaru na Knjigu Postanka i danas je op\u0107e prihva\u0107ena. To\u010dan na\u010din preno\u0161enja, bilo izravno putem babilonskog su\u017eanjstva ili putem usmenih predaja na Bliskom istoku, ostaje predmet rasprave.<\/p>\n<p>U modernoj knji\u017eevnosti Gilgame\u0161 je postao \u0161ifra za potragu za smislom nakon gubitka prijatelja.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00abGilgame\u0161\u00bb Stefana Heyma (1972.), \u00abGilgamesh\u00bb Joan London (2001.) i roman \u00abGilgamesh the King\u00bb Roberta Silverberga (1984.) najva\u017enije su knji\u017eevne adaptacije. U filmu je Andrej Tarkovski svojim \u00abStalkerom\u00bb (1979.) obilje\u017een Gilgame\u0161ovim motivima, \u0161to je izri\u010dito spomenuo u svojim zapisima.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religijsko-znanstvena klasifikacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George je u svom kriti\u010dkom izdanju \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb rekonstruirao rukopisnu tradiciju i analizirao ep u njegovom staroisto\u010dnja\u010dkom kontekstu. Njegov rad smatra se standardnim djelom i presudno je oblikovao znanstveno razumijevanje ove gra\u0111e. Stefan Maul je u vi\u0161e studija analizirao magijsko-ritualne aspekte epa.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen u Gilgame\u0161ovoj pri\u010di vidi starmezopotamski oblik promi\u0161ljanja o smrti i umiranju. Prema njegovom mi\u0161ljenju, ep nije prvenstveno juna\u010dki roman, ve\u0107 teolo\u0161ko suo\u010davanje s kona\u010dno\u0161\u0107u. Jean Bott\u00e9ro nagla\u0161ava dru\u0161tvenu funkciju teksta, koji su u pisarskim \u0161kolama prepisivali u\u010denici pisari, \u010dime je postao obrazovni temelj starmezopotamske elite.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley i Wilfred Lambert priredili su prijevode i komentare koji su djelo u\u010dinili dostupnim \u0161iroj publici. Walther Sallaberger rekonstruirao je staro sumerske prethodnike. Danas znanost u Ep o Gilgame\u0161u vidi jedno od najva\u017enijih vlastitih svjedo\u010danstava starmezopotamske visoke kulture i klju\u010dni tekst za pitanje kako je rana visoka kultura promi\u0161ljala smrtnost, prijateljstvo i slavu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Standardna verzija i Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Knji\u017eevno najpoznatiji oblik Epa o Gilgame\u0161u jest takozvana standardna verzija, akadska kompozicija na dvanaest plo\u010da, sastavljena sredinom 2. tisu\u0107lje\u0107a pr. Kr. pod naslovom \u00abSha naqba imuru\u00bb, \u00abOnaj koji je vidio sve\u00bb.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. n. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dka<\/span> tradicija pripisuje redakciju u\u010denom Babiloncu po imenu Sin-leqi-unninni, \u010darobnjaku i pisaru koji je vjerojatno djelovao u srednjobabilonskom razdoblju (12. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Njegovo se ime pojavljuje u popisima pisara iz Ninive kao ime \u00bbonoga koji je sastavio plo\u010de\u00ab. Andrew George je u svom monumentalnom izdanju \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb (Oxford, 2003.) pomno rekonstruirao povijest teksta i uspore\u0111ivao izvore iz Ninive, Sultantepea, Babilona, Uruka i Mezopotamije.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Standardna verzija podijeljena je na dvanaest plo\u010da. Plo\u010de I i II govore o stvaranju Enkidua i njegovom susretu s Gilgame\u0161om. Plo\u010de III do V opisuju putovanje u Cedrovu \u0161umu i borbu s Humbabom. Plo\u010da VI izvje\u0161tava o susretu s I\u0161tar i ubojstvu Nebeskog bika.<\/p><p>Plo\u010da VII sadr\u017ei Enkiduovu smrt i Gilgame\u0161ovu \u017ealost. Plo\u010de VIII do XI govore o Gilgame\u0161ovoj potrazi za besmrtno\u0161\u0107u, uklju\u010duju\u0107i susret s Utnapi\u0161timom, mezopotamskim Noom, i pri\u010du o potopu. Plo\u010da XII sumerski je dodatak koji kao prilog donosi izvadak iz \u00abGilgame\u0161a, Enkidua i podzemnog svijeta\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Pri\u010da o potopu na plo\u010di XI jedna je od najpoznatijih epizoda svjetske knji\u017eevnosti. Utnapi\u0161tim pripovijeda Gilgame\u0161u kako ga je Enki upozorio na veliki potop koji je bog Enlil poslao na \u010dovje\u010danstvo. Utnapi\u0161tim je izgradio arku u koju je spasio svoju obitelj, sva \u017eiva bi\u0107a i znanje.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nakon sedam dana potopa arka se nasukala na planini Nisir, a bogovi su Utnapi\u0161tima podarili besmrtnost. Pri\u010du je 1872. godine prvi objavio George Smith u Britanskom muzeju, \u0161to je izazvalo znanstvenu i teolo\u0161ku senzaciju, jer je upu\u0107ivalo na mogu\u0107 mezopotamski predlo\u017eak biblijske pri\u010de o potopu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Starobabilonske verzije i Bilgame\u0161-tekstovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prije standardne verzije postojalo je nekoliko starobabilonskih verzija iz 18. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr., me\u0111u njima Pennsylvanijska plo\u010da i Yaleova plo\u010da, koje su u oba slu\u010daja u\u010denici prepisivali kao pisarsku vje\u017ebu.<\/p><p>Te starobabilonske verzije mjestimice su sa\u017eetije i pripovjedno slobodnije od standardne verzije te sadr\u017ee varijante koje nagovje\u0161tavaju sretniji ishod odnosa Gilgame\u0161a i Enkidua. Pennsylvanijska plo\u010da po\u010dinje snovi\u0111enim proro\u010danstvom o Enkiduu koje izgovara Gilgame\u0161ova majka Ninsun, prizor koji je u standardnoj verziji prikazan skra\u0107eno.<\/p>\n<p>Prije starobabilonskih verzija postoji sumerska tradicija u kojoj se Gilgame\u0161 pojavljuje pod imenom Bilgame\u0161 u pet samostalnih pri\u010da.<\/p><p>Ti Bilgame\u0161-tekstovi jesu: \u00abBilgame\u0161 i Aga\u00bb, opis opsade Uruka od strane kraljevskog susjeda Age; \u00abBilgame\u0161 i Huwawa\u00bb, prethodnik epizode s Humbabom; \u00abBilgame\u0161 i Nebeski bik\u00bb; \u00abBilgame\u0161, Enkidu i podzemni svijet\u00bb; te \u00abBilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tih pet sumerskih tekstova starije je od akadske tradicije i se\u017eu u razdoblje tre\u0107e dinastije Ura (21. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.). Potpuno izdanje s engleskim prijevodom priredio je Andrew George u \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb (Penguin Classics, 1999.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Osobito va\u017ean izvor jest \u00abBilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00bb, tekst koji opisuje junakovu smrt i njegov ukop. Gilgame\u0161 u podzemnom svijetu postaje sudac, funkcija koja se kasnije pojavljuje i u zaklinja\u010dkim tekstovima.<\/p><p>Ova dvostruka uloga heroja pro\u0161losti i suca mrtvih tipi\u010dna je konstrukcija za mezopotamske juna\u010dke likove. Aage Westenholz i Antoine Cavigneaux u vi\u0161e su radova analizirali zna\u010denje ovog teksta za mezopotamsku eshatologiju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Povijest istra\u017eivanja i linije utjecaja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otkri\u0107e Epa o Gilgame\u0161u zapo\u010delo je 1853. godine iskopavanjima Hormuzda Rassama u knji\u017enici A\u0161urbanipala u Ninivi. Plo\u010dice su prenesene u British Museum, gdje ih je de\u0161ifrirao George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Njegovo predavanje \u00abThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge\u00bb pred Society of Biblical Archaeology 3. prosinca 1872. sufinancirao je Daily Telegraph, a smatra se po\u010detkom moderne asiriologije.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith je nakon toga otputovao u Ninivu i 1873. prona\u0161ao dodatne fragmente koji su dovr\u0161ili djelo. Njegovo izdanje \u00abThe Chaldean Account of Genesis\u00bb (1876.) u\u010dinilo je ep dostupnim \u0161irokoj javnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Moderna izdanja u najve\u0107oj mjeri slijede Andrewa Georgea 2003., s dopunskim nalazima iz Sultantepea (objavio Jeffrey Tigay 1982.), iz Ugarita (objavio Daniel Arnaud 2007.) i iz Hattu\u0161e (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y, u hetitskom i hurijskom prijevodu).<\/span><\/p><p>Ti nalazi iz razli\u010ditih regija dokazuju da je ep u 2. tisu\u0107lje\u0107u kolao u vi\u0161e jezika i u brojnim kulturama Bliskog istoka, od Levanta do Anatolije.<\/p>\n<p>Povijest utjecaja ovog djela iznimno je raznolika. U biblijskoj znanosti raspravu o paralelama izme\u0111u Gilgame\u0161a i hebrejske Biblije obilje\u017eava trajna aktualnost jo\u0161 od Georgea Smitha. Frank Moore Cross, John Day i Othmar Keel identificirali su tragove gilgame\u0161ovske gra\u0111e u pri\u010di o Potopu, u Knjizi o Jobu i u psalmima.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>U modernoj knji\u017eevnosti ep su recipirali Rainer Maria Rilke (u pismima), Jorge Luis Borges (u pripovijetkama) i Philip Roth (u \u00abThe Counterlife\u00bb). Njema\u010dki prijevod Alberta Schotta i Wolframa von Sodena (Reclam 1958.) u\u010dvrstio je djelo u njema\u010dkom govornom podru\u010dju.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoha gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Izvori: sumerske pjesme o Gilgame\u0161u (\u00abGilgame\u0161 i Huwawa\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161 i nebeski bik\u00bb, \u00abGilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00bb), starobabilonski fragmenti, standardna verzija Epa o Gilgame\u0161u na 12 plo\u010dica, hetitski prijevod iz Hattu\u0161e, ninivske plo\u010dice iz knji\u017enice A\u0161urbanipala.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Znanstvena literatura: Andrew George, \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u00abThe Treasures of Darkness\u00bb, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dodatna standardna djela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/literatura\/\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgame\u0161","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 kralj Uruka i junak epa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgame\u0161 je mesopotamski heroj i kralj Uruka. 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