{"id":149815,"date":"2026-09-04T05:13:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:13:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=149815"},"modified":"2026-09-04T05:32:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:32:54","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"149815\" class=\"elementor elementor-149815 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, babilonska boginja iscjeliteljske umjetnosti<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je babilonska boginja iscjeliteljske umjetnosti i prikazuje se kao gospodarica pasa, \u010dija je \u017eivotinja <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Slikovita predstava koja stoji za apstraktnu misao.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> ozdravljenja. Gula je najva\u017enija boginja iscjeljenja starodrevne mezopotamske religije. Po\u0161tovana je prije svega u starobabilonskom i novoasirskom razdoblju, a smatrala se za\u0161titnicom iscjeliteljske umjetnosti, lije\u010dnika i babica.<\/p><p>Njezin je atribut pas, \u017eivotinja koja je u starodrevnoj mezopotamskoj predod\u017ebi bila povezana i s ozdravljenjem i s granicom izme\u0111u \u017eivota i smrti. Njezini najva\u017eniji <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> stajali su u Isinu, Nippuru i Babilonu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ bo\u017eica: Personificirana najvi\u0161a mo\u0107 u panteonu neke kulture, s jasnim nadle\u017enostima \u2014 prirodne sile, sudbina, rat, plodnost. Po\u0161tovana kroz kultove, \u017ertve i hramske institucije.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/mezopotamija\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kolijevka dokumentirane religije \u2014 Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asirija (od oko 3500. pr. Kr. do 330. pr. Kr.).\">Mezopotamija<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na ovoj stranici nisu prona\\u0111eni naslovi.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tSadr\u017eaj\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-151439\" alt=\"Gula - bogovi iz mezopotamske tradicije, povijesno-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit i podrijetlo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je kasniji i ve\u0107i oblik nekoliko starijih boginja iscjeljenja, prije svega Ninisine, Bau i Ninkarrak, koje su bile po\u0161tovane u starosumerskim gradovima-dr\u017eavama Isin, Laga\u0161 i Sippar. Ninisina, \u00abGospodarica Isina\u00bb, najva\u017enija je prethodnica.<\/p><p>Ve\u0107 u kraljevskim natpisima Isinske dinastije oko 2000. pr. Kr. javlja se kao vrhovna boginja iscjeljenja i gradska boginja. U starobabilonskom razdoblju njezine su se funkcije i osobine spojile u jedinstveni lik Gule.<\/p>\n<p>Njezino ime Gula na akadskom zna\u010di \u00abVelika\u00bb. Natpisi je nazivaju azugallu, odnosno \u00abvelika lije\u010dnica\u00bb. K\u0107i je Anua, boga neba, ili prema drugim predajama k\u0107i Enlila. Njezin je suprug Ninurta, bog ratnika i pluga, s kojim \u010dini komplementaran par: on za ratno osvajanje, ona za iscjeliteljsku obnovu.<\/p>\n<p>Njezina najva\u017enija sveti\u0161ta le\u017eala su u Isinu, gradu u ju\u017enoj Mezopotamiji, i u Nippuru, sredi\u0161njem religijskom gradu. U Babilonu joj je u starobabilonskom razdoblju podignut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> E-galmah. U Sipparu je bila poznata pod obli\u010djem Ninkarrak. Ta geografska rasprostranjenost pokazuje nadregionalni zna\u010daj boginje.<\/p>\n<p>Poznata himna Guli, \u00abHimna Bullussa-rabi\u00bb, potje\u010de iz srednjobabilonskog razdoblja i donosi opse\u017ean samoprikaz boginje. Ona se opisuje kao lije\u010dnica, bolni\u010darka, babica i istodobno pravedna sutkinja. Himna je religijsko-povijesno va\u017ena jer sa\u017eima klju\u010dne funkcije boginje u knji\u017eevno visokovrijednom obliku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli i atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji atribut Gule je pas. Na kudurru-grani\u010dnim kamenovima i reljefima pas sjedi uz njezino prijestolje ili joj je pod nogama.<\/p><p>Pas je u starodrevnoj mezopotamskoj predod\u017ebi povezivao ozdravljenje i smrt: njegova se pljuva\u010dka smatrala ljekovitom, \u0161to je arheolo\u0161ki potvr\u0111eno kostima pasa u sveti\u0161tima i tekstovima o lije\u010denju koji preko pljuva\u010dke psa izgovaraju zazivne formule. Istodobno su psi bili pratitelji podzemnog bo\u017eanstva i mogli su se zami\u0161ljati kao pratitelji mrtvih.<\/p>\n<p>Drugi atribut je lanceta ili medicinski \u0161tap. Na nekim prikazima dr\u017ei instrument koji podsje\u0107a na kirur\u0161ko oru\u0111e. Na otiscima pe\u010data \u010desto se prikazuje pred bolesnom osobom, kojoj se okre\u0107e s namjerom iscjeljenja.<\/p>\n<p>Na mnogim kudurru-kamenovima <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znak koji predstavlja neku predod\u017ebu ili zna\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> sjede\u0107eg psa javlja se uz druge astralne ili kosmi\u010dke znakove. Time je Gula bila neizostavan dio teolo\u0161ke geografije grani\u010dnih kamenova.<\/p><p>Simbolika psa pri tome je ostala njezino obvezno obilje\u017eje, po kojem je bila nepogre\u0161ivo prepoznatljiva. Arheolo\u0161ki nalazi iz Isina potvrdili su obredni zna\u010daj psa u njezinu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost obrednih radnji po\u0161tovanja usmjerenih prema bo\u017eanstvu ili svetom liku.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultu<\/span>, jer su tamo prona\u0111ene kosti pasa u posebnom rasporedu.<\/p>\n<p>Hramski reljefi ponekad prikazuju Gulu sa zvijezdom ili polumjesecom, \u0161to upu\u0107uje na astralnu dimenziju njezina po\u0161tovanja. Veza izme\u0111u iscjeljenja, tuma\u010denja zvijezda i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Jezi\u010dni obred kojim se nastoji prizvati ili obuzdati neka sila.\" tabindex=\"0\">zazivanja<\/span> bila je u starodrevnom mezopotamskom mi\u0161ljenju tijesno povezana, a Gula je kao boginja iscjeljenja istodobno pripadala astralnom znanju.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult i \u0161tovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno kultno mjesto Gule bilo je u Isinu, u ju\u017enoj Mezopotamiji. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno \u0161tovanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sveti\u0161te<\/span> E-gal-mah bilo je mjesto okupljanja lije\u010dnika, primalja i pacijenata. Tamo je prona\u0111en velik broj zavjetnih darova od gline u obliku bolesnih dijelova tijela, usporedivih s votivnim darovima iz ju\u017enoitalskih kultova lije\u010denja.<\/p><p>Oni pru\u017eaju izravan uvid u tada\u0161nju praksu: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Osoba koja poduzima religiozno motivirano putovanje na sveto mjesto.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hodo\u010dasnici<\/span> su joj posve\u0107ivali modele bolesnih o\u010diju, udova ili trbu\u0161nih organa u nadi izlje\u010denja.<\/p>\n<p>U Nippuru je njezin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina posve\u0107ena \u0161tovanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> bio E-mah, gdje se okupljao kolegij lije\u010dnika.<\/p><p>Novoasirska rije\u010d za lije\u010dnika, asu, koja je bila u \u010destoj upotrebi, izvedena je iz njezine funkcije. U Sipparu se \u0161tovala pod imenom Ninkarrak, u Babilonu u E-galmahu. U Borsippi, sestrinskom gradu Babilona, bila je uklju\u010dena kao pratiteljica boga Nabua, boga pisma.<\/p>\n<p>Njezin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveukupnost obrednih \u010dina \u0161tovanja nekog bo\u017eanstva ili svete pojave.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> bio je posebno omiljen me\u0111u \u017eenama i lije\u010dnicima. Zaklinja\u010dki tekstovi iz starobabilonskog i novoasirskog doba prizivaju ju kod poro\u0111aja, kod vru\u0107ice, kod ugriza zmije i kod psihi\u010dkih poreme\u0107aja. Zbirke zaklinjanja iz kraljevske knji\u017enice A\u0161urbanipala sadr\u017ee brojne tekstove u kojima se Gula zajedno s Mardukom, Eom i \u0160ama\u0161om priziva kao bo\u017eanstvo lije\u010denja.<\/p>\n<p>Praksa zaklinjanja uz bolesni\u010dki krevet pacijenta obi\u010dno je obuhva\u0107ala vi\u0161e faza. Najprije bi asipu, zaklinja\u010dki sve\u0107enik, formulai\u010dno prizivao Gulu. Zatim su slijedile konkretne uputa, \u010desto s mje\u0161avinama biljaka ili obrednim radnjama poput prevla\u010denja vunenom nitkom, koja bi se zatim spalila kako bi se bolest simboli\u010dki uni\u0161tila.<\/p><p>Ta praksa, \u010desto povezana sa psom kao obrednom \u017eivotinjom, dokumentirana je na stotinama glinenih plo\u010dica.<\/p>\n<p>U novoasirskom razdoblju dr\u017eavno \u0161tovanje Gule je poras\u043b\u043e. A\u0161urbanipal je naredio prepisivanje njezinih tekstova i njihovo uvr\u0161tavanje u svoju knji\u017enicu. Kraljevske \u017eene su joj tako\u0111e donosile osobne zavjetne darove, \u0161to nagla\u0161ava povezanost bo\u017eice s poro\u0111ajem i maj\u010dinstvom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Va\u017eni mitovi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula se u pripovjednim tekstovima javlja rje\u0111e od Inanne ili Marduka. Njezin najva\u017eniji tekst je \u201eBullussa-rabi himna\u201d, veliko samopredstavljanje bo\u017eice u 200 stihova.<\/p><p>U njoj se naziva k\u0107erkom Anua, suprugom Ninurte, lije\u010dnicom velikih bogova, primaljom naroda i pravednom za\u0161titnicom slabih. Himna je religijsko-povijesno zna\u010dajna jer zaokru\u017euje teolo\u0161ku konsolidaciju mnogih bo\u017eica lije\u010denja pod Gulinim imenom.<\/p>\n<p>U Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span> Gula se ne javlja izravno, ali u kasnijim ina\u010dicama spominje se zajedno s Ninurtom nakon njegove pobjede i sudjeluje u slavlju pobjede. Ta povezanost uklapa ju u kozmi\u010dki herojski ep i daje joj pripovjednu vezu s Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predaja o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitom<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Kratka pri\u010da govori o Gulinom psu koji je jednog dana oboljeo. Bo\u017eica mu je morala pomo\u0107i sama i pri tome je koristila nekoliko svojih ljekovitih trava.<\/p><p>Ka\u017ee se da je iz te boli izniknula njezina sposobnost lije\u010denja, jer je patnju prvo iskusila na svojoj vlastitoj \u017eivotinji. Ta pri\u010da, sa\u010duvana u nekoliko fragmenata, daje bo\u017eici empati\u010dan karakter, po kojem se razlikuje od isklju\u010divo pravno-kaznenih bo\u017eanstava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi u panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula je udana za Ninurtu, boga ratnika i pluga. Oboje \u010dine komplementaran par u kojem su ratna potresenost i iscjeljuju\u0107a obnova me\u0111usobno povezani. S Damuom, mla\u0111im bogom lije\u010denja i svojim sinom, ima blizak obiteljski odnos. Damu se \u010desto tuma\u010di kao Gulin nasljednik u funkciji lije\u010denja.<\/p>\n<p>S Ninisinom, Bau i Ninkarrak kultno je stopljena, \u0161to pokazuje teolo\u0161ki proces konsolidacije starobabilonskog doba. S Mardukom, dr\u017eavnim bogom Babilona, stoji u odnosu kultne suradnje: u medicinskim zaklinjanjima oboje se \u010desto zajedno prizivaju, jer je Marduk u babilonskoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno u\u010denje o Bogu i vjeri neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiji<\/span> preuzimao sve sredi\u0161nju ulogu i preklapao se s funkcijama lije\u010denja.<\/p>\n<p>U \u0161irem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> Gula je povezana sa \u0160ama\u0161om, bogom sunca i bogom prava, te s Eom, bogom mudrosti. Veza s Eom posebno je bliska, jer se on smatra kozmi\u010dkim u\u010diteljem umije\u0107a lije\u010denja, a Gula djeluje kao njegov zemaljski pandan.<\/p>\n<p>Gula je u teolo\u0161kom popisu An izjedna\u010dena s Ninkarrak, bo\u017eicom lije\u010denja Akada, koja se u prokletstvenim formulama Hamurabijeve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna, ispisana ili oslikana kamena ili drvena plo\u010da.\" tabindex=\"0\">stele<\/span> spominje kao primateljica medicinskih kazna.<\/p><p>Njezin suprug je Pabilsag, bog ratnik i bog lije\u010denja, koji se u kasnobabilonskoj astronomiji izjedna\u010dava sa zvije\u017e\u0111em Strijelca. Ta povezanost bo\u017eice lije\u010denja i ratnika tipi\u010dna je za Mezopotamiju konstelacija u kojoj su za\u0161tita i agresivnost ujedinjene u istom bo\u017eanskom paru.<\/p>\n<p>Zanimljiv posebni slu\u010daj je izjedna\u010davanje Gula-I\u0161tar u nekim kasnobabilonskim himnama, koje poku\u0161avaju shvatiti obje bo\u017eice kao aspekte jedne jedinstvene \u017eenske mo\u0107i. To stapanje je sporno i smatra se posebnim slu\u010dajem kasne teolo\u0161ke spekulacije koja je, pod utjecajem rastu\u0107e Mardukove monolatrije, htjela ujediniti i glavne \u017eenske bo\u017eice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija i utjecaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gulin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj osobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> okon\u010dan je s propa\u0161\u0107u babilonske visoke kulture u seleukidskom periodu. Njezini iscjeliteljski tekstovi ipak su se dalje prepisivali i \u010duvali u knji\u017enicama helenisti\u010dkog svijeta. Sumerolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja 19. i 20. stolje\u0107a rekonstruirala su je kao sredi\u0161nju figuru mezopotamske povijesti medicine.<\/p>\n<p>U modernoj povijesti medicine Gula se cijeni kao jedna od najranije dokumentiranih za\u0161titni\u010dkih bo\u017eica iscjeliteljske umjetnosti. Reljefi iz Isina prikazani su u mnogim ud\u017ebenicima povijesti medicine. U povijesti religijskog odnosa prema psu ona se javlja kao va\u017ena svjedokinja dvojne funkcije psa kao iscjeliteljskog i pratitelja mrtvih.<\/p>\n<p>U popularnoj kulturi Gula se danas rijetko spominje, ali u tekstovima o staroorijentalnoj medicini i u studijama o povijesti porodni\u0161tva ona je klju\u010dna referentna figura. Veza izme\u0111u njezine simbolike psa i kasnijih iscjeliteljskih bogova s psom (poput Asklepija sa zmijom i psom u gr\u010dkom svijetu) razmatra se u komparativnoj religijskoj znanosti.<\/p>\n<p>U helenisti\u010dkoj Mezopotamiji Gula je bila identificirana s Hekatom, gr\u010dkom bo\u017eicom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim radnjama ili formulama nastoje utjecati na tijek doga\u0111aja.\" tabindex=\"0\">magije<\/span> i pasa. Ta identifikacija epigrafski je potvr\u0111ena u natpisima iz Uruka iz seleukidskog doba, prije svega na jednoj bilingvalnoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Uspravna kamena ili drvena plo\u010da s natpisom ili slikom.\" tabindex=\"0\">steli<\/span> iz 3. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. Zajedni\u010dka poveznica je atribut psa i no\u0107na iscjeliteljska funkcija.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert je u knjizi \u00abBabylon, Memphis, Persepolis\u00bb prikazao religijsko-povijesnu liniju od Gule preko Hekate do kasnije Diane.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>U povijesti medicine Gula se smatra najranije poimenice spomenutom bo\u017eicom iscjeljenja koja je za\u0161titnica vlastite profesije. Njezino po\u0161tovanje korijen je kasnijeg Asklepije-Hipokratovog kompleksa, \u0161to je Vivian Nutton detaljno prikazao u djelu \u00abAncient Medicine\u00bb (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>Dana\u0161nja medicinsko-povijesna istra\u017eivanja vide Gulinu tradiciju kao va\u017ean element predpovijesti gr\u010dke iscjeliteljske umjetnosti, s konkretnim tragovima u farmakologiji i dijagnostici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religijsko-znanstvena klasifikacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen svrstava Gulu u krug velikih \u017eenskih za\u0161titni\u010dkih bo\u017eanstava \u010dija se funkcija u starobabilonskom periodu usredoto\u010dila na iscjeljenje i porod. U njezinom srastanju s Ninisinom vidi tipi\u010dan proces konsolidacije, u kojem se vi\u0161e gradskih bo\u017eica stapa u jednu figuru valjanu za cijelo carstvo.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro nagla\u0161ava dru\u0161tvenu funkciju njezinog kulta. Gula je bila za\u0161titnica cijele profesionalne skupine, asua i asipua, odnosno medicinsko-obrednih specijalista. Povezanost te profesionalne skupine s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramom<\/span> bila je va\u017ena strukturna komponenta staromezopotamskog dru\u0161tva.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul je u svojim studijama o vra\u010danju i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prakse koje posebnim radnjama ili formulama nastoje utjecati na tijek doga\u0111aja.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiji<\/span> dokumentirao usku isprepletenost Gulinog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj osobi.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulta<\/span> i prakse zaziva. Walther Sallaberger i Andrew George arheolo\u0161ki i tekstualno su rekonstruirali hramski kult u Isinu i Nipuru.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert kriti\u010dki je izdao i komentirao \u00abHimnu Bulussa-rabi\u00bb. Istra\u017eivanja vide u Guli jedan od najva\u017enijih klju\u010deva za razumijevanje staromezopotamske medicine i religije.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gulin himan Bulussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzna\u010dajniji knji\u017eevni tekst o bo\u017eici je veliki Gulin himan Bulussa-rabi, poimenice poznate pisarice iz srednjobabilonskog razdoblja, vjerojatno iz 12. stolje\u0107a pr. Kr. Tekst od 200 redaka sa\u010duvan je u vi\u0161e primjeraka, a najva\u017enije plo\u010dice potje\u010du iz knji\u017enica Asura, Ninive i Babilona.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Himan je prvi put izdao 1967. Wilfred G. Lambert u \u010dasopisu Orientalia 36, s opse\u017enim komentarom i prijevodom. Tekst je napisan u stilu samoprogla\u0161enja, u kojem Gula u prvom licu govori o svojim svojstvima, mo\u0107ima i iscjeliteljskim funkcijama.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bulussa-rabi predstavlja bo\u017eicu u enciklopedijskom nabrajanju njezinih imena i funkcija. Ona je Belet-ili, gospodarica bogova, Nintinuga, Bau i Ninisina, koje su se \u0161tovale u razli\u010ditim sumerskim gradovima.<\/p><p>Ovo povezivanje regionalnih bo\u017eica pod jednim dominantnim imenom primjer je mezopotamske sinkretisti\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Znanstveno prou\u010davanje Boga i vjerovanja jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologije<\/span>, u kojoj su se lokalni kultovi ujedinjavali pod jednim glavnim imenom. Himna je religijsko-povijesno posebno va\u017ena jer prenosi teolo\u0161ku integraciju brojnih iscjeliteljskih bo\u017eica u jednu jedinstvenu Gulinu figuru.<\/p>\n<p>Sadr\u017eajno himna opisuje Gulinu djelatnost kao lije\u010dnice. Ona je \u00abvelika lije\u010dnica koja tugu pretvara u radost\u00bb, ona \u00absmiruje ranu tako \u0161to je zavija\u00bb, ona \u00abvra\u0107a mrtve u \u017eivot\u00bb.<\/p><p>Ovaj posljednji izraz je hiperboli\u010dan, ali pokazuje razmjer pripisane iscjeliteljske mo\u0107i. Posebno je mjesto nabrajanje ljekovitog bilja, \u010dija precizna botani\u010dka identifikacija modernim istra\u017eiva\u010dima predstavlja pote\u0161ko\u0107e. Stefan Maul je tu farmakopeju komentirao u svojim studijama o babilonskoj iscjeliteljskoj umjetnosti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin i arheologija hramova<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno sredi\u0161te Gulinog kulta bio je Isin, grad na donjem Eufratu, \u010diji je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina namijenjena obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> boginje nosio ime E-gal-mah, \u00abvelika uzvi\u0161ena pala\u010da\u00bb.<\/p><p>Grad je do\u017eivio svoj procvat u 20. i 19. stolje\u0107u pr. Kr. pod dinastijom Isina, \u010diji su kraljevi sebe nazivali \u00abizabranicima iz ku\u0107e Ninisinne\u00bb (odnosno Gule). Gra\u0111evinski natpisi Lipit-I\u0161tara i Enlil-banija dokumentiraju opse\u017ene darovnice, uklju\u010duju\u0107i obnove hramova, posvete kipova i ure\u0111enje prostorija za lije\u010denje.<\/p>\n<p>Njema\u010dka arheolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja Isina pod vodstvom Barthela Hroude izme\u0111u 1973. i 1989. godine gotovo su u potpunosti otkrila E-gal-mah. U hramskom dvori\u0161tu prona\u0111en je bunar u koji su, nakon ozdravljenja, kao zavjetni darovi bacane figurice pasa.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eiva\u010di su otkrili nekoliko stotina terakotnih pse\u0107a, koji su stolje\u0107ima polagani u vodu. Ova neobi\u010dna vrsta izvora potvr\u0111uje simboliku pasa spomenutu u hvalospjevu boginji i pru\u017ea uvid u pu\u010dku pobo\u017enost onih koji su tra\u017eili ozdravljenje.<\/p>\n<p>Drugo veliko <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveto mjesto posve\u0107eno obo\u017eavanju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161te<\/span> nalazilo se u Nippuru, a tre\u0107e u Babilonu, gdje je Gula u kasnobabilonsko doba postala dr\u017eavno-teolo\u0161ki sredi\u0161nja boginja lije\u010denja. Hramski natpisi Nabukodonozora II. navode je kao onu koja je darovala ozdravljenje kralju nakon te\u0161ke bolesti.<\/p><p>I u gradu A\u0161uru u Asiriji postojao je E-gal-mah, koji su obnovili Sanherib i Asurbanipal. Ta nadregionalna prisutnost svrstava Gulu me\u0111u glavna svemesopotamska bo\u017eanstva, po utjecaju usporedivu s I\u0161tar ili Mardukom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pas kao atribut i zavjetna praksa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pas je najva\u017eniji atribut Gule, \u0161to je u mezopotamskom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost bogova neke religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonu<\/span> jedinstveno. Drugi bogovi imaju bikove, lavove ili zmajeve, ali samo Gula ima psa kao svog \u017eivotinjskog pratitelja.<\/p><p>Na ve\u0107ini kudurru-reljefa iz srednjobabilonskog doba, prije svega na kudurruu Meli-\u0160ipaka (12. stolje\u0107e pr. Kr.), prikazana je na tronu s psom koji sjedi kraj njezinih nogu. Ta likovna tradicija potvr\u0111ena je i na glaziranim cigla\u00adma Nabukodonozora II. u Babilonu.<\/p>\n<p>Povijesno gledano, simbolika psa je slojevita. Psi su u Mezopotamiji s jedne strane ne\u010disti i strah izazivaju, a s druge strane \u010duvari su praga. U medicini je pas vjerojatno smatran gnosti\u010dkom \u017eivotinjom lije\u010denja, \u010dija je pljuva\u010dka i lickanje rana u pu\u010dkoj medicini vrijedilo kao ljekovito za rane.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten u svojim studijama o babilonskoj religiji upozorila je na dvozna\u010dnost psa, koji se shva\u0107ao kao istovremeno \u010dist i ne\u010dist. Karen Radner je u vi\u0161e radova istra\u017eila me\u0111udjelovanje obreda lije\u010denja i obo\u017eavanja pasa.<\/p>\n<p>Zavjetna praksa uz glinene pse obuhva\u0107ala je i modele bolesnih dijelova tijela. U hramskim iskopinama prona\u0111ene su glinene replike ruku, nogu, o\u010diju i genitalija, koje su pacijenti prinosili kao zavjetne darove.<\/p><p>Ta praksa ima izravne paralele u kasnijim gr\u010dkim Asklepijevim hramovima, prije svega u Epidauru, gdje su izlije\u010deni ostavljali glinene udove. O izravnom povijesno-religijskom kontinuitetu raspravlja se, ali ga nije mogu\u0107e nedvojbeno dokazati.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izvori i dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Razdoblje gr\u010dke i rimske kulture, otprilike od 800. pr. Kr. do 600. po. Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Izvori: \u00abHimna Bullussa-rabi\u00bb posve\u0107ena Guli, medicinski i zazivni tekstovi iz starobabilonskog i novoasirskog razdoblja, natpisi iz Isina, Nippura i Sippara, himne posve\u0107ene Ninisini i Ninkarrak, kasne verzije Anzu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predana pri\u010da o bogovima, podrijetlu i poretku svijeta.\" tabindex=\"0\">mita<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00abMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00bb, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, \u00abAncient Babylonian Medicine\u00bb, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Ostala standardna djela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hr\/literatura\/\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula \u2013 babilonska boginja iscjeljenja i gospodarica pasa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula je babilonska boginja iscjeliteljske umjetnosti, medicine i o\u017eivljavanja. 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